Electrophysiological Biomarkers for the Assessment of Motor Efficiency in Sport

Many disciplines have approached the study of human motor behavior. The motor learning theory based on information processing proposes a learning loop through interaction between the external environment and the central nervous system. Different neuroscience fields and technological advances provide a new perspective for the intensive study of the intrinsic processes of motor behavior, which modify the most visible aspect: motor efficiency. The aim of the present review was to determine which cortical and muscular electrophysiological biomarkers available in the literature could be representative for the study and quantification of motor efficiency. In this review, a survey of the literature related to motor production has been performed. The continuous development of biological signal monitoring techniques has allowed to understand part of the communication methods of the central nervous system, the integration of neural networks, and the interaction between different anatomic structures through rhythmic patterns of discharge known as brain waves. Motor production has been characterized by detecting electrophysiological biomarkers, taking into account the connectivity that can be represented by the corticomuscular and intermuscular coherence indices in different frequency bands. The present work proposes an approach to use these biomarkers on beta-band (for muscle stability synergies) and gamma-band (for mobility synergies). These indices will allow establishing quantitative parameters for motor efficiency, which could improve the precision of sports assessment.

Download Full-text

Functional approach of the central nervous system (CNS) based on technological advances: from computers to nanotechnology

Annals of General Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/1744-859x-7-s1-s113 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 7 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Katerina Chatzikallia ◽

Magdalini Krommyda ◽

Vasiliki Petropoulou ◽

Konstantinos Mouratidis ◽

Maria Prospathopoulou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Functional Approach ◽

Technological Advances ◽

The Central Nervous System

Download Full-text

Detecting task-dependent modulation of spatiotemporal module via tensor decomposition: application to kinematics and EMG data for walking and running at various speed

10.1101/700872 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ken Takiyama ◽

Hikaru Yokoyama ◽

Naotsugu Kaneko ◽

Kimitaka Nakazawa

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Tensor Decomposition ◽

Fundamental Question ◽

Time Varying ◽

Related Research ◽

Research Areas ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Motor Neuroscience ◽

New Perspective

AbstractHow the central nervous system (CNS) controls many joints and muscles is a fundamental question in motor neuroscience and related research areas. An attractive hypothesis is the module hypothesis: the CNS controls groups of joints or muscles (i.e., spatial modules) while providing time-varying motor commands (i.e., temporal modules) to the spatial modules rather than controlling each joint or muscle separately. Another fundamental question is how the CNS generates numerous repertories of movement patterns. One hypothesis is that the CNS modulates the spatial and/or temporal modules depending on the required tasks. It is thus essential to quantify the spatial module, the temporal module, and the task-dependent modulation of those modules. Although previous methods attempted to quantify these aspects, they considered the modulation in only the spatial or temporal module. These limitations were possibly due to the constraints inherent to conventional methods for quantifying the spatial and temporal modules. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of tensor decomposition in quantifying the spatial module, the temporal module, and the task-dependent modulation of these modules without such limitations. We further demonstrate that the tensor decomposition provides a new perspective on the task-dependent modulation of spatiotemporal modules: in switching from walking to running, the CNS modulates the peak timing in the temporal module while recruiting proximal muscles in the corresponding spatial module.Author summaryThere are at least two fundamental questions in motor neuroscience and related research areas: 1) how does the central nervous system (CNS) control many joints and muscles and 2) how does the CNS generate numerous repertories of movement patterns. One possible answer to question 1) is that the CNS controls groups of joints or muscles (i.e., spatial modules) while providing time-varying motor commands (i.e., temporal modules) to the spatial modules rather than controlling each joint or muscle separately. One possible answer to question 2) is that the CNS modulates the spatial and/or temporal module depending on the required tasks. It is thus essential to quantify the spatial module, the temporal module, and the task-dependent modulation of those modules. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of tensor decomposition in quantifying the modules and those task-dependent modulations while overcoming the shortcomings inherent to previous methods. We further show that the tensor decomposition provides a new perspective on how the CNS switches between walking and running. The CNS modulated the peak timing in the temporal module while recruiting proximal muscles in the corresponding spatial module.

Download Full-text

Current Understanding of Central Nervous System Drainage Systems: Implications in the Context of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Current Neuropharmacology ◽

10.2174/1570159x17666191113103850 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 1054-1063 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vladimir N. Nikolenko ◽

Marine V. Oganesyan ◽

Angela D. Vovkogon ◽

Arina T. Nikitina ◽

Ekaterina A. Sozonova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Lymphatic Vessels ◽

Basal Area ◽

Waste Products ◽

Glymphatic System ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

New Perspective ◽

And Function

Until recently, it was thought that there were no lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, all metabolic processes were assumed to take place only in the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and through the blood-brain barrier’s (BBB), which regulate ion transport and ensure the functioning of the CNS. However, recent findings yield a new perspective: There is an exchange of CSF with interstitial fluid (ISF), which is drained to the paravenous space and reaches lymphatic nodes at the end. This circulation is known as the glymphatic system. The glymphatic system is an extensive network of meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLV) in the basal area of the skull that provides another path for waste products from CNS to reach the bloodstream. MLV develop postnatally, initially appearing around the foramina in the basal part of the skull and the spinal cord, thereafter sprouting along the skull’s blood vessels and spinal nerves in various areas of the meninges. VEGF-C protein (vascular endothelial growth factor), expressed mainly by vascular smooth cells, plays an important role in the development of the MLV. The regenerative potential and plasticity of MLV and the novel discoveries related to CNS drainage offer potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia, hydrocephalus, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer disease (AD). Herein, we present an overview of the structure and function of the glymphatic system and MLV, and their potential involvement in the pathology and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

Download Full-text

Comparative analysis of bioelectric activity of the brain of ambulance station personnel before and after daily duty

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2021-12-392-396 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 392-396

Author(s):

Yu. N. Smolyakov ◽

V. V. Ramensky ◽

N. A. Nolfin ◽

L. I. Anokhova ◽

E. V. Fedorenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Occupational Stress ◽

Motor Behavior ◽

Frontal Lobes ◽

Medical Decision ◽

Total Power ◽

Visual Spatial ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Operational Activities

Introduction. The adaptive overload of the central nervous system, caused by occupational stress, leads to the disruption of complex operational activities in the ambulance station workers and an increasing number of errors in medical decision-making towards the end of the work shift.Aim. To assess the level and prevalence of changes in the work of the central nervous system (CNS) under the influence of occupational stress.Materials and methods. The study involved 35 workers (medical and nursing staff) of ambulance station (19 men and 16 women aged 20 to 55 years). Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded at rest for 3 minutes, according to international scheme 10-20 in six leads: F3, F4, T3, T4, P3, P4. The following rhythmic activity indicators were used: THETA rhythm (4–8 Hz), ALPHA rhythm (8–12 Hz), BETA rhythm (BETA, 12–25 Hz) and their ratios.Results and discussion. When analyzing the overall activity, there is a decrease in all the studied parameters. At the same time, THETA, BETA and the total power of all ranges showed significant dynamics. In spatial analysis, the most noticeable decrease in activity in the frontal lobes (F3, F4) is responsible for motor behavior (premotor area of the cortex), executive functions (behavior control, inductive reasoning, planning), short-term and spatial memory, attention (spatial and motor). The decrease in activity in the temporal (T3, T4) and parietal (P3, P4) departments is observed only in some indicators.Conclusions. Professional workload during the 24 hour shift has a predominant effect on the activity of the frontal lobes, reducing the ability to control and plan complex (precise) motor functions, visual-spatial attention and planning abilities. These mechanisms are key to the professional work of the personnel of the emergency medical service and determine the number of errors.

Download Full-text

Insight into the Role of the STriatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) in A2A Receptor-Mediated Effects in the Central Nervous System

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.647742 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Rosaria Domenici ◽

Cinzia Mallozzi ◽

Rita Pepponi ◽

Ida Casella ◽

Valentina Chiodi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽

Motor Behavior ◽

Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽

Neuroblastoma Cell ◽

Rat Striatum ◽

Protein Tyrosine ◽

Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽

The Central Nervous System

The STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase STEP is a brain-specific tyrosine phosphatase that plays a pivotal role in the mechanisms of learning and memory, and it has been demonstrated to be involved in several neuropsychiatric diseases. Recently, we found a functional interaction between STEP and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), a subtype of the adenosine receptor family widely expressed in the central nervous system, where it regulates motor behavior and cognition, and plays a role in cell survival and neurodegeneration. Specifically, we demonstrated the involvement of STEP in A2AR-mediated cocaine effects in the striatum and, more recently, we found that in the rat striatum and hippocampus, as well as in a neuroblastoma cell line, the overexpression of the A2AR, or its stimulation, results in an increase in STEP activity. In the present article we will discuss the functional implication of this interaction, trying to examine the possible mechanisms involved in this relation between STEP and A2ARs.

Download Full-text

The Expanding Horizon of Neural Stimulation for Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

Frontiers in Neurology ◽

10.3389/fneur.2021.669690 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Latorre ◽

Lorenzo Rocchi ◽

Anna Sadnicka

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Brain Stimulation ◽

Movement Disorders ◽

Neural Stimulation ◽

Oscillatory Activity ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Technological Advances ◽

The Central Nervous System

Novel methods of neural stimulation are transforming the management of hyperkinetic movement disorders. In this review the diversity of approach available is showcased. We first describe the most commonly used features that can be extracted from oscillatory activity of the central nervous system, and how these can be combined with an expanding range of non-invasive and invasive brain stimulation techniques. We then shift our focus to the periphery using tremor and Tourette's syndrome to illustrate the utility of peripheral biomarkers and interventions. Finally, we discuss current innovations which are changing the landscape of stimulation strategy by integrating technological advances and the use of machine learning to drive optimization.

Download Full-text

The Eyes and Proprioception

Vision Development & Rehabilitation ◽

10.31707/vdr2019.5.2.p130 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 130-146

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Motor Behavior ◽

Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Sensory Receptors ◽

Therapeutic Protocol ◽

Wide Range ◽

Paravertebral Muscles ◽

The Central Nervous System

The proprioceptive system has an extensive influence on the maintenance of human health. When the proprioceptive system is dysfunctional, the central nervous system does not recognize the correct status of tonicity of the muscles at rest or in movement, does not integrate correctly the information that comes from sensory receptors, and has difficulty in modulating multisensorial integration, with consequences in motor behavior and cognitive functions. This results in a wide range of proprioceptive abnormalities which are clinically related, are treated together, and are termed as Postural Deficiency Syndrome (PDS) or more recently Proprioceptive Dysfunction Syndrome. The author has personally observed more than 40,000 patients suffering from this condition during the last 40 years and devised an active prism therapeutic protocol that is based on the knowledge that small modifications of the muscular tonus of the oculomotor muscles can change the tonus of the axial paravertebral muscles. This paper describes PDS diagnosis and provides explanation of the updated active prism protocol aimed toward vision professionals.

Download Full-text

Chapter 15 Studies on peptide comodulator transmission. New perspective on the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system

Peptides and Neurological Disease - Progress in Brain Research ◽

10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64610-5 ◽

1986 ◽

pp. 341-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

K. Fuxe ◽

L.F. Agnati ◽

A. Härfstrand ◽

K. Andersson ◽

F. Mascagni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

New Perspective

Download Full-text

Microparticles: A New Perspective in Central Nervous System Disorders

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/756327 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Stephanie M. Schindler ◽

Jonathan P. Little ◽

Andis Klegeris

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Cell Types ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Cell Contact ◽

Direct Cell ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

New Perspective

Microparticles (MPs) are a heterogeneous population of small cell-derived vesicles, ranging in size from 0.1 to 1 μm. They contain a variety of bioactive molecules, including proteins, biolipids, and nucleic acids, which can be transferred between cells without direct cell-to-cell contact. Consequently, MPs represent a novel form of intercellular communication, which could play a role in both physiological and pathological processes. Growing evidence indicates that circulating MPs contribute to the development of cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Most cell types of the central nervous system (CNS) have also been shown to release MPs, which could be important for neurodevelopment, CNS maintenance, and pathologies. In disease, levels of certain MPs appear elevated; therefore, they may serve as biomarkers allowing for the development of new diagnostic tools for detecting the early stages of CNS pathologies. Quantification and characterization of MPs could also provide useful information for making decisions on treatment options and for monitoring success of therapies, particularly for such difficult-to-treat diseases as cerebral malaria, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Overall, studies on MPs in the CNS represent a novel area of research, which promises to expand the knowledge on the mechanisms governing some of the physiological and pathophysiological processes of the CNS.

Download Full-text