scholarly journals Sugar transporters of the SWEET family and their role in arbuscular mycorrhiza

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 754-760
Author(s):  
A. A. Kryukov ◽  
A. O. Gorbunova ◽  
T. R. Kudriashova ◽  
O. I. Yakhin ◽  
A. A. Lubyanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Sugar Transporters ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Sweet Proteins ◽  
Am Symbiosis

Plant sugar transporters play an essential role in the organism’s productivity by carrying out carbohydrate transportation from source cells in the leaves to sink cells in the cortex. In addition, they aid in the regulation of a substantial part of the exchange of nutrients with microorganisms in the rhizosphere (bacteria and fungi), an activity essential to the formation of symbiotic relationships. This review pays special attention to carbohydrate nutrition during the development of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a symbiosis of plants with fungi from the Glomeromycotina subdivision. This relationship results in the host plant receiving micronutrients from the mycosymbiont, mainly phosphorus, and the fungus receiving carbon assimilation products in return. While the efficient nutrient transport pathways in AM symbiosis are yet to be discovered, SWEET sugar transporters are one of the three key families of plant carbohydrate transporters. Specific AM symbiosis transporters can be identified among the SWEET proteins. The survey provides data on the study history, structure and localization, phylogeny and functions of the SWEET proteins. A high variability of both the SWEET proteins themselves and their functions is noted along with the fact that the same proteins may perform different functions in different plants. A special role is given to the SWEET transporters in AM development. SWEET transporters can also play a key role in abiotic stress tolerance, thus allowing plants to adapt to adverse environmental conditions. The development of knowledge about symbiotic systems will contribute to the creation of microbial preparations for use in agriculture in the Russian Federation. 

scholarly journals Identification of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi Responsive microRNAs and Their Regulatory Network in Maize

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunjian Xu ◽  
Suwen Zhu ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Xuewen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Phosphate Starvation Response ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
Am Symbiosis

Maize can form symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungus to increase productivity and resistance, but the miRNAs in maize responsible for this process have not been discovered. In this study, 155 known and 28 novel miRNAs were identified by performing high-throughput sequencing of sRNA in maize roots colonized by AM fungi. Similar to the profiles in other AM-capable plants, a large proportion of identified maize miRNAs were 24 nt in length. Fourteen and two miRNAs were significantly down- and up-regulated in response to AM fungus Glomus intraradices inoculation, respectively, suggesting potential roles of these miRNAs in AM symbiosis. Interestingly, 12 of 14 significantly down-regulated known maize miRNAs belong to the miR399 family, which was previously reported to be involved in the interaction between Medicago truncatula and AM fungi. This result indicated that the miR399 family should regulate AM symbiosis conservatively across different plant lineages. Pathway and network analyses showed that the differentially expressed miRNAs might regulate lipid metabolism and phosphate starvation response in maize during the symbiosis process via their target genes. Several members of the miR399 family and the miR397 family should be involved in controlling the fatty acid metabolism and promoting lipid delivering from plants to AM fungi. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on miRNAs mediating fatty acids from plant to AM fungi. This study provides insight into the regulatory roles of miRNAs in the symbiosis between plants and AM fungi.

scholarly journals Medicago lupulina lines with defects in the development of efficient arbuscular mycorrhiza

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Andrey P. Yurkov ◽  
Lidija M. Jacobi
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Plant Model ◽  
Medicago Lupulina ◽  
Am Symbiosis ◽  
Appressoria Formation ◽  
Low Activity ◽  
Convenient Model

Background. The work is aimed to solve actual problems in biology of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). Currently, a lot of mutants had been obtained in various plant model objects with defects in genes controlling AM development, however, the mechanisms controlling development of effective AM symbiosis are still unclear. Materials and methods. The authors conducted a mutagenesis in Medicago lupulina, a new convenient model plant for molecular-genetic studies. High mycotrophic M. lupulina line have early and high response to mycorrhization, high seed production, as well as signs of dwarfism under conditions without of AM and low level of phosphorus available for plants. This method allows visually to identify plant lines with defects in AM symbiosis. Results. 14 modes for mutagenesis by ethylmethanesulfonate were conducted. Usage of 3 mutagenesis modes allowed to obtain: productive M1 progeny with high part of viable seedlings (73.3%–86.0%); 1405 plants in M2 progeny. Conclusion. According to population analysis for mutant plants in M2 progeny (up to M9 generation) 15 plant lines were selected: one Myc– plant line unable to form AM symbiosis, 4 Pen– plant lines unable to form AM symbiosis, but characterized by appressoria formation; 3 Rmd– plant lines forming low-activity ineffective AM symbiosis; 3 Rmd– plant lines forming low-activity effective AM and 4 Rmd++ plant lines forming effective AM with high abundance of symbiotic structures (mycelium/arbuscules/vesicles) in the roots.

scholarly journals Activation of a Lotus japonicus Subtilase Gene During Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Is Dependent on the Common Symbiosis Genes and Two cis-Active Promoter Regions

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 662-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoya Takeda ◽  
Kristina Haage ◽  
Shusei Sato ◽  
Satoshi Tabata ◽  
Martin Parniske
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Gus Activity ◽  
Cis Elements ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Region I ◽  
Am Symbiosis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Active Promoter

The subtilisin-like serine protease SbtM1 is strongly and specifically induced during arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. Another subtilase gene, SbtS, is induced during early stages of nodulation and AM. Transcript profiling in plant symbiosis mutants revealed that the AM-induced expression of SbtM1 and the gene family members SbtM3 and SbtM4 is dependent on the common symbiosis pathway, whereas an independent pathway contributes to the activation of SbtS. We used the specific spatial expression patterns of SbtM1 promoter β-d-glucuronidase (GUS) fusions to isolate cis elements that confer AM responsiveness. A promoter deletion and substitution analysis defined two cis regions (region I and II) in the SbtM1 promoter necessary for AM-induced GUS activity. 35S minimal promoter fusions revealed that either of the two regions is sufficient for AM responsiveness when tested in tandem repeat arrangement. Sequence-related regions were found in the promoters of AM-induced subtilase genes in Medicago truncatula and rice, consistent with an ancient origin of these elements predating the divergence of the angiosperms.

scholarly journals Regulation of photosynthetic electron flow on dark to light transition by ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase interactions

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Kramer ◽  
Melvin Rodriguez-Heredia ◽  
Francesco Saccon ◽  
Laura Mosebach ◽  
Manuel Twachtmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Immunogold Labelling ◽  
Free Radical Damage ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Flow ◽  
Radical Damage

During photosynthesis, electron transport is necessary for carbon assimilation and must be regulated to minimize free radical damage. There is a longstanding controversy over the role of a critical enzyme in this process (ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase, or FNR), and in particular its location within chloroplasts. Here we use immunogold labelling to prove that FNR previously assigned as soluble is in fact membrane associated. We combined this technique with a genetic approach in the model plant Arabidopsis to show that the distribution of this enzyme between different membrane regions depends on its interaction with specific tether proteins. We further demonstrate a correlation between the interaction of FNR with different proteins and the activity of alternative photosynthetic electron transport pathways. This supports a role for FNR location in regulating photosynthetic electron flow during the transition from dark to light.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza and nitrification: Competition for free ammonium ions?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Jansa ◽  
Michala Kotianová ◽  
Kateřina Gančarčíková ◽  
Martin Rozmoš ◽  
Hana Hršelová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizers ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Total N ◽  
Am Symbiosis ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

<p>Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is ancient and widespread inter-kingdom symbiotic relationship being established by a majority of terrestrial plant species and specialized fungi, which interconnect plant roots with surrounding soil. By doing so, this symbiosis can greatly increase acquisition of multiple mineral nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen (N), and copper by the plants from the soil, in exchange for reduced carbon supplied by the plant host. Supposedly, this is mainly due to extending the soil volume accessible for nutrient acquisition by the fungal hyphae compared to roots alone. Both the plants and the AM fungi require N for construction of their bodies. This can potentially result in different effects of AM symbiosis establishment on plant N nutrition ranging from positive to negative. Yet, the demand for and efficiency of mineral N uptake from the soil by a mycorrhizal plant is usually higher than that of a nonmycorrhizal plant. This may exert important feedbacks of AM symbiosis on soil processes in general and N cycling in particular. Here we asked what role does the symbiosis play in acquisition of N by a model plant, Andropogon gerardii, from an organic source (i.e., plant litter labeled with 15N) supplied in a soil zone beyond the direct reach of roots. Further, we tested whether this process of N acquisition by plant from the soil via mycorrhizal hyphae could be affected by supplying various synthetic nitrification inhibitors (DCD, nitrapyrin, or DMPP) along with the litter. We observed efficient acquisition of N to mycorrhizal plants via mycorrhizal pathway irrespective of the nitrification inhibitor supplied or not along with the plant litter. These results were strongly contrasting with 15N uptake (but not total N content of the plants or the plant biomass) of the nonmycorrhizal plants, which generally received much less 15N than the mycorrhizal plants, and this was further suppressed by nitrapyrin or DMPP supplementation of the organic N source as compared to DCD or the control (i.e., no inhibitor) treatment. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses of the microbial communities indicated that microbes involved in the rate-limiting step of nitrification, i.e., the ammonia oxidizers, were suppressed similarly by AM fungi as they were by nitrapyrin or DMPP amendments. These results suggest that mycorrhizal fungi successfully outcompeted the prokaryotic ammonia oxidizers, and this was most likely by accessing and efficiently utilizing/removing free ammonia ion pool in/from the soil via their extensive hyphal networks.</p>

scholarly journals New Insights into the Regulation of Aquaporins by the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Maize Plants Under Drought Stress and Possible Implications for Plant Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Bárzana ◽  
Ricardo Aroca ◽  
Gerd Patrick Bienert ◽  
François Chaumont ◽  
Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Am Symbiosis ◽  
Maize Plants

The relationship between modulation by arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) of aquaporin expression in the host plant and changes in root hydraulic conductance, plant water status, and performance under stressful conditions is not well known. This investigation aimed to elucidate how the AM symbiosis modulates the expression of the whole set of aquaporin genes in maize plants under different growing and drought stress conditions, as well as to characterize some of these aquaporins in order to shed further light on the molecules that may be involved in the mycorrhizal responses to drought. The AM symbiosis regulated a wide number of aquaporins in the host plant, comprising members of the different aquaporin subfamilies. The regulation of these genes depends on the watering conditions and the severity of the drought stress imposed. Some of these aquaporins can transport water and also other molecules which are of physiological importance for plant performance. AM plants grew and developed better than non-AM plants under the different conditions assayed. Thus, for the first time, this study relates the well-known better performance of AM plants under drought stress to not only the water movement in their tissues but also the mobilization of N compounds, glycerol, signaling molecules, or metalloids with a role in abiotic stress tolerance. Future studies should elucidate the specific function of each aquaporin isoform regulated by the AM symbiosis in order to shed further light on how the symbiosis alters the plant fitness under stressful conditions.

Photochemical processes, carbon assimilation and RNA accumulation of sucrose transporter genes in tomato arbuscular mycorrhiza

2011 ◽  
Vol 168 (11) ◽  
pp. 1256-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Boldt ◽  
Yvonne Pörs ◽  
Bastian Haupt ◽  
Michael Bitterlich ◽  
Christina Kühn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Sucrose Transporter ◽  
Photochemical Processes ◽  
Rna Accumulation

scholarly journals SWEET Transporters and the Potential Functions of These Sequences in Tea (Camellia sinensis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Jiang ◽  
Cheng Song ◽  
Xi Zhu ◽  
Jianke Yang
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Sugar Transport ◽  
Phloem Loading ◽  
Sugar Transporters ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Sweet Proteins

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an important economic beverage crop. Its flowers and leaves could be used as healthcare tea for its medicinal value. SWEET proteins were recently identified in plants as sugar transporters, which participate in diverse physiological processes, including pathogen nutrition, seed filling, nectar secretion, and phloem loading. Although SWEET genes have been characterized and identified in model plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, there is very little knowledge of these genes in C. sinensis. In this study, 28 CsSWEETs were identified in C. sinensis and further phylogenetically divided into four subfamilies with A. thaliana. These identified CsSWEETs contained seven transmembrane helixes (TMHs) which were generated by an ancestral three-TMH unit with an internal duplication experience. Microsynteny analysis revealed that the large-scale duplication events were the main driving forces for members from CsSWEET family expansion in C. sinensis. The expression profiles of the 28 CsSWEETs revealed that some genes were highly expressed in reproductive tissues. Among them, CsSWEET1a might play crucial roles in the efflux of sucrose, and CsSWEET17b could control fructose content as a hexose transporter in C. sinensis. Remarkably, CsSWEET12 and CsSWEET17c were specifically expressed in flowers, indicating that these two genes might be involved in sugar transport during flower development. The expression patterns of all CsSWEETs were differentially regulated under cold and drought treatments. This work provided a systematic understanding of the members from the CsSWEET gene family, which would be helpful for further functional studies of CsSWEETs in C. sinensis.

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