Assessment of Antiplaque and Anti-gingivitis Efficacy of Mouthwashes Prepared from Neem and Mango Extracts

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Gingival Index ◽

Time Points ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Salivary Ph

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of mouthwashes prepared from neem and mango extracts against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in vitro. Their taste acceptability and effects on plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and salivary pH were also evaluated and compared with chlorhexidine (CHX) in children. Materials and Methods: Dry extracts of neem and mango twigs were prepared and their MIC against S. mutans was determined. The effective MIC was used to prepare mouthwashes from the two extracts. Three parallel groups of children (n=30) used either neem, mango or 0.2% CHX mouthwash for 21 days. The PI and GI were recorded at baseline and at 7 and 21 days. The salivary pH and taste acceptability were also assessed. Results: The MIC of both extracts was achieved at 25% concentration. There was a significant difference between the GI score of mango group compared with neem and CHX at the three time points (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the neem and mango groups in PI (P=0.674). There was no significant difference among the three groups in salivary pH either (P=0.817). Intragroup comparison showed significant reductions in PI, GI and salivary pH in all the three groups after 21 days (P<0.001). Conclusion: Neem and mango mouthwashes can be used as effective alternatives to CHX in children.

An in vitro Study to determine the Effect of Terminalia chebula Extract and Its Formulation on Streptococcus mutans

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1528 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 278-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sushma S Nayak ◽

Sharda C Metgud ◽

Uday Kumar Bolmal

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Terminalia Chebula ◽

Hydroethanolic Extract

ABSTRACT Aim Many weapons are available in the arsenal of a dental professional to combat dental caries, which is almost ubiquitously present. From a public health perspective, most of these weapons are far from being an ideal drug. Hence, there is a demand for better and effective antibacterial agents. This factor stimulated the process of the present study. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula on Streptococcus mutans. Materials and methods Dried ripe fruits of Terminalia chebula were procured and powdered. Physical tests were done to estimate purity of the fruit powder. Hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared according to standard procedures. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was determined by tube dilution method and confirmed by agar dilution method. The effect of the hydroethanolic extract on sucrose induced adhesion, glucan-induced aggregation and on glycolysis of Streptococcus mutans was also assessed. Preservative, gelling agent and sweetener were added in suitable quantities to the ethanol extract, and mouthrinse was formulated. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the formulation was also determined. Results Yield was better in case of aqueous extract. The Minimum inhibitory concentration of hydroethanolic extract was determined to be 2.5%. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the aqueous extract was determined to be 10%. Hydroethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula (2.5%) inhibited sucrose induced adherence and aggregation of Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Conclusion The mouthrinse formulated from ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula demonstrated substantial antibacterial activity and could be used as an effective anticaries agent. Clinical Significance Terminalia chebula mouthrinse can be effectively used in clinical practice as an anticaries mouthrinse with additional benefit being that it is safe and economical. How to cite this article Nayak SS, Ankola AV, Metgud SC, Bolmal UK. An in vitro Study to determine the Effect of Terminalia chebula Extract and Its Formulation on Streptococcus mutans. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(3):278-282.

Formulation of mouth rinse from the essential oils of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and its inhibitory efficacy on the growth of Streptococcus mutans – in vitro

Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.24198/pjd.vol32no1.25486 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Sri Mulyanti ◽

Dewi Sodja Laela ◽

Euis Julaeha ◽

Anne Agustina Suwargiani ◽

Dudi Aripin

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Mouth Rinse ◽

Citrus Aurantifolia

Introduction: Essentials oil of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel has high activity in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The objective of this research was to determine the formulation of mouth rinse from the essential oils of lime (C. aurantifolia) with the highest inhibitory and on the growth of S. mutans. Methods: This research was an experimental in-vitro study. The sample used was the lime (C. aurantifolia) peel waste peel using hydrodistillation technique; testing of the essential oil quality was performed using 100°C distilled water for 3 hours; organoleptic test and physical mouth rinse formula test was also conducted. Mouth rinse formulations were made from the essential oils in the concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, and 20%. Mouth rinse activity was tested with optical density. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined with microdilution. Results: Essential oil mouth rinse formulation showed antibacterial activity at the concentrations of 2, 4, 8, 10, and 20% (formulations I-IV); the recommended mouth rinse concentration was 4% (formulation III) due to its highest antibacterial. Formulation IV showed the highest minimum inhibitory concentration value of 5.2 mg/mL (0.52%) and the safe minimum bactericidal concentration of 0.4 mg/mL (1.04). Conclusion: Mouth rinse formulation from essential oils of lime (C. aurantifolia) peel begins to show inhibition of the growth of S. mutans bacteria at the concentration of 2% essential oils (formulation II), with inhibition against the growth of S. mutans is 7.08. The formula shows a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 5.2 mg/mL (0.52%) and 10.4 mg/mL (1.04), respectively.

Antibacterial Activity and Cytotoxic Effect of Pelargonium peltatum (Geranium) against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2018/2714350 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Author(s):

Samantha Coronado-López ◽

Stefany Caballero-García ◽

Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis ◽

Fernando Mazulis ◽

Juana del Valle-Mendoza

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Root Extract ◽

Streptococcus Sanguinis ◽

Pelargonium Peltatum ◽

High Concentrations

Objective. To evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of the methanolic extract of Pelargonium peltatum (geranium) against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). Methods. Three extracts of P. peltatum were prepared using the leaf, stem, and root. Nine independent assays were prepared for each type of extract with chlorhexidine at 0.12% as the positive control. The agar diffusion method was performed to determine the antibacterial properties of each extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the microdilution method, and the cytotoxicity was analyzed by means of the MTT reduction test using a MDCK cell line. Results. The root extract had the highest antibacterial effect with a mean result of (27.68 ± 0.97) mm and (30.80 ± 0.55) mm against S. mutans and S. sanguinis, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for the leaf and root extracts was 250 mg/mL for S. mutans and 125 mg/mL for S. sanguinis. Cytotoxicity assays showed that both extracts had a low cytotoxicity at high concentrations. The cellular viability was highest for the root extract at 95.3% followed by the stem extract at 80.8% and finally the leaf extract with 75.4%. Conclusions. These findings show the antibacterial properties of the methanolic extracts of P. pelargonium against S. mutans and S. sanguinis. These extracts were not cytotoxic at high concentrations.

The effect of silver nanoparticles incorporation in the self-etch adhesive system on its antibacterial activity and degree of conversion: an in-vitro study

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.17687.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 244 ◽

Author(s):

Heba F. Mohammed ◽

Mona I. Riad

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Adhesive System ◽

Degree Of Conversion ◽

The Self ◽

Antibacterial Efficacy ◽

Self Etch

Introduction: Despite of the recent advances in the adhesive dentistry, high possibility of microbial biofilm development at the resin restoration surfaces may lead to marginal gaps and recurrent caries. Degree of conversion of the dental adhesive represents a relative assessment to its quality, and a direct correlation with its mechanical behavior. This in vitro study was carried out to investigate the minimum inhibitory concentration of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles incorporated in two forms into the self-etch adhesive system and the effect of their incorporation on the degree of conversion of the self-etch adhesive. Methods: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the self-etch adhesive system incorporated with nanosilver powder and solution against Streptococcus mutans was tested using an agar diffusion test. The effect of nanosilver incorporation (powder and ethanol-based solution) in the self-etch adhesive system on its degree of conversion was assessed using Attenuated Total Reflectance/ Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometer (ATR/ FTIR). Results: The results showed that silver nanoparticles incorporation (powder or ethanol based at 12.5 µg/ml concentration) significantly increased the antibacterial efficacy of the self-etch adhesive against Streptococcus mutans (P< 0.05). Nanosilver powder possessed higher significant antibacterial effect when compared to silver ethanol based solution (P< 0.05). Degree of conversion of self-etch adhesive containing nanosilver powder showed non-significant difference from the control group (p > 0.05). In contrast, self-etch adhesive with nanosilver solution recorded significantly lower values when compared to the control or nanosilver powder group (P< 0.05). Conclusion: The antibacterial efficacy of the adhesive system can be greatly potentiated with the addition of silver nanoparticles (12µg/mL concentration) especially the nanosilver powder. Incorporation of the antibacterial nanosilver powder in the adhesive system didn’t compromise the degree of conversion of the adhesive resin.

In Vitro Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Myrsine africana against laboratory Strains of Pathogenic Organisms

International Journal of Bioassays ◽

10.21746/ijbio.2016.04.0011 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (04) ◽

pp. 4512

Author(s):

Jackie K. Obey ◽

Anthoney Swamy T* ◽

Lasiti Timothy ◽

Makani Rachel

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

E Coli ◽

Zones Of Inhibition ◽

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity ◽

Myrsine Africana

The determination of the antibacterial activity (zone of inhibition) and minimum inhibitory concentration of medicinal plants a crucial step in drug development. In this study, the antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanol extract of Myrsine africana were determined for Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The zones of inhibition (mm±S.E) of 500mg/ml of M. africana ethanol extract were 22.00± 0.00 for E. coli,20.33 ±0.33 for B. cereus,25.00± 0.00 for S. epidermidis and 18. 17±0.17 for S. pneumoniae. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) is the minimum dose required to inhibit growth a microorganism. Upon further double dilution of the 500mg/ml of M. africana extract, MIC was obtained for each organism. The MIC for E. coli, B. cereus, S. epidermidis and S. pneumoniae were 7.81mg/ml, 7.81mg/ml, 15.63mg/ml and 15.63mg/ml respectively. Crude extracts are considered active when they inhibit microorganisms with zones of inhibition of 8mm and above. Therefore, this study has shown that the ethanol extract of M. africana can control the growth of the four organisms tested.

THE EFFECT OF PROPOLIS EXTRACT AND PROPOLIS CANDIES ON THE GROWTH OF AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS ATCC 43718

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s5.23086 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (17) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Khodijah Khodijah ◽

Ratna Farida ◽

Nurtami Soedarsono

Keyword(s):

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans ◽

Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽

Propolis Extract ◽

Post Exposure ◽

Colony Forming Units

Objective: This experiment aimed to analyze the effect of propolis extract and propolis containing candies on the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using spectrophotometric analysis and colony-forming units (CFU) counts.Methods: After A. actinomycetemcomitans were exposed to propolis extract and candies, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined with spectrophotometry and post-exposure colony counting.Results: The MIC of propolis extract against A. actinomycetemcomitans was determined to be 10%, and the MBC was 20%. A decrease in the total CFU count of A. actinomycetemcomitans was observed after propolis extract and candy exposure.Conclusions: Propolis extract and propolis candies were effective in inhibiting the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 43718 in vitro.

In VitroActivity of Omadacycline againstChlamydia pneumoniae

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01907-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. e01907-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stephan A. Kohlhoff ◽

Natalia Huerta ◽

Margaret R. Hammerschlag

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽

Content Type

ABSTRACTThein vitroactivities of omadacycline, azithromycin, doxycycline, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin were tested against 15 isolates ofChlamydia pneumoniae. The minimum inhibitory concentration at which 90% of the isolates ofC. pneumoniaewere inhibited by omadacycline was 0.25 μg/ml (range, 0.03 to 0.5 μg/ml).

Activity of myxin against Ceratocystis ulmi

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m69-023 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 133-135 ◽

Author(s):

E. A. Peterson

Keyword(s):

Liquid Culture ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Strong Inhibition ◽

Solid Media ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Paper Disc ◽

Disc Assay

Eight strains of Ceratocystis ulmi originating from different locations and host species were found to be highly sensitive to the antibiotic myxin in in vitro tests. By paper disc assay, amounts as low as 0.5–1.0 μg caused strong inhibition of the fungus on solid media. The minimum inhibitory concentration in liquid culture was 0.2 μg/ml and levels of antibiotic above this concentration proved to be fungicidal.

In-Vitro Studies on the Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to Some Ethno-Medicinal Preparations Sold around Kano, Nigeria

Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences ◽

10.4314/bajopas.v4i1.4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 22-25 ◽

Author(s):

M Bashir ◽

I Yusuf ◽

AS Kutama

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Test Organism ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Herbal Preparations

Five traditional herbal preparations were sampled between May-June, 2009 in Kano. The samples were investigated for invitro antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Likewise, phytochemical screening tests were conducted to determine some of the phytochemicals present in the ethanolic and water extracts of the samples. Various concentrations of the extracts were prepared using serial doubling dilutions (5000=l/ml, 2500=g/ml, 1250=g/ml, 625=g/ml and 312.5=g/ml). All the test extracts showed slight antibacterial activity against the test organism, with ethanolic extract of sample E having the highest zone diameter of inhibition, while sample H had the lowest diameter of inhibition. The standard antibiotic disc (Gentamicin) had demonstrated the highest activity on the test organisms. The results of the Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroid in all the samples, tannin in samples A, C, D and E, reducing sugars in sample A, D and E respectively. The result of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be above 312.5=g/ml for samples C, D and E. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Herbal preparations, antibacterial activity, Phytochemical screening and minimum inhibitory concentration.

Effect of Two Different Mouth Rinses on S. mutans Counts in Subjects Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment – A Pilot Study

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1530638 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 148-155

Author(s):

S. Abirami ◽

Ravindra Kumar Jain ◽

A. S. Smiline Girija

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Reference Group ◽

T Test ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Cervical Region ◽

Paired Sample ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group Ii

The study is thus aimed to assess and compare the efficacy of Herbostra oil pulling mouthwash with Chlorhexidine mouthwash in reducing plaque accumulation around orthodontic brackets. A total of 20 patients were considered in this study randomly assigned into Group I (experimental group - Herbostra oil pulling mouthwash) and Group II (reference group-0.2% Chlorhexidine mouthwash). The plaque index scores were recorded in each individual at baseline (pre) and after 3 weeks (post). Dental plaque samples were collected around the orthodontic brackets at the cervical region of maxillary upper molars and lower incisors by cotton swabbing method and evaluated for the presence of microflora. Paired sample t-test for Streptococcus mutans count showed that statistically significant difference only within the group II (p=0.000) (Chlorhexidine group) and there was no significant difference within the group I (p=0.103) (Herbostra group). Paired sample t-test for plaque index score shows statistically significant difference within the groups (0.000).Independent t test showed statistically significant difference in the levels of Streptococcus mutans count after 3 weeks between the two groups (p=0.000) with the mean values of (2.230±0.5056), (1.080±0.3458) in group I and group II respectively. From this study we concluded that, even though there was a reduction in plaque scores and S. mutans count with Herbostra oil pulling mouthwash but it was not as effective as Chlorhexidine mouth rinse.