The Materials Science Procedural Text Corpus: Annotating Materials Synthesis Procedures with Shallow Semantic Structures

In hypergolics two substances ignite spontaneously upon contact without external aid. Although the concept mostly applies to rocket fuels and propellants, it is only recently that hypergolics has been recognized from our group as a radically new methodology towards carbon materials synthesis. Comparatively to other preparative methods, hypergolics allows the rapid and spontaneous formation of carbon at ambient conditions in an exothermic manner (e.g., the method releases both carbon and energy at room temperature and atmospheric pressure). In an effort to further build upon the idea of hypergolic synthesis, herein we exploit a classic liquid rocket bipropellant composed of furfuryl alcohol and fuming nitric acid to prepare carbon nanosheets by simply mixing the two reagents at ambient conditions. Furfuryl alcohol served as the carbon source while fuming nitric acid as a strong oxidizer. On ignition the temperature is raised high enough to induce carbonization in a sort of in-situ pyrolytic process. Simultaneously, the released energy was directly converted into useful work, such as heating a liquid to boiling or placing Crookes radiometer into motion. Apart from its value as a new synthesis approach in materials science, carbon from rocket fuel additionally provides a practical way in processing rocket fuel waste or disposed rocket fuels.

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Stability of Chemically Crosslinked Microtubules

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-826-v3.1 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 826 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew K. Boal ◽

Susan B. Rivera ◽

Nicholas E. Miller ◽

George D. Bachand ◽

Bruce C. Bunker

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Active Transport ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Metal Ion ◽

Materials Science ◽

Materials Synthesis ◽

Dynamic Nature ◽

Biomimetic Materials ◽

Protein Dimers

AbstractMicrotubules (MT) are dynamic protein-based polymers with numerous applications in materials science including the active transport of nanomaterials and as templates for biomimetic materials synthesis. Some of these applications require that the dynamic nature of the MT be suppressed, and in this report we will discuss the preparation and stability of chemically crosslinked microtubules (CLMTs). MT reaction with gluteraldehyde results in the formation of protein dimers and higher molecular weight oligimers as observed by gel electrophoresis, confirming the formation of covalent inter-protein linkages. While extensive crosslinking was found to destabilize MTs and inactivate them with regards to kinesin binding, moderate amounts of crosslinking lead to CLMTs that had functional lifetimes of at least twice that of uncrosslinked MTs. Further studies demonstrated that CLMTs exhibited a wider thermal stability window and were far more resistant to metal-ion induced depolymerization than uncrosslinked MTs.

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Hypergolic Synthesis of Inorganic Materials by the Reaction of Metallocene Dichlorides With Fuming Nitric Acid At Ambient Conditions: The Case of Photocatalytic Titania

10.20944/preprints202105.0584.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nikolaos Chalmpes ◽

Georgios Asimakopoulos ◽

Maria Baikousi ◽

Athanasios B. Bourlinos ◽

Michael A. Karakassides ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Acid ◽

Materials Science ◽

Organometallic Compounds ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Titania Nanoparticles ◽

Titanocene Dichloride ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Materials Synthesis ◽

Wide Range ◽

Fuming Nitric Acid

Hypergolic materials synthesis is a new preparative technique in materials science that allows a wide range of carbon or inorganic solids with useful properties to be obtained. Previously we have demonstrated that metallocenes are versatile reagents in the hypergolic synthesis of inorganic materials, such as γ-Fe2O3, Cr2O3, Co, Ni and alloy CoNi. Here, we take one step further by using metallocene dichlorides as precursors for the hypergolic synthesis of additional inorganic phases, such as photocatalytic titania. Metallocene dichlorides are closely related to metallocenes, thus expanding the arsenal of organometallic compounds that can be used in hypergolic materials synthesis. In the present case, we show that hypergolic ignition of the titanocene dichloride-fuming nitric acid pair results in the fast and spontaneous formation of titania nanoparticles at ambient conditions in the form of anatase-rutile mixed phases. The obtained titania shows good photocatalytic activity towards Cr(VI) removal (100 % within 9 h), the latter being dramatically enhanced after calcination of the powder at 500 °C (100 % within 3 h). Worth noting, this performance was found to be comparable to that of commercially available P25 TiO2 under identical conditions. The cases of zirconocene, hafnocene and molybdocene dichlorides are complementary discussed in this work, aiming to show the wider applicability of metallocene dichlorides in the hypergolic synthesis of inorganic materials (ZrO2, HfO2, MoO2).

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The Effect of Chitosan on the Chemical Structure, Morphology, and Selected Properties of Polyurethane/Chitosan Composites

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12051205 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1205

Author(s):

Agnieszka Piotrowska-Kirschling ◽

Joanna Brzeska

Keyword(s):

Chemical Structure ◽

Materials Science ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Materials Synthesis ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Structure Morphology ◽

Basic Parameters ◽

Properties Of Materials ◽

The Impact ◽

Positive Effect

Materials science is an interdisciplinary area of studies. This science focuses on the influence of the physico-chemical properties of materials on their application in human everyday lives. The materials’ synthesis should be developed in accordance with sustainable development. Polyurethanes (PUR) represent a significant consumption of plastic in the world. Modification of PUR, e.g., with polysaccharide of natural origin (chitosan, Chit), should have a positive effect on their functional properties and degradability in the natural environment. The basic parameters affecting the scope and direction of changes are the size and quantity of the chitosan particles. The impact assessment of chitosan on the chemical structure, morphology, thermal properties, crystallinity, mechanical properties, flammability, water sorption, adsorption properties, degradability, and biological activity of PUR/Chit composites (without other additives) is discussed in this article. To the best of our knowledge, recent literature does not contain a study discussing the direct impact of the presence of chitosan in the structure of PUR/Chit composite on its properties, regardless of the intended uses. This paper provides an overview of publications, which presents the results of a study on the effect of adding chitosan in polyurethane/chitosan composites without other additives on the properties of polyurethane.

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Continuous- versus Segmented-Flow Microfluidic Synthesis in Materials Science

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst9010012 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 12 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mathieu Gonidec ◽

Josep Puigmartí-Luis

Keyword(s):

Continuous Flow ◽

Materials Science ◽

Low Cost ◽

Parallel Evolution ◽

Reaction Diffusion ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Microfluidic Devices ◽

Research Field ◽

Segmented Flow ◽

Materials Synthesis

Materials science is a fast-evolving area that aims to uncover functional materials with ever more sophisticated properties and functions. For this to happen, new methodologies for materials synthesis, optimization, and preparation are desired. In this context, microfluidic technologies have emerged as a key enabling tool for a low-cost and fast prototyping of materials. Their ability to screen multiple reaction conditions rapidly with a small amount of reagent, together with their unique physico-chemical characteristics, have made microfluidic devices a cornerstone technology in this research field. Among the different microfluidic approaches to materials synthesis, the main contenders can be classified in two categories: continuous-flow and segmented-flow microfluidic devices. These two families of devices present very distinct characteristics, but they are often pooled together in general discussions about the field with seemingly little awareness of the major divide between them. In this perspective, we outline the parallel evolution of those two sub-fields by highlighting the key differences between both approaches, via a discussion of their main achievements. We show how continuous-flow microfluidic approaches, mimicking nature, provide very finely-tuned chemical gradients that yield highly-controlled reaction–diffusion (RD) areas, while segmented-flow microfluidic systems provide, on the contrary, very fast homogenization methods, and therefore well-defined super-saturation regimes inside arrays of micro-droplets that can be manipulated and controlled at the milliseconds scale. Those two classes of microfluidic reactors thus provide unique and complementary advantages over classical batch synthesis, with a drive towards the rational synthesis of out-of-equilibrium states for the former, and the preparation of high-quality and complex nanoparticles with narrow size distributions for the latter.

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Bi6Te2-xRxO13 (R=Ti, Si, Ce) Systems: A Investigation for Fuel Cell Applications

Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal ◽

10.24084/repqj19.268 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 246-250

Author(s):

K.D. Ferreira ◽

◽

G. Gasparatto ◽

G.P. Viajante ◽

J.F. Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cells ◽

Solid State ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Materials Science ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Cubic Phase ◽

Ionic Conductors ◽

Materials Synthesis ◽

Promising Alternative

In recent years, the increase of economic and environmental problems related to energy generation has increased researches at renewable energy sources. Among others, the fuel cells excel as promising alternative technology of electricity generation and materials science is an ally in the search for better and more efficient materials for this application. In particular, solid-state ionic conductors represent functional materials with promising advantages for fuel cells, as is the case of Bi2O3-based oxygen ion conductors, however, they need to have its cubic phase stabilized at room temperature. This paper presents a study of the Bi6Te2-xRxO13 (R = Ti, Si and Ce) systems for such an application. Solid state reaction was used to materials synthesis. The 3Bi2O3:2TeO2 system present two phases, an orthorhombic one (Bi6Te2O15) stable at room temperature and another high temperature cubic (Bi6Te2O13). Experiments of substitution of Te ions by Ti, Si and Ce ions using the Bi6Te2- xRxO13 matrix were done intending to stabilize the cubic phase at room temperature and the results are presented as well as discussed here.

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Fungus-mediated Biological Approaches Towards 'Green' Synthesis of Oxide Nanomaterials

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch10343 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 279 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Vipul Bansal ◽

Rajesh Ramanathan ◽

Suresh K. Bhargava

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Materials Science ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Environmentally Benign ◽

Current Status ◽

Biological Synthesis ◽

Materials Synthesis ◽

Nanomaterials Synthesis ◽

Critical Overview ◽

Promising Avenue

A promising avenue of research in materials science is to follow the strategies used by nature to fabricate ornate hierarchical materials. For many ages, organisms have been engaged in on-the-job testing to craft structural and functional materials and have evolved extensively to possibly create the best-known materials. Some of the strategies used by nature may well have practical implications in the world of nanomaterials. Therefore, the efforts to exploit nature’s ingenious work in designing strategies for nanomaterials synthesis has led to biological routes for materials synthesis. This review outlines the biological synthesis of a range of oxide nanomaterials that has hitherto been achieved using fungal biosynthesis routes. A critical overview of the current status and future scope of this field that could potentially lead to the microorganism-mediated commercial, large-scale, environmentally benign, and economically-viable ‘green’ syntheses of oxide nanomaterials is also discussed.

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Objecives of Tissue Engineering

Tissue Engineering ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195141306.003.0006 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

W. Mark Saltzman

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Materials Science ◽

Hepatic Tissue ◽

Structural Function ◽

Chemical Transformations ◽

Materials Synthesis ◽

New Thinking ◽

Organ Tissue ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Logical Extension

Tissue exchange is an ancient art, but tissue engineering is a new concept. The new thinking about tissue engineering is supported by technologies that were developed during the twentieth century, including advanced cell culture, gene transfer, and materials synthesis. Tissue engineering arose from a diverse group of historical precedents that included pharmacology, surgery, and materials science; each historical line of inquiry engaged different motivations and diverse tools. Therefore, as a substitute for a single definition, this chapter observes tissue engineering from several different angles and attempts to illustrate the field by practical example. The field of tissue engineering can be subdivided in various ways; usually it is organized by organ system, as in hepatic tissue engineering or bone tissue engineering, which are concerned with engineering replacements for liver and bone function, respectively. A coarse subdivision can also be made according to the general objective; most tissue engineering strategies involve replacement of a tissue’s metabolic function, structural function, or both. Here, several overlapping views of tissue engineering are presented: tissue engineering as a logical extension of contemporary medical and surgical therapies; tissue engineering as a method for controlling the normal healing response of tissues; tissue engineering as an effort to repopulate the cellular component of tissues without replacement of the whole organ; tissue engineering as a variety of controlled drug delivery; and tissue engineering as a new method for developing models of human physiology. Metabolism is a coordinated ensemble of chemical transformations that are individually regulated by the action of enzymes. Many metabolic disorders are caused by the defective production of a single enzyme. It is sometimes possible to identify, produce, and use enzymes to reconstitute missing elements of metabolism. For example, the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) is involved in the degradation of purine nucleosides; individuals who lack the gene for ADA cannot produce the enzyme in their bodies. As a result, high concentrations of certain purine nucleoside metabolites accumulate within cells; toxicity due to these metabolites is particularly harmful to B and T lymphocytes.

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Hypergolic Materials Synthesis through Reaction of Fuming Nitric Acid with Certain Cyclopentadienyl Compounds

C – Journal of Carbon Research ◽

10.3390/c6040061 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 61 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nikolaos Chalmpes ◽

Athanasios B. Bourlinos ◽

Veronika Šedajová ◽

Vojtěch Kupka ◽

Dimitrios Moschovas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Acid ◽

Organometallic Chemistry ◽

Carbon Materials ◽

Materials Science ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Materials Synthesis ◽

Fuming Nitric Acid

Recently we have shown the importance of hypergolic reactions in carbon materials synthesis. However, hypergolic reactions could be certainly expanded beyond carbon synthesis, offering a general preparative pathway towards a larger variety of materials. Cyclopentadienyls are one of the most common ligands in organometallic chemistry that react hypergolicly on contact with strong oxidizers. By also considering the plethora of cyclopentadienyl compounds existing today, herein we demonstrate the potential of such compounds in hypergolic materials synthesis in general (carbon or inorganic). In a first example, we show that cyclopentadienyllithium reacts hypergolicly with fuming nitric acid to produce carbon. In a second one, we show that ferrocene and cobaltocene also react hypergolicly with the concentrated acid to afford magnetic inorganic materials, such as γ-Fe2O3 and metallic Co, respectively. The present results further emphasize the importance and universal character of hypergolic reactions in materials science synthesis, as an interesting new alternative to other existing and well-established preparative methods.

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Materials science through materials synthesis

Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids ◽

10.1016/0022-3697(94)90124-4 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 55 (10) ◽

pp. 1059-1066 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C.P. Flynn ◽

M.-H. Yang ◽

F. Tsui ◽

Y. Lee ◽

R.L. Averback

Keyword(s):

Materials Science ◽

Materials Synthesis

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