scholarly journals DESMATAMENTO, BEM-ESTAR COMUNITÁRIO E O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL: uma análise integrada em São Tomé e Príncipe – África

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Manuel D'Assunção Do Nascimento José da Costa ◽  
Lúcio Correia Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Ressources Naturelles ◽  
Sao Tome And Principe ◽  
Développement Durable ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sao Tome E Principe

DEFORESTATION, COMMUNITY WELLNESS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: an integrated analysis in Sao Tome and Principe - AfricaDÉFORESTATION, BIEN-ÊTRE COMMUNAUTAIRE ET DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE: une analyse intégrée à Sao Tomé-et- Principe – AfriqueA preocupação com a natureza, frente aos impactos negativos provocados pela ação humana, tem sido objeto de grande reflexão internacional. Vários eventos já foram realizados sobre a matéria, mormente apelando à conservação dos recursos naturais e à necessidade do desenvolvimento sustentável. Entretanto, atrocidades contra a natureza têm defasado fauna e flora em diversos lugares, como é caso de São Tomé e Príncipe. Eis o objeto do presente trabalho: analisa-se a relação socioambiental no país, sobretudo as causas e efeitos da acentuada prática do desmatamento. E para tanto, usou-se uma metodologia centralizada na revisão da literatura complementada com uma análise interpretativa e reflexiva sobre os problemas ambientais. Assim, convém destacar subsídios teóricos usados: Eiffert (2010); Castro et al. (2005); Filho (2000); Rodriguez et al. ( 2009); Souza et al. (2012). Outrossim, diplomas legais que dispõem sobre a matéria foram de capital importância, sobretudo a Constituição da República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe 2003 e da Lei n.º 05/2001, Lei de Florestas. No decorrer da análise, constatou-se que o fator desmatamento registrado, em parte, está condicionado ao fator econômico (pobreza), e isso impôs à necessidade da reflexão socioeconômica em conjugação com o fator socioambiental. Por fim, instiga-se a importância de planos estratégicos para uso sustentável de recursos naturais, visando à estabilidade ecológica local. São essas reflexões que deram sustentação e especificidade no desenrolar do presente estudo, o qual se espera ensejar mais reflexões e debates sobre a matéria em epígrafe.Palavras-chave: Impacto Ambiental; Bem-estar Comunitário; São Tomé e Príncipe.ABSTRACTThe concern with nature, in the face of the negative impacts caused by human action, has been the object of great international reflection. Several events have already been held on the subject, especially appealing to the conservation of natural resources and the need for sustainable development. However, atrocities against nature have lagged fauna and flora in several places, as is the case of São Tomé and Príncipe. The objective of the present study is to analyze the socio-environmental relationship in the country, especially the causes and effects of the marked deforestation practice. For this purpose, a centralized methodology was used in the review of the literature and complemented with an interpretative and reflexive analysis on the environmental problems. Thus, it is worth mentioning the theoretical subsidies used: Eiffert (2010); Castro et al. (2005); Filho (2000); Rodriguez et al. (2009); Souza et al. (2012). In addition, the legal provisions on this matter were of paramount importance, especially the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe 2003 and Law no. 05/2001, Law on Forests. In the course of the analysis, it was found that the recorded deforestation factor, in part, is conditioned to the economic factor (poverty), and this imposed the need for socioeconomic reflection in conjunction with the socio-environmental factor. Finally, the importance of strategic plans for the sustainable use of natural resources is instigated, aiming at the local ecological stability. It is these reflections that gave support and specificity in the course of the present study, which is expected to lead to more reflections and debates on the subject in question.Keywords: Environmental Impact; Community Well-being; Sao Tome and Principe.RÉSUMÉLa préoccupation de la nature, face aux impacts négatifs causés par l'action humaine, a fait l'objet d'une grande réflexion internationale. Plusieurs événements ont déjà eu lieu sur le sujet, en particulier pour la conservation des ressources naturelles et la nécessité d'un développement durable. Cependant, les atrocités contre la nature ont retardé la faune et la flore dans plusieurs endroits, comme c'est le cas à São Tomé et Príncipe. L'objectif de la présente étude est d'analyser les relations socio-environnementales dans le pays, en particulier les causes et les effets de la pratique de la déforestation. À cette fin, une méthodologie centralisée a été utilisée dans l'examen de la littérature et complétée par une analyse interprétative et réflexive des problèmes environnementaux. Ainsi, il convient de mentionner les subventions théoriques utilisées: Eiffert (2010); Castro et al. (2005); Filho (2000); Rodriguez et al. (2009); Souza et al. (2012). En outre, les dispositions légales sur cette question revêtaient une importance primordiale, en particulier la Constitution de la République démocratique de São Tomé et Príncipe de 2003 et la Loi n ° 05/2001, Loi sur les forêts. Au cours de l'analyse, on a constaté que le facteur de déforestation enregistré, en partie, est conditionné au facteur économique (pauvreté), ce qui a imposé la nécessité d'une réflexion socio-économique en conjonction avec le facteur socio-environnemental. Enfin, l'importance des plans stratégiques pour l'utilisation durable des ressources naturelles est instigée, en vue de la stabilité écologique locale. Ce sont ces réflexions qui ont apporté un soutien et une spécificité au cours de la présente étude, ce qui devrait conduire à plus de réflexions et de débats sur le sujet en question.Mots-clés: Impact Environnemental; Bien-être Communautaire ; Sao Tomé-et-Principe.

Perspectives sur le développement durable et la viabilité du secteur forestier canadien

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
Brian Emmett
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Technical Innovation ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Transformative Power ◽  
Dynamic Framework ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Développement Durable

Decisions made about forest resources are increasingly dominated by concerns about limits, trade-offs, and diminishing returns from commodities. By focusing on sustainable development and the transformative power of human ingenuity, forest resources we need not regard as finite. The value of sustainable development lies in its power to place scientific and technical innovation into a dynamic framework relevant to those making policy and management decisions. Key words: sustainable development, natural resources, limits, forest sector, commodities, innovation

scholarly journals Sustainable development and market research

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
Iwona Olejnik ◽  
Magdalena Stefańska
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Market Research ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Responsible Consumption ◽  
The Subject

The issue of sustainable development is the subject of market research conducted by many institutions. Companies manufacturing products and providing services, institutions dealing with environmental or consumer protection, scientists and students, carry out many research projects related, for example, to sustainable, responsible consumption and production patterns, ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being of all age groups, and much, much more. The main goal of the chapter is to present how to use secondary data for analysis and how to prepare, conduct, analyse and interpret the results of primary research in the area of sustainable development (SD). There are many challenges facing researches. For that reason, it is necessary to discuss some of its ethical issues. The structure of the chapter covers 3 topics: 1) research in SD based on secondary resources; 2) research in SD based on primary resources; 3) SD in market research—ethical aspects.

Wealth and Sustainability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Hamilton ◽  
John Hartwick ◽  
Kirk Hamilton ◽  
John Hartwick
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Technical Progress ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Rule Set ◽  
Factors Of Production ◽  
Produced Capital

In 1974, it was a live question whether the exhaustion of natural resources, such as oil, would necessarily lead to the decline of economic activity. Solow showed that constant levels of consumption could be sustained if there is sufficient substitutability between produced and natural factors of production. Hartwick then proved that underpinning this result is a saving rule—set investment in produced capital equal to the value of resource depletion at each point in time. A large literature has shown that a comprehensive measure of the change in real wealth—net saving—plays a central role in determining whether current well-being can be sustained. The current composition of wealth serves to define the policy challenges that countries face in achieving sustainable development. If substitution possibilities are limited between natural and other factors of production, as one might expect, then technical progress is a necessary complement to policies for sustainability.

scholarly journals CONTRIBUTO DAS ONG DE SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE NA FORMAÇÃO EM EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL: PERCEÇÃO DA POPULAÇÃO

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Hilária Andrade ◽  
Maria José Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Sao Tome And Principe ◽  
Intervention Area ◽  
Sao Tome E Principe ◽  
Work Done

Sao Tome and Principe is a country facing several environmental problems, including overexploitation of resources, waste treatment, soil erosion, among others. It is in this context that various NGOs have developed actions in the field of environmental education (EA). For this study, we worked with three NGOs from Santos and our main objective is to know the perception of the population about the work developed by these NGOs, within the scope of EA. This work is qualitative, interpretative and descriptive in nature. For data collection, we used the semi-structured interview with elements of the communities in the NGO intervention area. We found that respondents were unwilling to collaborate and afraid to participate in the interview. We note that this situation is justified by the infrequent investigations of this nature being conducted in Sao Tome and Principe. The results show that the population recognizes the work that has been developed within the scope of EE, mainly in the change of practices by the inhabitants, and the acquisition of attitudes and behaviors compatible with sustainable development. They value the preservation and use of natural resources, the main sources of wealth in Sao Tome and Principe. They stress that the work done by NGOs has improved the quality of life and the economy of families. We conclude that the intervention of NGOs of environmental nature are fundamental and has developed several awareness actions and, thus, contribute to improving people's quality of life towards more sustainable development.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC POLICY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN LEADING COUNTRIES: LESSONS FOR UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Orlovska ◽  
Alyona Khlivitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Conservation Of Natural Resources ◽  
Tax Benefits ◽  
Environmental Measures

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the introduction of the model of sustainable development in the economic systems of the leading world countries. Sustainable development is understood as a state of preserving the integrity of ecosystems, conservation of natural resources, constant maintenance of material and social well-being of the population. Economic policy of sustainable development is characterized as a state-defined system of scientifically sound measures aimed at improving economic processes and phenomena in order to simultaneously achieve economic growth, social justice and environmental management. The features of economic policy of sustainable development of Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Iceland and Czech Republic have been analyzed. The experience of establishing additional taxes for pollutants and tax benefits for enterprises that take measures for environmental modernization of production has been suggested to use in Ukraine. It has been considered necessary to create a system of national grants for the implementation of such models of economic management of natural resources, which not only will not harm the environment, but will also correct the already caused harm. The obligatory principle of implementation of specific environmental measures has been recognized the administrative and financial decentralization.

scholarly journals A importância dos ODS – Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, no desafio da educação para os direitos humanos

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-296
Author(s):  
Tânia Ribeiro Libório
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Sao Tome And Principe ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Individual

Os Direitos Humanos não são aprendidos estudando-os, mas praticando-os diariamente em todos os contextos, em que o ser humano se desenvolve. São essenciais para desfrutar de uma vida digna, baseada na liberdade, igualdade e dignidade, e refletida nos tratados internacionais, bem como nas constituições de cada Estado. Numa perspetiva histórica, os Direitos Humanos foram-se construindo como uma forma de resistência à opressão e busca pelo bem-estar do indivíduo, grupos ou de comunidades inteiras. Ao longo da história, eles passaram por transformações, para conceituar, especificar e ampliar aqueles incluídos na Declaração Direitos Humanos Universais, de 1948. Os indivíduos tornam-se agentes de mudança no mundo, atuando contra as injustiças, através da concretização dos ODS – Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Eles precisam de conhecimentos, habilidades, valores e atitudes que lhes permitam contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável. A educação é crucial para a consecução deste desenvolvimento. Pretende-se demonstrar aqui a importância dos ODS, especificamente respeitante a: alterações climáticas e educação para os direitos humanos. Apresentamos os projetos desenvolvidos na Síria, em São Tomé e Príncipe, no Brasil e em Portugal, e as suas tendências para o futuro, tendo em conta as metas a atingir em cada ODS, e como este aspeto pode influenciar o desenvolvimento humano e tornar o mundo mais harmonioso, mais justo e igualitário.   La importancia de los ODS - Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, en el desafío de la educación para los derechos humanos Los derechos humanos no se aprenden al estudiarlos, sino al practicarlos diariamente en todos los contextos donde se desarrollan los seres humanos. Son esenciales para disfrutar de una vida digna, basada en la libertad, la igualdad y la dignidad, reflejada en los tratados internacionales, así como en las constituciones de cada estado. Desde una perspectiva histórica, los derechos humanos se han construido como una forma de resistencia a la opresión y la búsqueda del bienestar del individuo. A lo largo de la historia, han sufrido transformaciones, para conceptualizar y especificar los incluidos en la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos de 1948. Los individuos se convierten en agentes de cambio en el mundo, actuando contra las injusticias, a través del logro de los ODS - Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Necesitan conocimientos, habilidades, valores y actitudes que les permitan contribuir al desarrollo sostenible. Por lo tanto, la educación es crucial para el logro de este desarrollo. Su objetivo es demostrar la importancia de los ODS, específicamente en relación con el cambio climático y la educación para los Derechos Humanos. Presentamos los proyectos desarrollados en Siria, Santo Tomé y Príncipe, Brasil y Portugal, y sus tendencias para el futuro, teniendo en cuenta los objetivos a alcanzar en cada ODS, y cómo este aspecto puede influir en el desarrollo humano y hacer que mundo más armonioso, más justo y más igualitario. Palabras clave: Derechos humanos. ODS. Educación.   The importance of the SDGs - Sustainable Development Goals, in the challenge of education for human rights Human rights are not learned by studying them, but by practicing them daily in all contexts where human beings develop. They are essential to enjoy a dignified life, based on freedom, equality and dignity, reflected in international treaties, as well as in the constitutions of each state. From a historical perspective, human rights have been built as a form of resistance to oppression and the search for the well-being of the individual. Throughout history, they have undergone transformations, to conceptualize and specify those included in the 1948 Universal Human Rights Declaration. Individuals become agents of change in the world, acting against injustices, through the achievement of the SDGs - Sustainable Development Goals. Education is therefore crucial to the achievement of this development. It is intended to demonstrate the importance of the SDGs, specifically regarding climate change; education for human rights. We present the projects developed in Syria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Brazil and Portugal, and their trends for the future, taking into account the goals to be achieved in each SDG, and how this aspect can influence human development and make the more harmonious, fairer and more egalitarian world. Keywords: Human rights. ODS, Education.

scholarly journals Teoría del comportamiento sustentable para el desarrollo local

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-94
Author(s):  
Lirios Cruz García
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Ressources Naturelles ◽  
Développement Durable ◽  
Conservation Of Natural Resources ◽  
Sustainable Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

La psicología de la sustentabilidad estriba en la predicción de un comportamiento que, por sus dimensiones y determinantes, se ha identificado como factor de sustentabilidad. En este sentido, este trabajo pretende discutir el proceso sociohistórico en el que se ha desarrollado el constructo del comportamiento sustentable, más a partir de evidencias empíricas que de debates teóricos, conceptuales, metodológicos o estadísticos. Este ejercicio llama la atención acerca de la participación deliberativa de la comunidad y se inscribe en el debate sobre la relación entre sociedad y Estado con respecto a la conservación de los recursos naturales mediante los servicios públicos, municipales y residenciales. En este tenor, la revisión de los hallazgos extraídos del contraste de modelos de medición en referencia a modelos estructurales supone no sólo la especificación de relaciones de dependencia, sino su discusión, dado que fueron importados de disciplinas tales como la pedagogía, la economía, la sociología o la antropología para incorporarlos en los modelos predictivos del comportamiento sustentable.Palabras clave: Recursos naturales, Servicios públicos, Psicología de la sustentabilidad, Comportamiento sustentable, Modelos estructurales Theory of sustainable behavior for local developmentSummaryThe psychology of sustainability is based on the prediction of a behavior that, due to its dimensions and determinants, has been identified as a sustainability factor. In this sense, this work aims to discuss the sociohistorical process in which the construct of sustainable behavior has been developed, more from empirical evidence than from theoretical, conceptual, methodological or statistical debates. This exercise draws attention to the deliberative participation of the community and is part of the debate about the relationship between society and the State with respect to the conservation of natural resources through public, municipal and residential services. In this sense, the review of the findings extracted from the contrast of measurement models in reference to structural models supposes not only the specification of dependency relations, but their discussion, given that they were imported from disciplines such as pedagogy, economics, sociology or anthropology to incorporate them into predictive models of sustainable behavior.Keywords: Natural resources, Public services, Sustainability psychology, Sustainable behavior, Structural models. Théorie du comportement pour le développement durable au niveau localRésuméLa psychologie du développement durable réside dans la prédiction d’un comportement qui, par ses dimensions et déterminations, a été identifié comme un facteur en faveur de ce développement. En ce sens, ce travail prétend rendre compte du processus historique dans lequel s’est construit le comportement pour le développement durable, davantage à partir d’évidences empiriques que de débats théoriques, méthodologiques et statistiques. Cet exercice met l’accent sur la participation délibérative de la communauté et s’inscrit dans le débat sur la relation entre société et Etat en ce qui concerne la conservation des ressources naturelles au travers des services publics, municipaux et résidentiels. De ce point de vue, l’examen des découvertes extraites du contraste entre les modèles de mesure en référence aux modèles structurels suppose non seulement la mise en lumière spécifique de relations de dépendance, mais aussi leur discussion, puisqu’ils furent importés de disciplines comme la pédagogie, l’économie, la sociologie et l’anthropologie, afin de les incorporer aux modèles prédictifs du comportement en faveur du développement soutenable.Mots-clés: Ressources naturelles, Services publics, Psychologie du développement durable, Comportement pour le développement durable, Modèles structurels

scholarly journals Modelling Sustainable Development Aspects within Inventory Supply Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Gladys Bonilla-Enriquez ◽  
Patricia Cano-Olivos ◽  
Li-Qun Peng ◽  
Weihua Gan ◽  
Jose-Luis Martinez-Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Inventory Control Model ◽  
Economic Well Being

Nowadays, inventory management is a tool that must be extended to cover all aspects of the supply chain (SC). One of these aspects is Sustainable Development (SD) which emphasizes the balance between economic well-being, natural resources, and society. As inventory involves the use of natural and economic resources, the integration of SD criteria is important for a more efficient and sustainable SC. In this work, the most important SD variables associated with inventory management were identified. These variables were integrated as cost elements within a nondeterministic inventory control model to include SD criteria within inventory supply strategies. Through the assessment of the proposed integrated model, it was determined that, although SD practices involve additional investments, specific practices such as reuse/recycling and government incentives can increase revenue and profits. This is important for the development of government and business strategies to perform sustainable practices.

La proposition d’un modèle de gestion intégrée des ressources naturelles communes de l’humanité

1999 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 41-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-François Mercure
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Environmental Resources ◽  
Common Heritage ◽  
Ressources Naturelles ◽  
Safe Management ◽  
Equitable Sharing ◽  
Gestion Intégrée ◽  
Rational Management

SummaryOne of humanity’s most important challenges for the next century will be to ensure the rational management of common natural resources and, most importantly, of environmental resources. The concepts of common heritage and of sustainable development offer interesting perspectives for the creation of mechanisms that will provide for the safe management of common resources and the equitable sharing of the benefits of exploitation. This study aims to present a model for the management of these resources that incorporates the practice of the international community into the management of the atmosphere and of biological diversity.

scholarly journals Environmental aspects in Earth sciences and environmental management: a brief overview of author's developments against the background of global trends

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Earth Sciences ◽  
Environmental Management ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Environmental Geography ◽  
The Subject

Earth science and geography are experiencing a new Renaissance, called environmentalism. It is due to the growing importance of threats for the global community because of the negative reaction of the natural environment to the growing workload. The purpose of this article is to show innovation and investment opportunities that must significantly change the attitude to geography and Earth sciences in general and identify opportunities for the formation and development of environmental geography by radically modernizing the approach, especially research methods, mainly through the latest geographical education, making it an urgent social need. The article summarizes the experience and results of the author and his colleagues’ work over two decades of research. Main material. Presentation of the basic content of the article is organized into 3 rubrics. The trends of conceptual changes are considered as an extension of traditional ecology to environmentology. There is a transformation of the subject - object dualism of classical ecology to the realization of complex interaction. It is generally the subject of environmentology. Only in this case, the consumer attitude to the natural environment transforms into the knowledge of natural systems as a stakeholder of mankind. This trend is due to the awareness of the importance of complex natural systems, arbitrarily called the natural environment, in relations with humanity. The relations have to become partnership ones, not aggressive ones. The science that deals closest with this problem is environmental geography. The importance of the territory as an integral resource of the society is stressed in the trends of sustainable development. It is considered not only as a necessary, though non-economic condition of existence, but as an economic object, that is natural capital. The latter requires a different attitude to itself than just the environment: inventory procedures (like other means of production), objective assessment, amortization, ever-increasing investment and economic transformation into the actual trend. Intangible natural resources -the prospect of environmental geography. In this case, natural environment of the external conditions of human existence will become an essential and indispensable part of the global and national wealth of countries. Natural-resource rents should become a way of filling the gross domestic product at different levels of the society’s structuring (environmental economy). Along with material and energy resources, the value of intangible natural resources and relevant environmental management is significantly increasing, which environmental geography also should deal with. Conclusions and prospects. 1. In fact, at present humanity is possessed by geographical problems of the environment. Determining the general trend of the world community development, they are at the core of sustainable development. At the same time, these problems are still being solved without the involvement of geographical science and geographical technologies. 2. In the context of the information era, when the problems of negative environmental changes become public and are regarded as the first threat to human existence, geography should become environmental geography. For this purpose, it must change people’s attitude to the natural environment, considering it to be an equitable subject of relations with humanity. 3. The approaches to the environment as natural capital, which provides significant economic surplus value and social value, are considered effective. Unfortunately, these qualities of nature have not received a value expression yet. They remain public resources, while they should be assets of the environmental economy. 4. The formation of these development trends is able to make environmental geography join the list of avant-garde sciences, providing the prospect of sustainable development of mankind.

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