Definition of Probability That Energy Production Differs from Demand, a Statistical Approach

Starting from the average trend of energy demand and energy production related to a specific user, the goal is to produce an immediate estimate, as close as possible to the true value (clearly achievable only through a precise and punctual measurement), of the difference existing between these two values, in order to “a priori” understand whether an energy production surplus should be expected, or the opposite trend will occur. If energy produced exceeds the request, two solutions will be possible. An accumulation system can be provided, that allows to avoid taking energy from the grid whenever the trend reserves and the demand exceeds the production. The second solution consists in directly introduce the whole surplus of energy produced in the electricity grid. Similarly, even if the energy required exceeds the amount of energy produced, two different solutions can be envisaged. In both cases, it will be necessary to take energy from the electricity grid. An accumulation system could be created, sized on the maximum difference between production and energy demand, evaluated when the production exceeds the request (if the production never exceeds the request, it would not make sense to talk about accumulation) or, even in this case, a direct exchange might be promoted, both incoming and outgoing, with the electricity grid. Topic of the present paper is to not reasoning any more in terms of energy performances as a function of time but, on the contrary, determine the probability that the difference existing between production and demand assumes a certain value and, based on this, estimate the amount of energy to be stored and/or exchange with the grid.

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Mismatch Based Diagnosis of PV Fields Relying on Monitored String Currents

International Journal of Photoenergy ◽

10.1155/2017/2834685 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Pierluigi Guerriero ◽

Luigi Piegari ◽

Renato Rizzo ◽

Santolo Daliento

Keyword(s):

Energy Production ◽

Figure Of Merit ◽

Diagnostic Method ◽

Medium Size ◽

Time Interval ◽

Instantaneous Power ◽

Maximum Value ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Day By Day

This paper presents a DC side oriented diagnostic method for photovoltaic fields which operates on string currents previously supplied by an appropriate monitoring system. The relevance of the work relies on the definition of an effective and reliable day-by-day target for the power that every string of the field should have produced. The procedure is carried out by comparing the instantaneous power produced by all solar strings having the same orientation and by attributing, as producible power for all of them, the maximum value. As figure of merit, the difference between the maximum allowed energy production (evaluated as the integral of the power during a defined time interval) and the energy actually produced by the strings is defined. Such a definition accounts for both weather and irradiance conditions, without needing additional sensors. The reliability of the approach was experimentally verified by analyzing the performance of two medium size solar fields that were monitored over a period of four years. Results allowed quantifying energy losses attributable to underperforming solar strings and precisely locating their position in the field.

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The Distinction between [P] and [S]

10.23943/princeton/9780691161006.003.0018 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Galen Strawson

Keyword(s):

Personal Identity ◽

Radical Change ◽

Legal Responsibility ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Over Time

This chapter examines the difference between John Locke's definition of a person [P], considered as a kind of thing, and his definition of a subject of experience of a certain sophisticated sort [S]. It first discusses the equation [P] = [S], where [S] is assumed to be a continuing thing that is able to survive radical change of substantial realization, as well as Locke's position about consciousness in relation to [P]'s identity or existence over time as [S]. It argues that Locke is not guilty of circularity because he is not proposing consciousness as the determinant of [S]'s identity over time, but only of [S]'s moral and legal responsibility over time. Finally, it suggests that the terms “Person” and “Personal identity” pull apart, in Locke's scheme of things, but in a perfectly coherent way.

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L'anglicisme dans la langue française

Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.29037/digitalpress.43286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 00013

Author(s):

Danny Susanto

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Oil Industry ◽

English Word ◽

Public Institutions ◽

Font Size ◽

The World ◽

French Speaking ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Bibliographic Study

The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon known as “anglicism”: a loan made to the English language by another language. Anglicism arose either from the adoption of an English word as a result of a translation defect despite the existence of an equivalent term in the language of the speaker, or from a wrong translation, as a word-by-word translation. Said phenomenon is very common nowadays and most languages of the world including making use of some linguistic concepts such as anglicism, neologism, syntax, morphology etc, this article addresses various aspects related to Anglicisms in French through a bibliographic study: the definition of Anglicism, the origin of Anglicisms in French and the current situation, the areas most affected by Anglicism, the different categories of Anglicism, the difference between French Anglicism in France and French-speaking Canada, the attitude of French-speaking society towards to the Anglicisms and their efforts to stop this phenomenon. The study shows that the areas affected are, among others, trade, travel, parliamentary and judicial institutions, sports, rail, industrial production and most recently film, industrial production, sport, oil industry, information technology, science and technology. Various initiatives have been implemented either by public institutions or by individuals who share concerns about the increasingly felt threat of the omnipresence of Anglicism in everyday life.

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Aerosol-based antimicrobial photoinactivation in the lungs: an action spectrum study

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences ◽

10.1007/s43630-021-00066-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chiara Treghini ◽

Alfonso Dell’Accio ◽

Franco Fusi ◽

Giovanni Romano

Keyword(s):

Light Source ◽

A Priori ◽

Action Spectrum ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Theoretical Modelling ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Lung Infections ◽

Killing Action ◽

Definition Of

AbstractChronic lung infections are among the most diffused human infections, being often associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this framework, the European project “Light4Lungs” aims at synthesizing and testing an inhalable light source to control lung infections by antimicrobial photoinactivation (aPDI), addressing endogenous photosensitizers only (porphyrins) in the representative case of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. In the search for the best emission characteristics for the aerosolized light source, this work defines and calculates the photo-killing action spectrum for lung aPDI in the exemplary case of cystic fibrosis. This was obtained by applying a semi-theoretical modelling with Monte Carlo simulations, according to previously published methodology related to stomach infections and applied to the infected trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. In each of these regions, the two low and high oxygen concentration cases were considered to account for the variability of in vivo conditions, together with the presence of endogenous porphyrins and other relevant absorbers/diffusers inside the illuminated biofilm/mucous layer. Furthermore, an a priori method to obtain the “best illumination wavelengths” was defined, starting from maximizing porphyrin and light absorption at any depth. The obtained action spectrum is peaked at 394 nm and mostly follows porphyrin extinction coefficient behavior. This is confirmed by the results from the best illumination wavelengths, which reinforces the robustness of our approach. These results can offer important indications for the synthesis of the aerosolized light source and definition of its most effective emission spectrum, suggesting a flexible platform to be considered in further applications.

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Data Analytics for Profiling Low-Voltage Customers with Smart Meter Readings

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11020500 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 500

Author(s):

Fabrizio Pilo ◽

Giuditta Pisano ◽

Simona Ruggeri ◽

Matteo Troncia

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Data Analytics ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

A Priori ◽

Energy Transition ◽

Smart Meters ◽

Large Databases ◽

A New Technique

The energy transition for decarbonization requires consumers’ and producers’ active participation to give the power system the necessary flexibility to manage intermittency and non-programmability of renewable energy sources. The accurate knowledge of the energy demand of every single customer is crucial for accurately assessing their potential as flexibility providers. This topic gained terrific input from the widespread deployment of smart meters and the continuous development of data analytics and artificial intelligence. The paper proposes a new technique based on advanced data analytics to analyze the data registered by smart meters to associate to each customer a typical load profile (LP). Different LPs are assigned to low voltage (LV) customers belonging to nominal homogeneous category for overcoming the inaccuracy due to non-existent coincident peaks, arising by the common use of a unique LP per category. The proposed methodology, starting from two large databases, constituted by tens of thousands of customers of different categories, clusters their consumption profiles to define new representative LPs, without a priori preferring a specific clustering technique but using that one that provides better results. The paper also proposes a method for associating the proper LP to new or not monitored customers, considering only few features easily available for the distribution systems operator (DSO).

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Changes in Power Plant NOx Emissions over Northwest Greece Using a Data Assimilation Technique

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12070900 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 900

Author(s):

Ioanna Skoulidou ◽

Maria-Elissavet Koukouli ◽

Arjo Segers ◽

Astrid Manders ◽

Dimitris Balis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Data Assimilation ◽

Energy Production ◽

Power Plants ◽

Transport Model ◽

A Priori ◽

Filter Method ◽

Nox Emissions ◽

A Posteriori ◽

Data Assimilation Technique

In this work, we investigate the ability of a data assimilation technique and space-borne observations to quantify and monitor changes in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions over Northwestern Greece for the summers of 2018 and 2019. In this region, four lignite-burning power plants are located. The data assimilation technique, based on the Ensemble Kalman Filter method, is employed to combine space-borne atmospheric observations from the high spatial resolution Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and simulations using the LOTOS-EUROS Chemical Transport model. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service-Regional European emissions (CAMS-REG, version 4.2) inventory based on the year 2015 is used as the a priori emissions in the simulations. Surface measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from air quality stations operating in the region are compared with the model surface NO2 output using either the a priori (base run) or the a posteriori (assimilated run) NOx emissions. Relative to the a priori emissions, the assimilation suggests a strong decrease in concentrations for the station located near the largest power plant, by 80% in 2019 and by 67% in 2018. Concerning the estimated annual a posteriori NOx emissions, it was found that, for the pixels hosting the two largest power plants, the assimilated run results in emissions decreased by ~40–50% for 2018 compared to 2015, whereas a larger decrease, of ~70% for both power plants, was found for 2019, after assimilating the space-born observations. For the same power plants, the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) reports decreased emissions in 2018 and 2019 compared to 2015 (−35% and −38% in 2018, −62% and −72% in 2019), in good agreement with the estimated emissions. We further compare the a posteriori emissions to the reported energy production of the power plants during the summer of 2018 and 2019. Mean decreases of about −35% and−63% in NOx emissions are estimated for the two larger power plants in summer of 2018 and 2019, respectively, which are supported by similar decreases in the reported energy production of the power plants (~−30% and −70%, respectively).

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The Physical Adsorption of Gelatinized Starch with Tannic Acid Decreases the Inhibitory Activity of the Polyphenol against α-Amylase

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10061233 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1233

Author(s):

Yueyi Wang ◽

Shuangshuang Li ◽

Fangting Bai ◽

Junwei Cao ◽

Lijun Sun

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Inhibition ◽

Tannic Acid ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Adsorption Property ◽

Physical Adsorption ◽

Enzyme Active Site ◽

Opposite Trend ◽

Gelatinized Starch ◽

The Difference

The effects of mixing orders of tannic acid (TA), starch, and α-amylase on the enzyme inhibition of TA were studied, including mixing TA with α-amylase before starch addition (order 1), mixing TA with pre-gelatinized starch before α-amylase addition (order 2) and co-gelatinizing TA with starch before α-amylase addition (order 3). It was found that the enzyme inhibition was always highest for order 1 because TA could bind with the enzyme active site thoroughly before digestion occurred. Both order 2 and 3 reduced α-amylase inhibition through decreasing binding of TA with the enzyme, which resulted from the non-covalent physical adsorption of TA with gelatinized starch. Interestingly, at low TA concentration, α-amylase inhibition for order 2 was higher than order 3, while at high TA concentration, the inhibition was shown with the opposite trend, which arose from the difference in the adsorption property between the pre-gelatinized and co-gelatinized starch at the corresponding TA concentrations. Moreover, both the crystalline structures and apparent morphology of starch were not significantly altered by TA addition for order 2 and 3. Conclusively, although a polyphenol has an acceptable inhibitory activity in vitro, the actual effect may not reach the expected one when taking processing procedures into account.

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Phylogeographic Structure of White Oaks Throughout the European Continent

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/146.4.1475 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 146 (4) ◽

pp. 1475-1487 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S Dumolin-Lapègue ◽

B Demesure ◽

S Fineschi ◽

V Le Come ◽

R J Petit

Keyword(s):

Statistical Approach ◽

Restriction Analysis ◽

Phylogeographic Structure ◽

White Oak ◽

European Continent ◽

The Balkans ◽

Left Behind ◽

The Difference ◽

Mantel’S Test ◽

Very High

Patterns of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation were studied in eight white oak species by sampling 345 populations throughout Europe. The detection of polymorphisms by restriction analysis of PCR-amplified cpDNA fragments allowed the identification of 23 haplotypes that were phylogenetically ordered. A systematic hybridization and introgression between the eight species studied is evident. The levels of subdivision for unordered (G ST) and ordered (N ST) alleles are very high and close (0.83 and 0.85). A new statistical approach to the quantitative study of phylogeography is presented, which relies on the coefficients of differentiation G ST and N ST and the Mantel's test. Based on pairwise comparisons between populations, the significance of the difference between both coefficients is evaluated at a global and a local scale. The mapped distribution of the haplotypes indicates the probable routes of postglacial recolonization followed by oak populations that had persisted in southern refugia, especially in the Iberian peninsula, Italy and the Balkans. Most cpDNA polymorphisms appear to be anterior to the befinnina of the last recolonization. A subset of the preexisting haplotypes have merely expanded north, while others were left behind in the south.

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On Fourier Series in Eigenfunctions of Elliptic Boundary Value Problems

Georgian Mathematical Journal ◽

10.1515/gmj.2003.401 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 401-410

Author(s):

M. S. Agranovich ◽

B. A. Amosov

Keyword(s):

Fourier Series ◽

Boundary Conditions ◽

Fourier Coefficients ◽

Elliptic Boundary ◽

A Priori ◽

Adjoint Problem ◽

Elliptic Boundary Value ◽

Right Hand ◽

The Difference ◽

The Right

Abstract We consider a general elliptic formally self-adjoint problem in a bounded domain with homogeneous boundary conditions under the assumption that the boundary and coefficients are infinitely smooth. The operator in 𝐿2(Ω) corresponding to this problem has an orthonormal basis {𝑢𝑙} of eigenfunctions, which are infinitely smooth in . However, the system {𝑢𝑙} is not a basis in Sobolev spaces 𝐻𝑡 (Ω) of high order. We note and discuss the following possibility: for an arbitrarily large 𝑡, for each function 𝑢 ∈ 𝐻𝑡 (Ω) one can explicitly construct a function 𝑢0 ∈ 𝐻𝑡 (Ω) such that the Fourier series of the difference 𝑢 – 𝑢0 in the functions 𝑢𝑙 converges to this difference in 𝐻𝑡 (Ω). Moreover, the function 𝑢(𝑥) is viewed as a solution of the corresponding nonhomogeneous elliptic problem and is not assumed to be known a priori; only the right-hand sides of the elliptic equation and the boundary conditions for 𝑢 are assumed to be given. These data are also sufficient for the computation of the Fourier coefficients of 𝑢 – 𝑢0. The function 𝑢0 is obtained by applying some linear operator to these right-hand sides.

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Identity, Community and Belonging in gcc States

Sociology of Islam ◽

10.1163/22131418-00604004 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 401-428

Author(s):

Miriam R. Lowi

Keyword(s):

Religious Affiliation ◽

Protective Role ◽

The Other ◽

National Project ◽

Scholarly Literature ◽

National Community ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of

Studies of identity and belonging in Gulf monarchies tend to privilege tribal or religious affiliation, if not the protective role of the ruler as paterfamilias. I focus instead on the ubiquitous foreigner and explore ways in which s/he contributes to the definition of national community in contemporary gcc states. Building upon and moving beyond the scholarly literature on imported labor in the Gulf, I suggest that the different ‘categories’ of foreigners impact identity and the consolidation of a community of privilege, in keeping with the national project of ruling families. Furthermore, I argue that the ‘European,’ the non-gcc Arab, and the predominantly Asian (and increasingly African) laborer play similar, but also distinct roles in the delineation of national community: while they are differentially incorporated in ways that protect the ‘nation’ and appease the citizen-subject, varying degrees of marginality reflect Gulf society’s perceptions or aspirations of the difference between itself and ‘the other(s).’

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