scholarly journals Morphological Manifestations of Human Locomotor Bipedality in Femur

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
I. N. Yashina ◽  
A. V. Ivanov ◽  
S. V. Klochkova
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Musculoskeletal System ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Medial Condyle ◽  
Distal Epiphysis ◽  
The Right

The aimis to study the structure of the femur of conditionally healthy modern people, as part of the link of the musculoskeletal system, providing bipedal locomotion.Material and methods.By the original osteometric method was measured 23 structures of 166 femoral  bones with full synostosis of epiphysis without evidence of bone pathology. After the introduction of the coefficient of proportionality for linear parameters and the calculation of confidence intervals for each of them, a multilevel factor analysis was carried out, separately for the right and left femoral bones by the maximum likelihood factor analysis method with Equamax normalized rotation.Results.Four levels of the structural organization, which characterized by asymmetry of factor loadings, are identified. The parameters forming the 1st level ensure the transfer of the mechanical load along the limb axis from the head through the intertrochantcric crest to the medial condyle. 2nd level parameters provide rotational movements at the knee joint. Parameters of the 3rd and 4th levels reflecting the function of the rotation of the leg in the hip joint when upright and maintaining the vertical position of the body in the sagittal plane.Conclusion.Thus, the human femur is a multilevel system with asymmetric participation of parameters in its formation. Femur, as part of the musculoskeletal system, has a distinct vertical structural differentiation, which is manifested in the dominance of the right limb in the implementation of the support functions at the level of the proximal epiphysis, and motor functions at the level of the distal epiphysis of the femur.

scholarly journals Investigation of the chaotic dynamics of the vertical strance of a human body on the model of an inverted pendulum

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Inverted Pendulum ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
The Right

Different stances of human body are studied in medicine and biology for quantitative estimation and clinical diagnostics of impairments and diseases of the musculoskeletal, nervous, vestibular systems and functions. Human body is composed of ~200 bones and ~600 muscles, and its upright position is unstable due to high complexity of the system and its control mechanisms. Among different techniques of the body sway recording the stabilography is one of the most simple and cheap unit. It is composed by a force platform that can measure the reaction forces over the contact areas between two feet and the platform. The former is portable and can be connected to any laptop via USB port. In this study the functions controlling the vertical stance of a person are studied accounting for the nonlinear dynamics of oscillations of the projection (XC,YC) of center of mass (CM) of the body on the horizontal plane. The time series {XC(t),YC(t)} have been measured on 28 healthy volunteers (age 21-42, height 156-182 cm, body mass 48-84.8 kg). The volunteers were asked to keep a quiet stance on two feet, similar stances with body mass shifted onto the left and then onto the right leg. Each stance has been repeated during 30 s with open and then with closed eyes. After a short break a test with balancing on the left and then on the right leg has been perfrmed. For each case, based on the mathematical model of the inverted pendulum, the calculated control functions u(t) in the form u(t)=k1(r(t)-r0)+ k2(r/(t)-r/0), where r(t) is the radius-vector of the CM, r0 is its averaged value over time, (.)/ means the time derivative. Using statistical analysis, the absence of correlations between the control functions for both different subjects and for different positions of the body of the same volunteer was shown. Based on the calculations of the Lyapunov exponent, the individuals have been classified into groups with stable, weakly and highly unstable control of the vertical position of the body. The modeling of such systems in the framework of nondeterministic chaos models with nonlinear control is discussed.

scholarly journals Indicators for computer stabilography in case of a forensic medical examination of injuries of the cervical portion of the spine and the perivertebral structures

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3 (67) p.1) ◽  
pp. 116-117
Author(s):  
V. O. Olkhovskyi ◽  
O. M. Peshenko
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practice ◽  
Musculoskeletal System ◽  
Kinematic Chain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Basic System ◽  
Spinal Motion ◽  
Cervical Portion ◽  
The Status ◽  
Spinal Motion Segment

Damage to the cervical portion of the spine (CPS) and the corresponding perivertebral morphological structures can significantly affect the status of the function of maintaining the vertical position of the body through the formation of disorders of the musculoskeletal system (MSS), in particular the spine – the basic system of the kinematic chain of the MSS. Since, in case of SPS injuries the processes of compensation of the spinal motion segment (SMS) are violated, an identification of informative biomechanical indicators – is topical for forensic-medical practice.

scholarly journals Vertical Sextants give Good Sights

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-139
Author(s):  
Mark Dixon
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Vertical Edge ◽  
Vertical Alignment ◽  
Heavenly Body ◽  
Hand Orientation ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Visual Clue ◽  
The Right

Many texts stress the need for marine sextants to be held precisely vertical at the instant that the altitude of a heavenly body is measured. Several authors lay particular emphasis on the technique of ‘rocking’ the instrument in a small arc about the horizontal axis to obtain a good sight. Nobody, to the author's knowledge, however, has attempted to quantify the errors involved, so as to compare them with other errors inherent in determining celestial position lines. This paper sets out to address these issues and to pose the question: what level of accuracy of vertical alignment can reasonably be expected during marine sextant work at sea ?When a heavenly body is brought to tangency with the visible horizon it is particularly important to ensure that the sextant is held in a truly vertical position. To this end the instrument is rocked gently about the horizontal so that the image of the body describes a small arc in the observer's field of vision. As Bruce Bauer points out, tangency with the horizon must be achieved during the process of rocking and not a second or so after rocking has been discontinued. The altitude is recorded for the instant that the body kisses the visible horizon at the lowest point of the rocking arc, as in Fig. 2. The only other visual clue as to whether the sextant is vertical is provided by the right angle made by the vertical edge of the horizon glass mirror with the horizon. There may also be some input from the observer's sense of balance and his hand orientation.

The Effect of Task Asymmetry and Number of Hands on Spinal Loading

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 647-651
Author(s):  
Kermit G. Davis ◽  
William S. Marras ◽  
Kevin P. Granata
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Shear ◽  
Spinal Loads ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Asymmetric Lifting ◽  
The Right ◽  
Anterior Posterior

This study documented three-dimensional spine loading associated with asymmetric lifting while using either one or two hands to perform the task. Lift asymmetry was defined as a function of the load origin relative to the sagittal plane of the body. Lifts occurred at 0, 30, or 60 degrees off the sagittal plane on both sides of the body (lifting from the right and from the left relative to the sagittal plane). Ten subjects lifted a 13.7 kg box from one of these origins to a sagittally symmetric destination. Spinal loads were estimated through the use of a validated EMG-assisted model. Spine compression and lateral shear forces increased as the lift origin became more asymmetric. However, spine compression and lateral shear increased by about twice the rate when lifting from origins to the left of the sagittal plane compared to lifting from origins to the right of the sagittal plane. Anterior-posterior spinal shear decreased as asymmetry increased with larger decreases occurring when lift origins occurred to the right of the sagittal plane. One-hand lifting changed the compression and shear profiles significantly. One-hand lifts using the hand on the same side of the body as the load resulted in compression forces that were approximately equal to those observed when lifting with two hands in a sagittally symmetric position. Anterior -posterior shear decreased and lateral shear increased under these conditions. These results reflect the trade-offs that must be considered among spinal forces during asymmetric lifting while using one or two hands.

scholarly journals Standard reference values of the postural control in healthy female adults aged between 31 and 40 years in Germany: an observational study

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Ohlendorf ◽  
Julia Pflaum ◽  
Christina Wischnewski ◽  
Sebastian Schamberger ◽  
Christina Erbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Tolerance Interval ◽  
Balance System ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background To detect deviations from a normal postural control, standard values can be helpful for comparison purposes. Since the postural control is influenced by gender and age, the aim of the present study was the collection of standard values for women between 31 and 40 years of age. Methods For the study, 106 female, subjectively healthy, German subjects aged between 31 and 40 years (35 ± 2.98 years) were measured using a pressure measuring platform. Results Their average BMI was 21.60 ± 4.65 kg/m2. The load distribution between left and right foot was almost evenly balanced with a median 51.46% load on the left [tolerance interval (TR) 37.02%/65.90%; confidence interval (CI) 50.06/52.85%] and 48.54% [TR 43.10/62.97%; CI 47.14/49.93%] on the right foot. The median forefoot load was 33.84% [TR 20.68/54.73%; CI 31.67/37.33%] and the rearfoot load was measured at 66.16% [TR 45.27/79.33%; CI 62.67/68.33%]. The median/mean body sway in the sagittal plane was measured 12 mm [TR 5.45/23.44 mm; CI 11.00/14.00 mm] and 8.17 mm in the frontal plane [TR 3.33/19.08 mm; CI 7.67/9.33 mm]. The median of the ellipse area is 0.72 cm2 [TR 0.15/3.69 cm2; CI 0.54/0.89°]. The ellipse width has a median of 0.66 cm [TR 0.30/1.77 cm; CI 0.61/0.78 cm] and the height of 0.33 cm [TR 0.13/0.71 cm; CI 0.30/0.37 cm]. The ellipse angle (sway, left forefoot to right rearfoot) has a mean of − 19.34° [TR − 59.21/− 0.44°; CI − 22.52/− 16.16°] and the ellipse angle sway from right forefoot to left rearfoot has a mean of 12.75° [TR 0.09/59.09°; CI 9.00/16.33°]. Conclusion The right-to-left ratio is balanced. The forefoot-to-rearfoot ratio is approximately 1:2. Also, the body sway can be classified with 12 and 8 mm as normal. The direction of fluctuation is either approx. 19° from the left forefoot to the right rearfoot or approx. 13° the opposite. Body weight, height, and BMI were comparable to the German average of women in a similar age group, so that the measured standard values are representative and might serve as baseline for the normal function of the balance system in order to support the diagnosis of possible dysfunctions in postural control.

scholarly journals Body Stability and Support Scull Kinematic in Synchronized Swimming

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Rutkowska-Kucharska ◽  
Karolina Wuchowicz
Keyword(s):  
Wrist Joint ◽  
Pubic Symphysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abduction Angle ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Shoulder Joints ◽  
Synchronized Swimming ◽  
The Right ◽  
Flexion And Extension

AbstractPurpose. The aim of this study was to examine the dependencies between support scull kinematics and body stability in the vertical position. Methods. The study involved 16 synchronized swimmers. Twelve markers were placed on the pubic symphysis, head, middle fingers, and transverse axes of upper limb joints. Support scull trials were recorded at 50 fps by cameras placed in watertight housings. Calculated measures included: excursion of the sculling movement; flexion and extension angle of the elbow and wrist joints; adduction and abduction angle of the shoulder joint; adduction and abduction angle of the forearm to/from the trunk; ranges of movement of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints; range of movement of forearm adduction towards the trunk; and the range of movement of shoulder adduction towards the trunk. Results. The length of the trajectory taken by the marker on the pubic symphysis was longer if the range of movement of the wrist joint was larger. The movement of the body in the right-left and upwards-downwards direction increased together with a greater range of movement of the wrist joint. It was also found that a greater sculling angle produced greater body displacement in the forwards-backwards direction. The head marker was characterized by a significantly larger range of displacement in the forwards-backwards and right-left directions than the pubic symphysis. Conclusions. The findings indicate that the ability to maintain body stability in the vertical position is associated with the range of movement of the radial wrist joint, angle of forearm adduction, and a newly-introduced measure - sculling angle.

Our Bodies, Whose Property?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.

ANALISIS YURIDIS NORMATIF PUTUSAN PERKARA MAHKAMAH AGUNG KONSTITUSI RI No. 004/PUU-II/2004

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Doni Budiono
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Supreme Courts ◽  
Military Justice ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Rules ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tax Court

The  authority  of justice in Indonesia  is executed by  the Supreme Courts and  the  justice  boards/body under the Supreme Courts, including  the general  justice, religious affairs justice, military justice,  state administration  justice,  and  the Constitution Court. According to  certainty in  the Act of  Tax Court, Article1, clause  (5),  tax  dispute   refers to the legal dispute arising in the  taxation  affairs between the  tax payer or the  body  responsible for the  tax with   the government   executives  ( Directorate General of Tax) as the consequence of   the issue of  the decree for the  appeal  to the Tax  Court in accordance with the  tax Act, including the  charge  against the  execution of collection   in accordance with the  Act of Tax Collection by force. The  formation of Tax Court is  designed by  the Executives, in this case, the  Department of Finance, specifically  the Directorate   General  of Tax  which has the right to issue  law  more technical about  tax accord to Article 14,  letter A,  President Decree  no. 44  year 1974,  concerning the  basic  organization of the Department.  Based on  it,  it  is clear that  in addition to execute the government  rules and policy,  this body  has to execute judicial   rules and policy. This is against the  principles of  Judicative  Power/Authority in Indonesia,  which   clearly states that this body  should be under the Supreme Court.   Therefore. It is suggested that   the Act  No UU no.14 Year 2012 concerning  Tax Court   be revised  in accordance with the system of  Power Division  of Justice  as  stated in 45 Constitutions.

Body balance in a free-standing position in road and off-road cyclists

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Hebisz ◽  
Rafal Hebisz ◽  
Marek Zaton
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Body Balance ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Progressive Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Road Cyclists

AbstractBackground: The purpose of this study was to compare body balance in road and off-road cyclists, immediately before and after the racing season.Material/Methods: Twenty individuals participated in the study and they were divided into two groups: specialists in road-cycling (n = 10) and in off-road cycling (n = 10). Immediately before and after the five-month racing season stabilographic trials were carried out (at rest and after progressive exercise). In assessing body balance the distance and velocity of the centre shifts (in the anterior-posterior and left-right direction) were analysed. The tests were performed with the cyclists’ eyes open, eyes closed, and in feedback.Results: After the racing season, in the off-road cyclists’ group, distance and velocity of the centre of pressure shifts increased after a progressive exercise.Conclusions: In the off-road cyclists’ group the balance of the body in the sagittal plane deteriorated after the racing season. Moreover, after the racing season off-road cyclists were characterized by a worse balance of the body, compared to road cyclists

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