Automatic Control and Regulation Systems for Heat and Power Plants

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-123
Author(s):  
V.A. Markov
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Thermal Power Plants ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Modern Control

The modern stringent requirements for fuel efficiency, exhaust gases toxicity and dynamic performance can only be met by equipping thermal power plants with modern control and regulation systems. Thermal power plants based on internal combustion engines have found the greatest application. They are used in different fields --- automobile and railway transport, agricultural, road-building and forestry machines, in ship-building, aviation, stationary power plants. The analysis of the main directions for further improvement of thermal power plants with internal combustion engines and their automated control and regulation systems has been carried out. Among these directions are an expansion of functional capabilities in such systems, improvement of control and regulation processes quality and their use at adaptation of thermal power plants to work on alternative fuels. The important aspects for improvement of thermal power plants with internal combustion engines are the necessity of studying the working processes of engines and their systems in order to decrease the exhaust gases toxicity. The relevance of these systems research is shown and the evaluation of the current level in their development is made. A characteristic feature of modern control and regulation systems of thermal power plants is their widespread construction on modern microprocessor element base The paper was based on the materials of the reports of the all-Russian scientific and technical conference n.a. Professor V.I. Krutov (27.01.2021)

scholarly journals Condition Monitoring of Internal Combustion Engines in Thermal Power Plants Based on Control Charts and Adapted Nelson Rules

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4924
Author(s):  
Fernanda Mitchelly Vilas Boas ◽  
Luiz Eduardo Borges-da-Silva ◽  
Helcio Francisco Villa-Nova ◽  
Erik Leandro Bonaldi ◽  
Levy Ely Lacerda Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Thermal Power Plants ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Statistical Control ◽  
Operational Conditions

In thermal power plants, the internal combustion engines are constantly subjected to stresses, requiring a continuous monitoring system in order to check their operating conditions. However, most of the time, these monitoring systems only indicate if the monitored parameters are in nonconformity close to the occurrence of a catastrophic failure—they do not allow a predictive analysis of the operating conditions of the machine. In this paper, a statistical model, based on the statistical control process and Nelson Rules, is proposed to analyze the operational conditions of the machine based on the supervisory system data. The statistical model is validated through comparisons with entries of the plant logbook. It is demonstrated that the results obtained with the proposed statistical model match perfectly with the entries of the logbook, showing our model to be a promising tool for making decisions concerning maintenance in the plant.

scholarly journals Analysis of residual gases of internal combustion engines at working on biogas and their effects on the environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
T. V. Dykun ◽  
V. I. Artym ◽  
Ya. M. Demianchuk ◽  
F. V. Kozak ◽  
L. I. Haieva
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
By Products

Given the limited resources of Ukraine in petroleum fuels for internal combustion engines, the use of alternative fuels is quite relevant. One of their sources is biogas from livestock by-products and garbage dump. Ukraine has significant volumes of these renewable sources, the potential of which reaches more than 100 million tons of conventional fuel. Unfortunately, this resource is rarely used. In developed countries, biogas is widely used for electricity generation in power plants with internal combustion engines. Today in the United States the volume of biogas production is about 500 million m3 / year, in France – 40 million m3 / year. In the Czech Republic, Austria, Denmark, Finland and other countries, biogas is used as a motor fuel. Business Concerns Volvo, Scania produce buses running on biogas. In Ukraine, gas from landfills and livestock by-products is mostly released into the atmosphere or burned by flares, polluting the surrounding air. This causes additional greenhouse gas emissions. It is known that the main source of air pollution is vehicles. Exhaust, i.e. residual gases are considered toxic. The World Motor Vehicle Park annually emits up to 260 million tons of carbon monoxide, 40 million tons of volatile hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and others. The composition of the residual gases of the internal combustion en-gine depends on the component composition of the sources of fuel and, of course, on the mode of operation of the internal combustion engine In the given article the structure of residual gases of internal combustion engines at work on biogas is analyzed and their influence on environment is generalized. Based on analytical calculations, it is determined how the amount of residual gas components changes depending on the excess air ratio and the per-centage of methane in biogas. Recommendations for improving the performance of internal combustion engines on biogas by using it in mixtures with natural gas are given. According to the research results, the corresponding graphical dependences are constructed.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX) REMOVAL SYSTEMS FROM EXHAUST GASES OF DIESEL ENGINES

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Т.Н. БЕГУНКОВ
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Hazardous Compounds ◽  
Harmful Effects

Проблема и цель. Дизельные двигатели отличаются высокой эффективностью, долговечностью и надежностью, а также низкими эксплуатационными расходами. Эти важные особенности делают их наиболее предпочтительными двигателями, особенно для транспортных средств большой грузоподъемности. Потребность в мобильных энергетических средствах с дизельными двигателями внутреннего сгорания в качестве энергетических установок в условиях сельскохозяйственного производства огромна. Целью анализа явилась потребность в разработке нового устройства для удаления опасных соединений из отработавших газов дизельных двигателей и обосновании его параметров. Методы и объекты исследования. Главным объектом исследования данной работы являются отработавшие газы, генерируемые энергетическими установками в виде дизельных двигателей внутреннего сгорания, поэлементный состав газов, их воздействие на человека, животных и окружающую среду. Рассмотрены методы снижения их вредоносного воздействия, нейтрализации опасных составляющих элементов или их преобразования до безопасных соединений, не угрожающих негативным воздействием на человека, животных и окружающую среду. Результаты. Поиск по теме проводился в отечественных и зарубежных источниках. Анализирован качественный и количественный состав отработавших газов дизельных двигателей, воздействие составляющих элементов газов на окружающую среду. Изучены нормативно-правовые акты, регламентирующие экологическую безопасность и природоохранную деятельность в Российской Федерации и Европейском Союзе. Дана их сравнительная характеристика, найдены общие точки взаимодействия. Исследованы основные методы борьбы с опасными соединениями в отработавших газах. Проведена сравнительная характеристика их эффективности. Рассмотрена возможность введения передовых разработок в эксплуатацию на используемых мобильных энергетических средствах с низкими показателями экологической эффективности. Описаны основные методики разработки научно-технических решений, позволяющих сократить экологический ущерб, наносимый отработавшими газами энергетических установок рабочему персоналу, сельскохозяйственным животным, растениям и окружающей среде. Заключение. В результате поставлена специализированная узконаправленная задача по разработке устройства, способного сократить вредное воздействие токсичных веществ, содержащихся в отработавшем газе дизельных двигателей. Diesel engines are characterized by high efficiency, durability and reliability, as well as low operating costs. These important features make them the most preferred engines, especially for heavy duty vehicles. The demand for mobile power units with diesel internal combustion engines as power plants in agricultural production is enormous. The purpose of the analysis was the need to develop a new device for removing hazardous compounds from the exhaust gases of diesel engines and to substantiate its parameters. Objects and research methods. The main object of this work is the exhaust gases generated by power plants in the form of diesel internal combustion engines. Their element composition, impact on humans, animals and the environment. Methods for reducing their harmful effects. Neutralization of hazardous constituent elements or their transformation to safe compounds that do not threaten negative effects on humans, animals and the environment. Analytical part. A search on the topic was carried out in domestic and foreign sources. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the exhaust gases of diesel engines, the impact of its constituent elements on the environment are analyzed. The regulatory legal acts regulating environmental safety and environmental protection activities in the Russian Federation and the European Union have been studied. Their comparative characteristics are given, common points of interaction are found. The main methods of dealing with hazardous compounds in exhaust gases have been investigated. A comparative characteristic of their effectiveness is carried out. The possibility of introducing advanced developments into operation on the used mobile power facilities with low indicators of environmental efficiency is considered. The main methods of development of scientific and technical solutions are described, allowing to reduce the environmental damage caused by the exhaust gases of power plants to working personnel, farm animals, plants and the environment. Conclusions. As a result, a specialized narrowly focused task was set to develop a device capable of reducing the harmful effects of toxic substances contained in the exhaust gas of diesel engines.

scholarly journals Environmental effect of molecular degradation of internal combustion engine exhaust gases

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
В.В. Мурамович ◽  
В.Ю. Каминский ◽  
С.Н. Турусов
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Ecological Problem ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Toxic Components

Рассматривается экологическая проблема очистки отработавших газов углеводородных энергетических установок от токсичных компонентов. Показан состав основных токсичных компонентов, приведены значения энергии связи их молекул. Представлены существующие методы улучшения экологических характеристик двигателей внутреннего сгорания: рециркуляция отработавших газов, снижение степени сжатия, уменьшение угла опережения впрыска, добавление присадок к топливу и др. Перечислены их достоинства и недостатки. Предлагается новый метод – использование электромагнитных полей для очистки отработавших газов от токсичных компонентов. Выполнен оценочный расчет его эффективности. Показано, что применение устройств модификации в топливной системе двигателей внутреннего сгорания, а также в системе выпуска отработавших газов позволяет существенно снизить выбросы в окружающую среду вредных веществ, и, при этом, не требует принципиальных изменений в конструкции двигателей. Рабочий ресурс предлагаемых устройств электромагнитной обработки обусловлен применяемыми для их изготовления материалами. The ecological problem of cleaning the exhaust gases of hydrocarbon power plants from toxic components is considered. The composition of the main toxic components is shown; the values of the binding energy of their molecules are given. The existing methods of improving the environmental characteristics of internal combustion engines are presented: exhaust gas recirculation, reduction of the compression ratio, reduction of the injection advance angle, addition of fuel additives, etc. Their advantages and disadvantages are listed. A new method is proposed – the use of electromagnetic fields for cleaning exhaust gases from toxic components. An estimated calculation of its effectiveness is performed. It is shown that the use of modification devices in the fuel system of internal combustion engines, as well as in the exhaust gas system, can significantly reduce emissions of harmful substances into the environment, and, at the same time, does not require fundamental changes in the design of engines. The materials used for their manufacture determine the working life of the proposed electromagnetic processing devices.

scholarly journals Prospective types of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
S. F. Levko ◽  
B. V. Dolishnii ◽  
В. М. Melnyk
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Alcohol Industry ◽  
Fuel Mixtures ◽  
Fusel Oils

Currently, the disposal and recycling of the alcohol industry products creates a number of difficulties due to the lack of well-established recycling lines in Ukraine. Since 1998, eight enterprises of the state-owned concern Ukrspirt have been converted to produce high-octane oxygen-containing additives (CFCs) for ethanol-based fuels to organize the processing of waste from the alcohol industry. During this time, they produced 28.2 thousand tonnes of CALs, but CALA enterprises face great difficulties in selling their products, as they are new and expensive. The influence of fusel oil additives on commodity fuels on the main physical and technical indicators of the obtained alternative fuels is considered in the paper. According to the results of studies of octane number, we have established the optimal compositions of fuel mixtures of fusel oils with gasoline A-80 can contain up to 10% of the latter. For mixtures of fusel oils with diesel fuel by cetane number, their optimum content in diesel fuel is from 4 to 10% by volume. But, according to the trends of the development of diesel engines, the compression ratio increases, which allows the use of diesel fuel with higher cetane number, and therefore it is possible to raise the content of fusel oils in diesel fuel to 12%. According to the results of studies of the environmental performance of the ZIL-130 engine when fusel oils are added to commercial gasoline in an amount of 2 to 10% vol. the CO content in ICE exhaust gases decreases by 9.3%, fuel consumption increases by 6.5%, hydrocarbons by 10.2% and nitrogen oxide by 16.9%. As a result of increasing the content of fusel oils in diesel from 0 to 6%, there is an increase in mass flow rate of fuel to 6.1%, an increase in the concentration of hydrocarbons to 10% and nitrogen oxides by 1.9% in the exhaust gases of the engine D21A1. Thus, as we see today, along with traditional fuels for internal combustion engines, it is possible to use their alternative substitutes quite efficiently both in their pure form and in mixtures with them. There are all prerequisites for this in Ukraine and the region, the only question is the financing of these projects.

Automatic Control Systems of Thermal Power Plants. State of the Art and Development Prospects

2019 ◽  
pp. 116-137
Author(s):  
V.A. Markov ◽  
V.I. Shatrov
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Control ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Technical Conference ◽  
Thermal Power Plants ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Automatic Control Systems ◽  
Russian Scientific

The article considers the relevance of research aimed at improving the automatic control systems for thermal power plants, mainly with piston internal combustion engines, based on the analysis of the reports of the all-Russian scientific and technical conference named after Professor V.I. Krutov. These plants are widely used in various sectors of the economy --- power engineering, transport, agriculture. The current level of development of such systems is assessed; the conclusions about the prospects for further development of automatic control systems for thermal power plants with piston engines are drawn. The main directions of their improvement are associated with the need for further improvement of fuel efficiency and reduction of toxicity of exhaust gases of thermal power plants, increasing the dynamic characteristics of internal combustion engines. The main directions of research in the field of fuel supply equipment of diesel engines, the working process of engines, and their adaptation for working on various alternative fuels are discussed. The article is based on the reports of the All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference n.a. Professor V.I. Krutov (30.01.2019)

scholarly journals IMPROVEMENT OF MUFFLER S DESIGN FOR REDUCTION OF THE LEVEL OF SOUND PRESSURE ON SMALL TRACTORS OPERATORS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Podolsky ◽  
◽  
I. Y. Lilevman ◽  
O. Y. Lilevman ◽  
O. Y. Kedrovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Noise Absorption ◽  
Made In

Noise background, as an important factor in the working conditions of agricultural operators, has a direct impact on human health and productivity. This topic is especially relevant for small tractors, which in most cases are not equipped with cabs. One of the main means of reducing the sound pressure on the operator are the mufflers of exhaust gases, which mainly have a labyrinth-absorbing type of action. The paper proposes a fundamental approach to the design of the muffler by the criterion of reflection and scattering of sound waves with the verification of efficiency by computer simulation. The purpose of research: - to improve the working conditions of operators of small tractors that are not equipped with cabs, by reducing the sound pressure level from internal combustion engines; - to improve the noise-absorbing properties of mufflers of exhaust gases of engines with observance of requirements to manufacturability of process of their manufacturing; - to develop a structural scheme of the exhaust gases muffler based on the results of preliminary modeling and analysis of the trajectory of the gas flow in the cavity of its working part. Methods. Determination of the sound pressure level of the engine of a small tractor by mathematical (computer) modeling of the behavior of the exhaust gas flow in the muffler cavity in different frequency ranges. Results. The article analyzes the main sources of noise during the operation of agricultural machinery with internal combustion engines (ICE). On the basis of literature sources and methods, their separate degree of influence on the complex picture of noise pollution of the working space of the operator of a small tractor is established. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of mufflers, created on the generally accepted principles and approaches to the design of such devices. According to the results of previous tests, shortcomings and limitations in the application of design concepts were identified, an additional analysis of external causes and factors was made, and adjustments were made to the method of creating muffler designs. An alternative design approach to the creation of internal combustion engine mufflers of small tractors is proposed and computer modeling of the processes of sound pressure distribution and sound waves in their cavity is performed. Conclusions. 1. A layout diagram of the design of the exhaust muffler, containing a resonator chamber and a shell module, which is made in the form of a three-stage ribbed diffuser of oscillations of the exhaust flow pulses with an additional surface layer of the vibration absorber. The parameters of the exhaust flow of exhaust gases of a typical diesel engine of a small tractor with a capacity of 24 hp are calculated. (pressure - 11652 Pa, acceleration – 90-105 m / s2, frequency - 1950-3300 Hz), which performed computer simulations of the process of gas movement in the muffler cavity of the proposed layout. Optimal design parameters were selected to ensure the maximum possible noise absorption with a body diameter of 150 mm and a length of 600 mm. The calculated sound pressure when working at the crankshaft speed (1700-2000) rpm does not exceed 72 dB. At the same time, the design of the muffler is made in compliance with the requirements for economic feasibility, manufacturability and in accordance with the capabilities of industrial production. A further direction of research is the manufacture of an experimental sample of the muffler and testing for the efficiency of its noise absorption in the conditions of operation of small tractors.

Possibility of using gas lubricant in the cylinders of internal combustion engines of transport vehicles

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Piston ◽  
Suspension Stiffness ◽  
Gas Layer

The prospects of using the gas-static suspension of the internal combustion engine piston in transport vehicles and power plants are considered. The diagram of the piston and the method for calculating the stiffness and bearing capacity of the gas layer surrounding the piston are presented, as well as the results of experiments that showed the relevance of this method. The possibility of gas and static centering of the engine piston is confirmed. Keywords: internal combustion engine, piston, gasstatic suspension, stiffness, bearing capacity, gas medium. [email protected]

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