Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 181-192
Author(s):  
Maryann Erigha
Keyword(s):  
Jim Crow ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Cultural Citizenship ◽  
Culture Industry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Culture Industries ◽  
Barriers To Access ◽  
Black Films ◽  
Financial Investments ◽  
Production And Distribution

This chapter summarizes the main argument of the Hollywood Jim Crow. Hollywood insiders deploy economic and cultural logics that Black films will not make sufficient enough money to be viable financial investments, especially in foreign markets. This justification is used to devalue films with Black casts and directors, leading to racial marginalization, segregation, and stigma in film production and distribution processes. The chapter also highlights implications of systemic and explicit racial bias in a major culture industry, namely the legal barriers to access employment, cultural citizenship, and equality of opportunities and outcomes. In addition, the racial hierarchies a Jim Hollywood erects between groups can be replicated to produce racial bias in other fields, within culture industries and beyond. Furthermore, the chapter suggests directions for future research.

Representation and Racial Hierarchy

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-51
Author(s):  
Maryann Erigha
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Cultural Citizenship ◽  
Culture Industry ◽  
Racial Minorities ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Cultural Narratives ◽  
Racial Hierarchy

Representation in a culture industry includes partaking in symbols and images, having presence in numbers and jobs, attaining cultural citizenship by participating in a nation’s cultural narratives, and climbing the hierarchy to occupy top and desired positions. This chapter defines and discusses various levels of representation: symbolic, numeric, civic, and hierarchic. African Americans and racial minorities in cinema have made significant progress in many stages, including winning awards at the Oscars and making gains in employment. This chapter highlights African Americans’ struggle to advance in Hollywood as it relates to penetrating the racial hierarchy. Despite Hollywood’s liberal public face, the film industry’s racial hierarchy takes on a Jim Crow structure that marginalizes, segregates, and stigmatizes racial minorities. The present struggle for representation should focus on dismantling this racial hierarchy.

scholarly journals Major constraints and trends for common bean production and commercialization; establishing priorities for future research

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús José Rodríguez De Luque ◽  
Bernardo Creamer
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Priority Setting ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Priority Setting Process ◽  
Setting Process ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Bean Research

In order to identify the principal constraints and trends for common bean production and commercialization and the priorities for future common bean research in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), a priority setting process was developed at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). The results suggested that the principal research included breeding and selecting for several traits, such as drought tolerance and water use efficiency, improved yields, and consumer acceptance (improved cooking time and desired texture after cooking). Additionally, the results of the priority setting process suggested that institutional measures are needed, such as improving formal seed production and distribution channels and the development of national and regional seed policies. On the other hand, the identified principal constraints included diseases, pests, and market constraints. Finally, the identified principal trends were: increase in demand and production, and development of high-yield varieties and improvement in nutritional quality.

Racialized Emotional Labor: An Unseen Burden in the Public Sector

2021 ◽  
pp. 009539972110375
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Emotional Labor ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Public

Discussions of race have often been on the periphery emotional labor scholarship. This piece considers the link between race and emotional labor, arguing that racial bias in public organizations creates disparities in emotional labor among employees. To make this argument, this piece explores white normativity in public administration and the implications this has for people of color when managing their emotions at work. Following this discussion, the article identifies key themes from the literature, before providing a framework for future research on emotional labor and race.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Maryann Erigha
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Culture Industries ◽  
Cultural Preferences ◽  
Film Directors ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Racial Progress ◽  
Post Civil Rights

Jim Crow Hollywood describes how Hollywood insiders consider race when making decisions about moviemaking. Movies by and about white Americans are said to be worthy investments, while movies by and about Black Americans are said to be risky investments. This way of thinking has profound effects on the way movies and people move through the Hollywood system—shaping their production budgets, determining who directs lucrative tent pole blockbuster franchise movies, and creating stigma around race and moviemaking. This chapter gives an overview of the book’s approach, a summary of prior research on race in culture industries, and a preview of the book’s chapters. Quotes from film directors, statistics on over a thousand movies, and emails between Hollywood insiders reveal that race is back in the forefront regarding how decision-makers in American culture institutions rationalize inequality. Except now understandings about race are mixed with talk about economic investments and cultural preferences, making racial inequality more palatable to the everyday observer and further entrenching racial divisions that counteract post-Civil rights narratives of racial progress.

Aversive Racism: Foundations, Impact, and Future Directions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Murrell
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aversive Racism ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bias And Discrimination

The concept of aversive racism has had a significant impact on theory, research, and practice devoted to better understanding bias, discrimination, and persistent disparities based on social identity group such as race, gender, social class, and so on. Originally developed to better explain subtle forms of bias toward racial and minoritized groups, this concept has been extended to understand the impact of disparities in a range of diverse settings, such as intergroup relations, health outcomes, fairness in employment setting, intergroup conflict, educational outcomes, racial bias in policing, experiences of stress and mental health issues, and persistent economic disparities. A core facet of the aversive framework paradigm is that because of human biases that are deeply rooted within a historical context and reinforced by ongoing societal ideologies, unintentional and subtle forms of discrimination emerge and persist. Given that these subtle forms of bias and discrimination exist within otherwise well-intentioned individuals, strategies to eliminate them require understanding the complexity of the aversive racism phenomenon in order to develop effective social interventions. This article reviews the foundation, research, and impact of this important body of work. In addition, the concept of aversive racism is discussed in connection to emerging research on microaggressions and unconscious (implicit) bias in order to create a more integrated framework that can shape future research and applications. Lastly, practical implications for organizations and future directions are explored, such as using social identity as a theoretical lens, including global perspectives on intergroup bias and leveraging emerging work on intersectionality, as useful perspectives to extend the aversive racism framework. Setting a future agenda for research and practice related to aversive racism is key to greater understanding of how to reduce intergroup bias and discrimination through interventions that cut across traditional academic and discipline boundaries as one approach to create meaningful and long-lasting social impact.

scholarly journals Why someone did not stop them? Aversive racism and the responsibility of bystanders

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey J. Murrell
Keyword(s):  
Bystander Effect ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aversive Racism ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether the impact of persistent racial bias, discrimination and racial violence is facilitated by otherwise well-intentioned individuals who fail to act or intercede. Utilizing the aversive racism framework, the need to move beyond awareness raising to facilitate behavioral changes is discussed. Examining the unique lens provided by the aversive racism framework and existing research, the bystander effect provides important insights on recent acts of racial violence such as the murder of Mr. George Floyd. Some promise is shown by the work on effective bystander behavior training and highlights the need for shared responsibility in preventing the outcomes of racial violence and discrimination to create meaningful and long-lasting social change.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses literature based on the aversive racism framework together with the literature on the bystander effect to understand the factors, conditions and consequences for lack of intervention when the victim is African American. This paper also provides evidence and theory-based recommendations for strategies to change passive bystanders into active allies.FindingsThe use of the aversive racism framework provides a powerful lens to help explain the inconsistencies in the bystander effect based on the race of the victim. The implications for intervention models point to the need for behavioral and competency-based approaches that have been shown to provide meaningful change.Practical implicationsSeveral different approaches to address incidents of racial aggression and violence have been developed in the past. However, given the principles of aversive racism, a unique approach that considers the inconsistencies between self-perceptions and actions is needed. This sets a new agenda for future research and meaningful behavioral intervention programs that seek to equip bystanders to intercede in the future.Social implicationsThe need to address and provide effective strategies to reduce the incidence of racial aggression and violence have wide-ranging benefits for individuals, communities and society.Originality/valueBy connecting the aversive racism framework to the bystander effect, the need for different models for developing responsive and active bystanders can be more effectively outlined.

scholarly journals Sustainability in Data and Food

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Allemang
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
World Population ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Data Ecosystem ◽  
Global Data

As the world population continues to increase, world food production is not keeping up. This means that to continue to feed the world, we will need to optimize the production and utilization of food around the globe. Optimization of a process on a global scale requires massive data. Agriculture is no exception, but also brings its own unique issues, based on how wide spread agricultural data are, and the wide variety of data that is relevant to optimization of food production and supply. This suggests that we need a global data ecosystem for agriculture and nutrition. Such an ecosystem already exists to some extent, made up of data sets, metadata sets and even search engines that help to locate and utilize data sets. A key concept behind this is sustainability—how do we sustain our data sets, so that we can sustain our production and distribution of food? In order to make this vision a reality, we need to navigate the challenges for sustainable data management on a global scale. Starting from the current state of practice, how do we move forward to a practice in which we make use of global data to have an impact on world hunger? In particular, how do we find, collect and manage the data? How can this be effectively deployed to improve practice in the field? And how can we make sure that these practices are leading to the global goals of improving production, distribution and sustainability of the global food supply? These questions cannot be answered yet, but they are the focus of ongoing and future research to be published in this journal and elsewhere.

scholarly journals Negotiating candidacy: ethnic minority seniors' access to care

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHARON KOEHN
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Access To Care ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Barriers To Access ◽  
Recommendations For Action

ABSTRACTThe ‘Barriers to Access to Care for Ethnic Minority Seniors’ (BACEMS) study in Vancouver, British Columbia, found that immigrant families torn between changing values and the economic realities that accompany immigration cannot always provide optimal care for their elders. Ethnic minority seniors further identified language barriers, immigration status, and limited awareness of the roles of the health authority and of specific service providers as barriers to health care. The configuration and delivery of health services, and health-care providers' limited knowledge of the seniors' needs and confounded these problems. To explore the barriers to access, the BACEMS study relied primarily on focus group data collected from ethnic minority seniors and their families and from health and multicultural service providers. The applicability of the recently developed model of ‘candidacy’, which emphasises the dynamic, multi-dimensional and contingent character of health-care access to ethnic minority seniors, was assessed. The candidacy framework increased sensitivity to ethnic minority seniors' issues and enabled organisation of the data into manageable conceptual units, which facilitated translation into recommendations for action, and revealed gaps that pose questions for future research. It has the potential to make Canadian research on the topic more co-ordinated.

scholarly journals Film, Arts and Culture as Community Outreach Tools

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor S. O. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Community Outreach ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Culture Industry ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Major City ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Arts And Culture ◽  
Production And Distribution

FILM, ARTS AND CULTURE AS COMMUNITY OUTREACH TOOLS: PERSPECTIVES FROM SINGAPOREIntroductionSingapore’s vision of nationhood involves a sense of shared destiny based on multiculturalism. It cultural and creative vibrancy can be seen in terms of economic, political and social conditions governing the production and distribution of expression. Much coordinated efforts among government, businesses, filmmakers and arts leaders have taken place to ensure the arts and culture industry is creating significant economic benefits to the country. Every major city in the Asia Pacific region is in the race for talent, competitiveness and economic success. In many of these cities, film, arts and culture is playing a central role in economic development and community life. It is essential to integrate film, arts and culture into Singapore’s economic development initiatives and increase the vibrancy of and financial resources for its film, arts and cultural sectors. Singapore has often...

scholarly journals New Zealanders’ Attitudes towards Biculturalism in Aotearoa New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Maija McSweeney-Novak
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Racial Biases ◽  
Treaty Of Waitangi ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Knowledge Scale ◽  
New Zealanders

<p>New Zealand’s aspiration to be a bicultural nation, has yet to be realised. Māori continue to experience discrimination across all life domains. Research published in 2004, reported New Zealanders as being more supportive of symbolic than resource-based biculturalism. However, socio-political changes, the absence of research examining New Zealanders’ Treaty knowledge, and implicit racial biases towards Māori, suggest an update of this work is needed. Across two studies, this research aimed to investigate New Zealanders’ attitudes towards biculturalism in Aotearoa New Zealand. In Study 1, New Zealand born undergraduates (N = 56), completed the Implicit Association Test, a Pākehā Attitudes Towards Biculturalism Scale, a Treaty of Waitangi knowledge scale and estimated their declared Treaty of Waitangi knowledge. Study 2 was designed to replicate Study 1, and address limitations with a larger, more representative sample (N= 100). The Dunning-Kruger effect was also a specific focus. Across both studies, New Zealanders were more supportive of symbolic rather than resource-based biculturalism and showed an implicit racial bias towards Māori. In Study 2, we revealed new empirical evidence for the Dunning-Kruger effect: when estimating their knowledge relative to peers: lower performers over-estimated their knowledge whereas higher performers under-estimated their knowledge. Our results highlight that New Zealanders’ attitudes towards biculturalism have remained relatively unchanged since Sibley and Liu’s (2004) work, and raise concern for the aspirations of New Zealand as a bicultural nation. Implications and future research directions are discussed.</p>

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