Factor of Violence in Political and Socio-Cultural Communication in the North-Eastern Caucasus in the Late 18th - Early 19th Century

Author(s):  
Daria K. Markova

The problem of the use of violence as an argument in communication in the North-East Caucasus before the start of Russian policy activation is considered. An assessment of the mountaineers' raiding practice to adjacent territories is given. That had the most painful effect on the situation in Georgia, which even had to buy off enemy invasions, which had acquired a regular, seasonal character. The influence of this factor on the specifics of Russian-North Caucasian relations is being clarified. After Russian settlements began to appear in the region, the vector of the mountain invasion moved from the south to the north. This could not but cause a response, a very harsh reaction from the empire. The question about the role of hunting trips in the socialization of mountain youthis raised. The circumstances of the use of raids to reduce social contradictions within local societies, their role in the selection of the nobility are examined. One of the consequences of such steps will be the spread of the slave trade. It is suggested that the ideology formed as a result of these actions will become the foundation for the teaching of Muridism in the future. An attempt of the Russian Empire to force the mountaineers to abandon such actions will cause a hostile reaction and result in fierce resistance.

Author(s):  
M. D. Kushnareva ◽  

The main purpose of the publication is to analyze the role of trade customs in the process of legal regulation of the organization of the fur trade in the north-east of Siberia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Achieving this goal presupposes an analysis of the norms of the legislative sources of the trade law of the Russian Empire during the period of modernization. The analysis of trade customs is based on examples from previously unpublished and unreported archival sources. Analyzed cash, trade books of firms “N. D. Everstov”, “G. V. Nikiforov”, ‘G. V. Nikiforov and Co”, “I. P. Antipin and G. V. Nikiforov”, Joint Stock Company of Match and Fur Factory “N. P. Rylov and F. P. Lesnikov”, containing records of transactions concluded on the basis of trade customs. The topic is of theoretical and applied relevance. The article is of an interdisciplinary nature. To solve the set tasks, comparative, problem-chronological methods, as well as functional and comparative legal methods of jurisprudence were applied in the work. The author determined that the synthesis of the norms of customary law of the indigenous population of North-Eastern Siberia with the norms of general imperial laws led to the formation of a complex of trade customs in the industry. The article analyzes the practice of implementing such trade customs in the fur trade, such as: accrual of debt to fishers and its transition to the next fishing season, unequal exchange, fixing commercial information in personal correspondence. As the main conclusions, it was noted that the trade customs in the fur trade were superior to the norms of the Trade Charter and other legislative acts of the state. This was facilitated by the special historical conditions and specificity of the legal consciousness of society in the outskirts of the Russian Empire. The development of commodity-money relations and the state policy of legislative convergence of the legal status of the indigenous and Russian population of the outlying territories of Siberia contributed to a gradual decrease in the role of trade customs in the fur trade at the beginning of the 20th century.


2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-204
Author(s):  
Ramazan S. Abdulmajidov

The present article reveals the history of relations between the south-western unions of communities of Dagestan and the Kingdom of Kakheti in the second half of the 18th - early 19th century. It is established that political and economic contacts between them, due to mutual cooperation, were generally of a peaceful and good-neighbourly nature. In the second half of the 18th century there was a significant strengthening of military-political and cultural ties between Georgia and Dagestan. The arrival of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus in the early 19th century not only shifted the balance of military and political forces in the region, but also radically changed the nature of trade and economic relations between Dagestan and Georgia. In this regard, the main attention is paid to the processes that began after the loss of Georgian statehood, when the border Dagestan communities tried to negotiate with the new authorities. Furthermore, the author reveals the policy of Dagestan feudal rulers, whom the unions of Dagestan communities saw as intermediaries in their relations with the Russian Empire. On the basis of numerous sources, both already published and identified by the author in the Central historical archive of Georgia, the article considers the most important events that took place in the region during the study period. According to the author, before the appointment of A. P. Ermolov to the Caucasus, St. Petersburg did not rush to assert its power there, content at first with "external signs of citizenship" of the highlanders. With the arrival of the latter, who pursued the policy on the well-known principle of "divide and conquer", the trade and economic blockade of the highlanders of Western Dagestan increased significantly, leading to their subsequent active participation in the people's liberation movement of the highlanders of the North-East Caucasus in the 20-50s' of the 19th century..


2020 ◽  
pp. 360-374
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Igumnov

The activities of military topographers in Western Siberia to provide cartographic information on the foreign and domestic policies of the Russian Empire in Central Asia and Siberia in the 19th century are considered in the article. The role of information in the formation of the Russian Empire is emphasized. The contribution of the state to the organization of the study of the Asian regions of Russia and neighboring countries is noted. The establishment of the military topographic service in Western Siberia can be traced taking into account data on administrative transformations in the Siberian region, and on changes in the foreign policy of the Russian Empire. The participation of military topographers in determining and designating the state border with China is described in detail. The question of the role of military topographers in the scientific study of China and Mongolia is raised. The significance of the activities of military topographers for the policy of the Russian Empire on the socio-economic development of Siberia and the north-eastern part of the territory of modern Kazakhstan is revealed. The contribution of topographers to the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway, the design of river channels and new land routes is revealed. A large amount of literary sources, materials on the work of military topographers of Western Siberia, published in “Notes of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff” is used in the article.


1992 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Woodman

This study examines the archaeological significance of the material from a group of Neolithic chipping floors rescued during the rebuilding of the Antrim coast road, at Mad Mans Window, south of Glenarm, Co. Antrim. It shows that the lithic production strategies vary significantly between assemblages although it is presumed that they are all Neolithic in date and come from the same area of coast. It is apparent that flint axe production was of limited importance on these sites and that in spite of the abundance of flint available along the Antrim coast, relatively few polished flint axes were manufactured. Instead the numerous flint caches found in adjacent parts of the north-east of Ireland tend to produce scrapers and blades. Hoards containing arrowheads may be confined to the Bronze Age.Around 300 polished flint axes and roughouts are known from Ireland. These are frequently small and only partially polished. A limited number of highly polished axes with ground flat side facets have been designated sub-type A. The tendency to use porcellanite rather than flint for axe manufacture may be due to its ability to withstand robust shock.During the last 100 years, the role of flint as a key resource in the stone age of north-eastern Ireland has always been recognized but this has usually led to an uncritical assumption as to the paramount importance of flint. Work in recent years has shown that its significance in attracting and retaining Mesolithic settlement may have been over-emphasized.The role of the flint industries in the Irish Neolithic in this region has never been properly assessed, either in relation to older Mesolithic manufacturing traditions or in the broader context of supply to the Neolithic communities of this part of Ireland.In particular, good or even reasonable quality flint is usually only exposed in Cretaceous outcrops along a narrow strip on the edge of the basalt plateau and, therefore, has a very limited availability in parts of Co. Antrim as well as parts of Counties Down and Deny. As a contrast, erratic and beach flint is available in some quantity down the east coast of Ireland from Co. Down to Wexford. A second potential constraining factor is that unlike Britain, where flint was exploited for axe manufacture in the east and other rocks in the west, flint sources and porcellanite for axe manufacturing are both found adjacent to each other in the same corner of Co. Antrim. In particular, a number of more substantial chipping floors of Neolithic age are known, e.g. the opencast quarry sites at Ballygalley Head. The purpose of this study is to assess the role of flint production on the Antrim coast with particular reference to its significance in the Neolithic. This topic will be developed in the context of an analysis of the material found at Mad Mans Window near Glenarm.


2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Alexei A. Kara-Murza

The article discusses the problem of cultural and civilizational self-identification in the works of Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam. According to the family legend, the Mandelstam family descended from Spanish Jews who fled from Spanish kings’ persecution, and then moved, in search of better life, further and further to the north of Europe, until they finally settled in the Russian Empire. In our view, young Osip Mandelstam was formed as a poet in the traditions of the literature of the “Russian North,” derived from Gavriil Derzhavin, Prince Peter Vyazemsky, Anton Delvig, and Alexander Pushkin. Mandelstam was a direct literary follower of the Russian symbolist poet of Swedish origin, I.I. Oreus (who published under the pseudonym of “Ivan Konevskoy”). The name of Oreus-Konevskoy, his magical poetic style, the circumstances of his death, and finally, his romantic grave on the steep bank of the Latvian river Aa (Gauja) – became truly iconic phenomena of the Russian Silver Age. Oreus-Konevskoy had a great influence not only on young Mandelstam’s verse (some of his famous poems are direct “literary duels” with the Teacher) but also on Alexander Blok, Valery Bryusov, and early Boris Pasternak. The author of the article analyzes how in the first post-revolutionary years Osip Mandelstam tried to become one of the theorists of the Soviet “Northern” literature. In the author’s view, when the repressive nature of the new regime became obvious and the “NorthernPetersburgian” Russia showed its totalitarian-Bolshevik appearance, there started a radical turn in Mandelstam’s self-consciousness, which led to an attempt to form a new personal identity, as a person belonging to the “cultural South,” who tragically found himself in the “barbaric North.”


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-557
Author(s):  
Mikhail S. Teikin

Russian regional features became a subject of scientific attention in the late 1960s – early 1970s when scientists began to study old dialects, new regiolects, and how some regionalisms entered general use. Scientists usually focused on the literary speech peculiarities of local residents. As a rule, ethnonyms of small-numbered peoples have a very narrow circulation and belong to regionalisms. However, Russian ethnonyms remain understudied from the angle of their regional component, particularly the ethnonyms of the North-East. The present article deals with the ethnonyms of small-numbered peoples in the Russian North-East. The author describes how regionalisms transferred from the regiolect to the common language in the course of 20th century. The paper also features the most relevant mistakes in the ethnonyms with similar pronunciation. The author conducted a survey to investigate the comprehension level of the north-eastern ethnonyms by the residents of Magadan and cities of Central Russia and define their frequency.


2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 419-432
Author(s):  
Julia Mazurkiewicz-Sułkowska

The north-eastern Polish dialects preserved in the poetry of Feliks Mieszczański from Kadysz village (Republic of Belarus)The article describes the variety of Polish spoken by the inhabitants of Kadysz – a village located in the closed border zone at the junction of three state borders: Belarus, Poland and Lithuania. Its population preserved the local culture and Polish as a means of everyday communication, due to the fact that during the Period of Partitions in Poland this area never became part of the Russian Empire, but remained part of the Kingdom of Poland, and today it is isolated from the Republic of Belarus by the closed border zone.The observations are based on the analysis of Feliks Mieszczański’s texts – a man who spent all his life in Kadysz village. He has never learned the literary variety of Polish or literary Russian, because of a mild mental retardation. Черты северо-восточного польского диалекта, зафиксированные в поэзии Феликса Мещанского, жителя деревни Кадыш (Беларусь)Статья посвящена польскому языку жителей деревни Кадыш, находящейся в закрытой приграничной зоне на стыке трех государственных границ: Беларуси, Польши и Литвы. Благодаря тому, что во время разделов Речипосполитой земли эти никогда не входили в состав северо-западных губерний Российской Империи, а являлись частью Королевства Польского, и сейчас изолированы от остальной части Беларуси закрытой приграничной зоной, местное население сохранило местную культуру и польский язык в качестве средства повседневного общения. Наблюдения представлены на основании анализа текстов Феликса Мещанского – лица, прожившего всю свою жизнь в Кадыше, никoгда не изучавшего польский литературный язык, а также практически не изучавшего русский язык (в связи с легкой степенью умственной отсталости).


2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
Nina Nurmagomedovna Garunova ◽  
Irina Anatolievna Suzdaltseva ◽  
Lilia Nadipovna Galimova

This article examines the history of the disappeared Russian settlement-fortress, which refers to the period XVI-XVIII centuries. In earlier sources the city was called the redoubt of the Terek, the Terek fortress, sometimes there is a shorter name -Grater. Later they began to use the name Terek the city, represents the city and fortress near the mouth of the Terek, not far from the now not-existing of the river Tyumenka. In the modern period is the territory of the left Bank of the Old Terek to the North-East of the city of Kizlyar, Republic of Dagestan. Criticized the attempts to identify the history of the two fortresses: Walled town and Floats, as well as their role at the initial stage in the formation of Russian population of Dagestan. Characterized by the influence of the process of renewal of the Cossacks in military servicemen estate on the historical development of areas North-Eastern Caucasus. Attention is paid to issues such as the existence of different versions of the city name, the location where divergent opinions of researchers. Emphasis is placed on the role of the Terek city as the southern Outpost of the Russian state, the conductor's Caucasus policy on the North-Eastern Caucasus. The analysis of the problem, which allowed us to consider the integration of the provincial regions in the periphery of the Russian state in the South of the country, and analyzed the development of reference points to spread the influence of Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries.


Author(s):  
Михаил Спартакович Тейкин

Региональная ономастика представляет собою разветвлённую систему, охватывающую имена, имеющие хождение в определённом регионе, – от относительно известных за пределами края до малознакомых. Сегодня ономастика – самостоятельная отрасль науки, предметом изучения которой служат как лексемы, безусловно относящиеся к собственным именам (напр.: топонимы, гидронимы), так и лексемы, стоящие на стыке проприативов и апеллятивов, в число которых входят этнонимы. Изучение онимов края помогает найти лингвистические связи между неродственными соседними языками, выявить диалектные особенности, обнаружить места предыдущего обитания народов, выявить культурное взаимодействие и языковые заимствования, в связи с чем данная тема имеет особую актуальность. Региональные онимы могут являться регионализмами с точки зрения региональной лингвистики – постольку, поскольку они характерны для отдельной местности, но малоизвестны или же почти неизвестны вовне. В настоящей статье вводится понятие ономастический регионализм для более точного описания местных ономастических реалий в контексте региональной лингвистики, указывается на отличие его от термина региональный оним. Этнонимы небольших народов, как правило, не имеют широкого распространения за пределами проживания их носителей, поэтому данные слова можно отнести к ономастическим регионализмам. Именования малых этносов и субэтнических групп России до сих пор мало изучены с точки зрения их регионального компонента, в особенности этнонимы Северо-Востока, в связи с этим данная тема обретает особую актуальность. Этнонимы коренных малочисленных народов Северо-Востока России не рассматривались детально с позиции принадлежности их к дальневосточному региональному ономастикону. В настоящей статье автор останавливается на рассмотрении двух этнонимов одного малочисленного народа Северо-Востока России – чукчей; описываются официальные наименования мужчин и женщин – представителей данного народа с точки зрения принадлежности этнонимов одновременно к литературному языку и региолекту. В основе настоящего исследования лежит теоретическое изучение вопроса отнесения лексических единиц чукча и чукчанка к ономастическим регионализмам. Автор приводит практический пример перехода этнонима чукча из региолекта регионализма в ядро литературного языка и указывает на основные причины того, почему женский дериват данного этнонима, чукчанка, по настоящее время остаётся на периферии и малоизвестен за пределами компактного проживания народа. Regional onomastics is an entangled system that involves names circulating in a specific region, which can be relatively well-known or almost unfamiliar outwards. Today, onomastics is an independent branch of science having as its subject of study both lexemes certainly related to proper names (e. g.: toponyms, hydronyms) and lexemes which lie at the border of propriatives and appellatives, including ethnonyms. Region’s onyms studying helps to find out linguistic links between non-related neighbouring languages, to elicit dialectal features, to discover the places of peoples’ previous habitation, to identify cultural interaction and language borrowings – for that reason this topic is of particular relevance. Regional onyms can be regionalisms from the angle of regional linguistics, insofar as they are representative of a particular locality, but are of little notice or almost unknown beyond of it. This article introduces the concept of onomastic regionalism for clearer description of local onomastic realities in the context of regional linguistics and indicates the difference of onomastic regionalism from the term regional onym. As a rule, ethnonyms of small-numbered peoples do not have wide distribution outside their bearers’ places of residence; for that reason, the author considers them onomastic regionalisms. The study of small ethnic and subethnic groups’ names in Russia it still not sufficient from the point of their regional component, this relates especially to the ethnonyms of the Russian North-East; in that regard, the present topic still abides high relevance of research. The ethnonyms of the Russian North- Eastern indigenous peoples do not have detailed investigation from the position of their involvement in the Far Eastern regional onomasticon. In the present paper the author restrains at investigation of two ethnonyms of one small-numbered people in the Russian North-East – Chukchi; he describes its men and women’s official names, Chukcha and Chukchanka, from the view of the lexical units’ simultaneous attribution to literary language and regiolect. This paper is a theoretical study of the question that the ethnonyms Chukcha and Chukchanka belong to onomastic regionalisms. The author gives a practical example of the Chukcha ethnonym transition from the regiolect to the core of the literary language and gives the reasons why the female derivative of this ethnonym, Chukchanka, remains in the language periphery and of little notice outside Chikchi’s habitat.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document