scholarly journals Haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at germination stage under the effect of allelopatic leaf extract of Lantana (Lantana camara L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Itefa Degefa Alemu ◽  
Beka Yadeta Tefara ◽  
Tarike Getachew Tefara ◽  
Alemnesh Tigabu Fetene
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lantana Camara ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Parameters ◽  
Concentration Levels ◽  
Germination Stage

<div class="WordSection1"><p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Allelopathy is considered as an effective and environmentally friendly method to control the weeds and consequently enhances crop production. <em>Lantana camara</em> L. is a major exotic weed spreading rapidly in wastelands and agricultural fields. The ability of this weed to germinate fast and to inhibit the growth of other neighboring plants smoothest way for its quicker growth in an ecosystem.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This study was carried out at Bule Hora University in the biology laboratory to assess haricot bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em> L.) genotypes at germination stage under the effects of allelochemical leaf extract from <em>Lantana camara</em> L. at different concentration levels. <em>L. camara</em> leaf and seven genotypes of haricot bean responsible for this study were collected from the local farmer’s farm land in Bule Hora Woreda with their local name. Experiment was carried out with completely randomized block design with three replications in petridishes where three seeds of haricot bean were planted in each 84 petridishes and 0 gram/100 millileter (control), 2 gram/75 millileter (treatment 1), 2 gram/50 millileter (treatment 2) and 2 gram/25 millileter (treatment 3) grinded powder of <em>L. camara</em> L.: distil water were applied to petridishes daily. Germination parameters like germination day, number of germinated seeds, plumule length, radicle length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, germination percentage, germination index and inhibition or stimulation were collected.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The result showed that there were variation responses of haricot bean genotypes parameters to each concentration levels of <em>L. camara</em> leaf extracts. Germination day, plumule length and radicle length were significantly influenced by <em>L. camara</em> leaf extract. The values of germination day, plumule length, shoot fresh weight and root fresh weight were decreased with the increasing of concentration levels. From the all genotypes Nasir was highly influenced in days to germination which shifted from 7.67 to 10.33 days. The correlation between concentration and all parameters were also seen that concentration and parameters plumule length (-0.428), shoot fresh weight (-0.015), root fresh weight (-0.237), shoot dry weight (-0.074) and root dry weight (-0.144) showed negatively correlated with concentration level. It can be concluded that allelopathic leaf extracts of lantana can inhibit germination parameters of some haricot bean genotypes which should take attention by breeders and farmers to avoid such weed from the crops.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Generally it can be concluded that concentrated aqueous leaf extract of <em>L. camara</em> L. weed species inhibited germination day, plumule length, shoot fresh weight and germination index of haricot bean (<em>p. vulgaris</em> L). High concentration levels of this chemical has high influential power on the germination parameters of this crop. </span></p></div>

scholarly journals Effects of salinity stress on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) landraces during early growth stage

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyoum Zawude ◽  
Diriba Shanko
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Salinity is one of the most serious abiotic stresses for crop plant growth. Chickpea grows under a wide range of climatic conditions and highly sensitive to salt stress. To determine the most tolerant genotype to salinity stress, an experiment was done as factorial form under completely block design (CRD) with three replications.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The experimental treatments were four NaCl salinity levels (0, 5dS/m, 10dS/m and 15dS/m) and five chickpea landraces (Dadi, Dido, Dida, Dimi and Soya).  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Results indicated that significant was observed in root length, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, seedling shoot and root reduction traits in stress conditions. Dimi, Dido and Dadi were showed that high reduction in root length, shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, seedling root and shoot in salinity conditions, respectively. The ANOVA for landraces and their interaction was found to be highly significant at (p&lt;0.001) and (p&lt;0.05) with all parameters. Landraces Dimi, Dido and Dadi were found salt tolerant but Soya was highly salt sensitive during seedling growth stage. Shoot dry weight had the most positive and significant correlation with root dry weight (r =0.987**). Seedling shoot reduction depicted a negative and significant correlation with total dry matter (r =-0.734**).</p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study indicated that developing genetic variability by identifying salt tolerant landrace is one of the appropriate strategies used to overcome salinity problem in arid and semi-arid areas.

scholarly journals Sweet Basil Requires an Irradiance of 500 μ mol·m−2·s−1 for Greatest Edible Biomass Production

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela R. Beaman ◽  
Richard J. Gladon ◽  
James A. Schrader
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Production System ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Ambient Relative Humidity ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

Energy conservation in controlled-environment agriculture is a major concern for both commercial and research facilities as well as extraterrestrial facilities for food production. Supplying optimal irradiance by using electrical lighting for the greatest edible biomass production potentially is the greatest draw on energy during earth-based or extraterrestrial food production in controlled environments. Our objective was to determine the optimal irradiance for greatest edible biomass production of three cultivars of basil (Basilicum ocimum L.) in a controlled-environment production system. Seedlings of the three cultivars were transplanted into soilless medium, one plant per pot, and grew for 17 days in reach-in growth chambers maintained at 25 ± 4 °C with a 16-h photoperiod. Canopy-level irradiances of 300, 400, 500, and 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 were provided by cool-white fluorescent and incandescent lamps. Shoot growth was measured as height, diameter, and number of leaves 0.5 cm long or greater; and edible biomass was measured as leaf fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight. There was no irradiance × cultivar interaction, but main effects of irradiance and cultivar were observed. Plant growth and edible biomass production were least at 300 μmol·m−2·s−1 and greatest at 500 or 600 μmol·m−2·s−1. In several cases, 400 μmol·m−2·s−1 yielded intermediate growth or edible biomass. Within the main effect of cultivar, Italian Large Leaf produced greater edible biomass than ‘Genovese’, and ‘Nufar’ yielded an intermediate amount of shoot fresh weight and dry weight. Under our environmental conditions that included ambient CO2 concentration and ambient relative humidity, the rate of growth peaked at 500 μmol·m−2·s−1, and no additional accumulation of edible biomass occurred at 600 μmol·m−2·s−1. Based on our results, canopy-level irradiance of 500 μmol·m−2·s−1 provides maximum edible biomass production of basil in a controlled-environment production system.

scholarly journals Comparison of some physiological responces to salinity and normal conditions in Sugar Beet 

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Khorshid ◽  
F.A. Moghadam ◽  
I. Bernousi ◽  
S. Khayamim ◽  
A. Rajabi
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Saline Condition ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Total Dry Weight

This study was carried out in the Agricultural Research Center of West Azerbaijan, Iran in 2016. In this research, variations in different physiological and yield traits measurement of total dry weight, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, relative water content, relative water loss, root length, leaf area, root/shoot ratio, specific leaf weigh, sodium content, potassium content and proline were investigated in normal and saline condition. The results indicated that in saline condition, total dry weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root/Shoot ratio, specific leaf weight, root length, proline and Na content were increased and the other traits were decreased. Study of correlation of traits showed that most significant difference between the two conditions was observed for the root/shoot ratio, so that, this trait has negative significant relation with total dry weight, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, relative water content, leaf area, root length, specific leaf weight in saline condition, but in normal condition correlation is positive and significant only in the total dry weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dray weight and was not significant in the other traits. Step-wise regression analysis for total dry weight as dependent variable revealed that in normal condition, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight and Na content expound of 93.1% and in saline condition root fresh weight, root length, Na content and proline explicate of 81.3% of total variation exist in total dry weight. Therefore, it is suggested to consider different traits in breeding programs for normal and saline conditions.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pyraclostrobin Application on Yield of Tea (Camelia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) under Wet Season

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Arief Rahman ◽  
Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra ◽  
Sriyanto Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Tea Production

This field experiment aimed to study the effect of pyraclostrobin on tea production and to determine optimum concentration in order to maintain high yield during the period of wet season. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) using single factor and three blocks as replications. The pyraclostrobin doses, consisted of 4 levels, 0, 50, 100, and 150 g.ha-1, each will be tested on three tea clones. Clones tea tested are TRI 2025, Gambung 9 and PGL 15. Data was evaluated for chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, number of pecco, number of dormant shoot (banjhi), number of total shoot, pecco fresh weight, banjhi fresh weight, total shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight. Data were analysed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and LSD test at α = 5%. The results informed that pyraclostrobin was able to improve chlorophyll content on TRI 2025 clone, and improved photosynthetic rate on Gambung 9 clone. However,  there was no significant different among plants treated with pyraclostrobin on a yield components, i.e., number of pecco, number of banjhi, pecco fresh weight, banjhi fresh weight, total shoot fresh weight, and total shoot dry weight.

scholarly journals Diuron: Postemergence Oxalis Control in Container-grown Plants

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Carey V. Simpson ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
James E. Altland ◽  
Glenn R. Wehtje ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Nursery Crops ◽  
Size Interaction ◽  
Container Nursery

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of postemergence applied diuron (Direx 4L) for oxalis control and crop safety in container nursery crops. The first experiment, treated on March 15, 2001, evaluated diuron at 0.14, 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kg ai/ha (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 lb ai/A) rates without a surfactant and provided a maximum of 74% oxalis control in liriope and 57% in camellia. Diuron caused slight to no injury on ‘Pink Icicle’ camellia, ‘Anthony Waterer’ spirea and ‘Big Blue’ liriope which dissipated completely by 60 DAT. Experiment two, treated on April 6, 2001, used higher rates and included a surfactant. Diuron provided excellent oxalis control at rates ≥ 0.56 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A) by 21 days after treatment (DAT) and reduced oxalis shoot fresh weight (SFW) and shoot dry weight (SDW) by ≥ 95%. Unlike the first experiment, no injury was observed on either liriope or camellia. Experiment three, treated on April 15, 2001, evaluated diuron rate and oxalis size on oxalis control. At 9 DAT a significant diuron rate × oxalis size interaction occurred, but at 15 and 21 DAT only diuron rate affected oxalis control for the sizes of oxalis tested. At 21 DAT, rates of 0.56 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A) and higher provided excellent oxalis control. These data indicate that diuron provides excellent oxalis control when applied postemergence in tolerant nursery crops.

scholarly journals Common bean seed germination and seedling emergence under inoculation with biostimulators

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Antônio Jussiê da Silva Solino ◽  
Juliana Santos Batista de Oliveira ◽  
Maycon Schmitt ◽  
Jéssica Brasau da Silva ◽  
Kátia Regina Freitas Schwan-Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Bean Seed ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Biostimulating microorganisms have protector effect against pathogenic agents, affect the stand formation, promote plant growth, and increase yield of agricultural crops. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the seed germination and seedling emergence of different common bean cultivars as a function of treatments with Bacillus subtilis BV02 and Trichoderma asperellum BV10. Germination tests in paper rolls and sand were conducted in a completely randomized design, with a 2×4 factorial arrangement consisted of two cultivars, namely Campos Gerais (CG) and Estilo (ES), and four microorganism treatments, namely B. subtilis BV02 (BS), T. asperellum BV10 (TA), B. subtilis BV02 + T. asperellum BV10 (BS+TA), and Control. The variables analyzed were: germination speed index (GSI), emergence speed index (ESI), germination percentage, emergence percentage, root length, seedling height, and root and shoot fresh and dry weights. The CG cultivar had higher GSI, ESI, root length, seedling height, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and shoot dry weight than the ES cultivar in the paper roll and sand tests. The common bean seed inoculation with BS+TA increased seedling height, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, and root length in the ES cultivar. The CG cultivar had higher GSI, ESI, root length, root fresh weight, and root and shoot dry weights than the ES cultivar. The treatment of seeds with BS+TA is recommended to improve the performance of common bean seedlings of the ES cultivar.

scholarly journals Comparison of Early and Conventional Soybean Production Systems for Yield and other Agronomic Traits

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ouertani Khaled ◽  
Evandrew Washington ◽  
Patricia Lage ◽  
Stella K. Kantartzi ◽  
David A. Lightfoot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Root Length ◽  
Maximum Root

The early soybean production system (ESPS) was reported to be beneficial for yield compared to the conventional soybean production system (CSPS) and is widely used in the Southern USA. The objective of this study was to compare yield, yield components, root traits, and shoot traits in ESPS (April planting) and CSPS (June planting) in NC Sandhills using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, ‘Hartwig’ by ‘Flyer’ (n=92). The population was grown in Spring Lake, NC in 2008 at a density of 16 seeds m-2. The traits measured were days to germination, days to flowering, plant height, seed weight, seed number, pod number, harvest index, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, maximum root length, and lateral root number. The survival rate ranged from 83.7 to 90.22% for ESPS; however, it was 21.74% for CSPS. Significant differences were observed for almost all traits measured in ESPS (April) compared to CSPS (June) apart from fresh root weight and lateral root number. An average increase in flowering time of 9 days was observed in CSPS compared to ESPS. On the other hand, several traits showed a significant mean decrease in CSPS compared to ESPS as plant height by 41.96%, seed weight by 74.7%, harvest index by 73.3%, pod number by 65.2%, and seed number by 64.9%. The means for root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, maximum root length, and lateral root numbers are shown in Table 2 for both ESPS and CSPS. The results indicated an average decrease of 40.4% in root fresh weight, of 70.2% in root dry weight, of 68.1% in shoot fresh weight, of 80.1% in shoot dry weight, and of 83.3% in maximum root length in CSPS compared to ESPS. However, lateral root numbers increased by an average of 12.7% in CSPS compared to ESPS. Therefore, CSPS may not be appropriate for soybean at least in NC Sandhills.

scholarly journals Effect of Salinity Stress on Different Root and Shoot Traits of Selected Tomato Cultivars

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Omar Kayess ◽  
Md. Lutfar Rahman ◽  
Kawsar Ahmed ◽  
Md. Riad Khan ◽  
Md. Sahadat Hossan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Tomato Genotypes

An in-vitro test was conducted at the laboratory of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and University (HSTU), Dinajpur, Bangladesh to screen out the tomato genotypes were screened for salt tolerance during germination. The test was conducted in the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) utilizing three replications. Ten tomato genotypes specifically BARI Tomato-2, BARI Tomato-3, BARI Tomato-5, BARI Tomato-11, BARI Tomato-14, BARI Tomato-16, Mintoo, Unnoyon, Mintoo Super and Sawsan were germinated on sand bed watered with five levels of salinity treatment i.e. 0, 4,8,12 and 16 dSm-1. The test was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The days to 50% germination was maximum in Unnoyon genotype in all the treatments [1]. BARI Tomato-3 showed the minimum value in most of the cases. Root and shoot parameters like root length, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, ratio on root and shoot fresh weight, ratio on root and shoot dry weight were the highest in BARI Tomato-2, Mintoo and Unnoyon, in contrast, the lowest performance of these traits were revealed in BARI Tomato-16 and BARI Tomato-3 at higher salinity treatment (12 and 16 dSm-1) than other genotypes in most of the cases. The overall results of the experiment exhibited BARI Tomato-2, Mintoo and Unnoyon found to be the more tolerant genotypes at higher salinity stress in respect of days to 50% germination and root and shoot characters than other genotypes.

scholarly journals Effects of Irrigation System on Pepper Transplant Production

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 574a-574
Author(s):  
Bethany A. Galloway ◽  
Jonathan R. Schultheis ◽  
David W. Monks
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

A study was conducted in Fall 1995 at the Horticultural Greenhouse, North Carolina State University, to examine growth of banana (`Banana Supreme'), bell (`Camelot'), and jalapeno (`Mitla') pepper under overhead (OI), ebb and flood (EF), and float (F) irrigation systems. Plant emergence was fastest in the float system, but slowest in the OI system. Irrigation treatment was highly significant for all weekly sampling dates for root and shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight, root length, stem diameter, height, and leaf area. Stem diameter of F plants was greater than both EF and OI. However, EF and OI plants had similar diameter regardless of sampling date. Root fresh weight did not differ among pepper cultivars. By 39 days after planting (DAP), F plants had 33% greater root fresh weight, by 46 DAP they were almost double, and at 53 DAP they were 44% larger compared to the EF treatment. Float plants had greatest root length, but EF and OI plants had denser root mass (visual observation) in the transplant container cell. At 46 and 53 DAP, EF plants were generally taller than OI plants, and by 60 DAP this difference was almost 30%. Float plants were about double the height of the EF and OI plants and this difference continued until the experiment terminated. Bell pepper had the greatest shoot fresh weight at all sampling dates after 25 DAP, while jalapeno was greater than banana only up to 39 DAP. Beyond 39 DAP, banana pepper fresh weight surpassed jalapeno pepper. By 53 DAP, shoot fresh weight of float transplants were almost 3 times greater than EF or OI plants. Float plants reached a satisfactory size (137 mm height) for transplanting by 8 weeks. Height of EF and OI plants at this time was 68 and 48 mm, respectively. This experiment is being repeated in Spring 1996.

scholarly journals Applications of plant growth promoting bacteria and Trichoderma spp. for controlling Orobanche crenata in faba bean

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ahmed Touny El-Dabaa ◽  
Hassan Abd-El-Khair
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Orobanche Crenata ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Abstract Background Orobanche crenata is an obligate root parasite belonging to Orbanchaceae. Broomrape causes great damage to the faba bean. Several attempts were applied for controlling parasitic weeds. So, the aim of this work is to study the application of Trichoderma spp. as well as three rhizobacteria species in comparison to herbicidal effect of Glyphosate (Glialka 48% WSC) for controlling broomrape infesting faba bean (Vicia faba). Materials and methods Three pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt during two successive winter seasons. Trichoderma inocula were adjusted to 3.6 × 108 propagules/ml and the bacterium inocula were adjusted at 107–109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml. All treatments were applied, before 1 week of sowing, at rate of 50 ml per pot in experiments I and II, while 100 ml per pot in experiment III. Results Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum, T. viride and T. vierns) as well as three rhizobacteria species (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus) enhanced the growth parameters in faba bean plants, i.e. shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and leaf number in the first experiment when applied without O. crenata infection. In the second experiment, all bio-control could protect plants against O. crenata infection, where it had better juvenile number reduction, than glyphosate after 2 months of application. Both B. subtilis and B. pumilus had the highest reduction to juvenile fresh weight, while their effect was equal to herbicide for juvenile dry weight, respectively. The bio-control agents had high effects until the 4th month, but it was less than that of the herbicide. In experiment III, the bio-control agents could highly reduce the juvenile parameters after 2 months, as well as juvenile fresh weight and juvenile dry weight after 4 months, than the herbicide, respectively. The bio-control agents were effective until 6 months, but less than the herbicide effect. All bio-control treatments highly increased the plant growth parameters, than the herbicide. Conclusion The application of Trichoderma spp. as well as rhizobacteria species could play an important role in controlling broomrape in faba bean as a natural bioherbicide.

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