Adaptation and mitigation strategies for dairy cattle: Myths and realities in Indian condition -A review

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Mahajan ◽  
Janailin S. Papang ◽  
Shivraj Singh ◽  
K. K. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

The anticipated climate change will adversely affect the productivity of livestock directly due to increased heat stress, indirectly it will affect the livestock by causing feed and fodder shortages, reducing biodiversity, water availability and increasing the incidences of vector-borne livestock diseases. On the other hand, the livestock keeping farm households mainly small farm households will be affected directly as they rear livestock for their livelihood. Interestingly, over the years, the livestock keeping households have increased at a tremendous rate for the small and marginal, medium and semimedium farm household categories as they reduce the risk arising from extreme climate conditions. So, it becomes imperative to adopt adaptation and mitigation strategies to reduce the impact of climate change on livestock given their importance in smallholder farmers’ livelihood in India. Some of researchers in past have recommended certain adaptation and mitigation strategies for reducing the climate change impact on livestock. But, are these adaptation and mitigation strategies applicable or viable in the context of smallholder farmers in India? This remains an unsolved puzzle. This paper tries to demystify certain myths associated with these strategies as well as explore the ground realities. The present policy of indiscriminate crossbreeding of local cattle with exotic cattle should be reviewed and reoriented for smallholder dairy farmer especially, in dry and rainfed regions where there is scarcity of fodder and water which are required heavily by crossbred cattle. The study clearly reflects that the adaptation research should be country specific as the strategies suitable for one country may not be viable for the others as there is considerable difference in local conditions of different countries.

scholarly journals Investigation of Climate and Land Use Change Impacts on Stream Flow of Guder Catchment, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekam Bekele Gulti ◽  
Boja Mokonnen Manyazew ◽  
Abdulkerim Bedewi Serur
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Smart Growth ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Climate change (CC) and land use/cover change (LUCC) are the main drivers of streamflow change. In this paper, we investigate the impact of climate and LULC change impact on stream flow of Guder catchment by using Soil and Water Assessment model (SWAT). The scenarios were designed in a way that LULC was changed while climate conditions remain constant; LULC was then held constant under a changing climate and combined effect of both. The result shows that, the combined impacts of climate change and LULC dynamics can be rather different from the effects that follow-on from LULC or climate change alone. Streamflow would be more sensitive to climate change than to the LULC changes scenario, even though changes in LULC have far-reaching influences on streamflow in the study region. A comprehensive strategy of low impact developments, smart growth, and open space is critical to handle future changes to streamflow systems.

Environmental Degradation, Tropical Diseases, and Economic Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Luke Gallup
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

It’s complicated. Tropical diseases have unusually intricate life cycles because most of them involve not only a human host and a pathogen, but also a vector host. The diseases are predominantly tropical due to their sensitivity to local ecology, usually due to the vector organism. The differences between the tropical diseases mean that they respond to environmental degradation in various ways that depend on local conditions. Urbanization and water pollution tend to limit malaria, but deforestation and dams can exacerbate malaria and schistosomiasis. Global climate change, the largest environmental change, will likely extend the range of tropical climate conditions to higher elevations and near the limits of the tropics, spreading some diseases, but will make other areas too dry or hot for the vectors. Nonetheless, the geographical range of tropical diseases will be primarily determined by public health efforts more than climate. Early predictions that malaria will spread widely because of climate change were flawed, and control efforts will probably cause it to diminish further. The impact of human disease on economic development is hard to pin down with confidence. It may be substantial, or it may be misattributed to other influences. A mechanism by which tropical disease may have large development consequences is its deleterious effects on the cognitive development of infants, which makes them less productive throughout their lives.

Waterborne Diseases and Climate Change: Impact and Implications

2018 ◽  
pp. 469-484
Author(s):  
Maha Bouzid
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adaptation Options

Waterborne diseases are caused by a multitude of pathogens and associated with a significant burden in both developed and developing countries. While the assessment of the adverse impacts of climate change on human heath from infectious diseases has mainly focused on vector-borne diseases, waterborne diseases prevalence and transmission patterns are also likely to be impacted by environmental change. This chapter will outline relevant waterborne pathogens, summarise the impact of climate change on disease transmission and explore climate change adaptation options in order to reduce the increased burden of waterborne diseases.

Effects of climate change on vector-borne diseases: an updated focus on West Nile virus in humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlomit Paz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Transmission Season ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Abstract One of the main impacts of climate change on health is the influence on vector-borne diseases (VBDs). During the last few years, yearly outbreaks of the West Nile virus (WNV) have occurred in many locations, providing evidence of ongoing transmission. Currently, it is the most widely distributed arbovirus in the world. Increases in ambient temperature have impacts on WNV transmission. Indeed, clear associations were found between warm conditions and WNV outbreaks in various areas. The impact of changes in rainfall patterns on the incidence of the disease is influenced by the amount of precipitation (increased rainfall, floods or droughts), depending on the local conditions and the differences in the ecology and sensitivity of the species of mosquito. Predictions indicate that for WNV, increased warming will result in latitudinal and altitudinal expansions of regions climatically suitable for transmission, particularly along the current edges of its transmission areas. Extension of the transmission season is also predicted. As models show that the current climate change trends are expected to continue, it is important to reinforce WNV control efforts and increase the resilience of population health. For a better preparedness, any assessment of future transmission of WNV should consider the impacts of the changing climate.

Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies of Climate Change Impact in Freshwater Aquaculture in some states of India

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adhikari S ◽  
Chaudhury Ajit Keshav ◽  
Gangadhar Barlaya ◽  
Ramesh Rathod ◽  
Mandal RN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Impact ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Freshwater Aquaculture ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

Climate change impact evaluation in various regions in Europe on the base of ensemble modelling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaromir Krzyszczak ◽  
Piotr Baranowski ◽  
Monika Zubik
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Climate Change Uncertainty ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adaptation Options

<p>Climate change uncertainty largely complicates adaptation and risk management evaluation at the regional level, therefore new approaches for managing this uncertainty are still being developed. In this study three crop models (DNDC, WOFOST and DSSAT) were used to explore the utility of impact response surfaces (IRS) and adaptation response surfaces (ARS) methodologies (Pirttioja et al., 2015; Ruiz-Ramos et al., 2018).</p><p>To build IRS, the sensitivity of modelled yield to systematic increments of changes in temperature (-1 to +6°C) and precipitation (-30 to +50%) was tested by modifying values of baseline (1981 to 2010) daily weather. Four levels of CO2 (360, 447, 522 and 601 ppm) representing future conditions until 2070 were considered. In turn, to build ARS, adaptation options were: shortening or extending the crop cycle of the standard cultivar, sowing earlier or later than the standard date and additional irrigation. Preliminary data indicate that yields are declining with higher temperatures and decreased precipitation. Yield is more sensitive to changes in baseline temperature values and much less sensitive to changes in baseline precipitation values for arable fields in Finland, while for arable fields in Germany, ARS indicates yield sensitivity at a similar level for both variables. Also, our data suggests that some adaptation options provides increase of the yield up to 1500 kg/ha, which suggest that ARSs may be valuable tool for planning an effective adaptation treatments. This research shows how to analyze and assess the impact of adaptation strategies in the context of the high level of regional uncertainty in relation to future climate conditions. Developed methodology can be applied to other climatic zones to help in planning adaptation and mitigation strategies.</p><p>This study has been partly financed from the funds of the Polish National Centre for Research and Development in frame of the project: MSINiN, contract number: BIOSTRATEG3/343547/8/NCBR/2017</p>

scholarly journals Climate Change Impact, Adaptation, and Mitigation in Temperate Grazing Systems: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afshin Ghahramani ◽  
S. Mark Howden ◽  
Agustin del Prado ◽  
Dean T. Thomas ◽  
Andrew D. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Impact ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Temperate Grasslands ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

Managed temperate grasslands occupy 25% of the world, which is 70% of global agricultural land. These lands are an important source of food for the global population. This review paper examines the impacts of climate change on managed temperate grasslands and grassland-based livestock and effectiveness of adaptation and mitigation options and their interactions. The paper clarifies that moderately elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) enhances photosynthesis, however it may be restiricted by variations in rainfall and temperature, shifts in plant’s growing seasons, and nutrient availability. Different responses of plant functional types and their photosynthetic pathways to the combined effects of climatic change may result in compositional changes in plant communities, while more research is required to clarify the specific responses. We have also considered how other interacting factors, such as a progressive nitrogen limitation (PNL) of soils under eCO2, may affect interactions of the animal and the environment and the associated production. In addition to observed and modelled declines in grasslands productivity, changes in forage quality are expected. The health and productivity of grassland-based livestock are expected to decline through direct and indirect effects from climate change. Livestock enterprises are also significant cause of increased global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (about 14.5%), so climate risk-management is partly to develop and apply effective mitigation measures. Overall, our finding indicates complex impact that will vary by region, with more negative than positive impacts. This means that both wins and losses for grassland managers can be expected in different circumstances, thus the analysis of climate change impact required with potential adaptations and mitigation strategies to be developed at local and regional levels.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Livestock Production: A Literature Review

Atmosphere ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Muxi Cheng ◽  
Bruce McCarl ◽  
Chengcheng Fei
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

Globally, the climate is changing, and this has implications for livestock. Climate affects livestock growth rates, milk and egg production, reproductive performance, morbidity, and mortality, along with feed supply. Simultaneously, livestock is a climate change driver, generating 14.5% of total anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Herein, we review the literature addressing climate change and livestock, covering impacts, emissions, adaptation possibilities, and mitigation strategies. While the existing literature principally focuses on ruminants, we extended the scope to include non-ruminants. We found that livestock are affected by climate change and do enhance climate change through emissions but that there are adaptation and mitigation actions that can limit the effects of climate change. We also suggest some research directions and especially find the need for work in developing country settings. In the context of climate change, adaptation measures are pivotal to sustaining the growing demand for livestock products, but often their relevance depends on local conditions. Furthermore, mitigation is key to limiting the future extent of climate change and there are a number of possible strategies.

Waterborne Diseases and Climate Change: Impact and Implications

2017 ◽  
pp. 89-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maha Bouzid
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adaptation Options

Waterborne diseases are caused by a multitude of pathogens and associated with a significant burden in both developed and developing countries. While the assessment of the adverse impacts of climate change on human heath from infectious diseases has mainly focused on vector-borne diseases, waterborne diseases prevalence and transmission patterns are also likely to be impacted by environmental change. This chapter will outline relevant waterborne pathogens, summarise the impact of climate change on disease transmission and explore climate change adaptation options in order to reduce the increased burden of waterborne diseases.

scholarly journals Drivers of Farm Households’ Perceived Risk Sources and Factors Affecting Uptake of Mitigation Strategies in Punjab Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Agriculture

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9895
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amjed Iqbal ◽  
Azhar Abbas ◽  
Syed Asif Ali Naqvi ◽  
Muhammad Rizwan ◽  
Abdus Samie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Risk Sources ◽  
The Impact

Climate change is a serious threat to agriculture in many developing countries including Pakistan. Changing pattern of climate and its extreme conditions have already led to a decline in crop productivity. However, farmers in developing countries experience risks beyond just climate change, many of which are related to policy, strategy, and factor endowments. The impact of these risks have serious implications for food security, rural livelihood, farm households’ wellbeing, and, above all, their motive to adapt to these changes in the long-term. To have an in-depth knowledge of farmers’ perceptions about the changing climate, this study investigates various aspects such as the determinants of perception about various risk sources and the relevant mitigation and adaptation options. To do so, 480 farmers from agriculture-dominated Punjab province were randomly selected in order for us to evaluate their awareness levels, socioeconomic dynamics that influence their perceptions, and various factors that influence their perceptions to achieve the desired findings. We applied the principle factor analysis approach to ascertain major sources and strategies based on farmers’ perception and planned/practiced options. Further, regression analysis was done to evaluate the factors influencing the perception levels of farmers about risk sources. The results showed that majority of the farmers faced various risks, and were trying to adapt crop husbandry practices towards these perceived risks. Change in agricultural policies (3.96) was placed as the highest risk source, while the need for small dams/turbine schemes was the top priority for risk management strategy (mean value of 4.39). By observing the effect of farm and farmer’s characteristics on risk sources and risk management strategies, it was revealed that these characteristics ominously provoked farmers’ perspectives about risk sources and management strategies. The findings imply the need for coherent environmental policy that encompasses price stability, community-led adaptation campaigns, and easy/uninterrupted flows of information that enables the farming community to facilitate sustainable decision processes.

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