scholarly journals The Possible Risk of Reverse Zoonosis in COVID-19: An Epidemiological Driving Approach for the One Health Future Challenges: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Vijayaraghavan ◽  
Viswanathan Naveenkumar ◽  
B. S. Pradeep Nag ◽  
K. Porteen
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
One Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Animal Infection ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

The emerging coronaviral infection named as COVID-19 was officially declared as pandemic on 11, March 2020 by WHO. It has so far been reported from 215 countries or territories affecting about twenty seven million people infected globally. The novel attributes on COVID-19 with sporadic reports on animal, alarms the future chances of animal mediated COVID-19 transmission. Despite lockdown in two-third of the global population, health officials are worried about the risky nature of animal infection in the current pandemic situation. The reverse zoonotic index cases in the current epidemic reported sporadically in animals through infected humans. Reported evidence suggests that bat as the major reservoir involved in COVID-19. However, still, the role of intermediate host involvement in the human COVID-19 transmission from the bat is not yet understood. It is clear that humans play a potent source of infection to transmit the disease to other humans and animals. A literature survey was conducted to a) understand the level of animal’s involvement in COVID19 pandemic and b) to measure the amount of risk of reverse zoonoses in pet animals, exposed animals etc. The epidemiological investigation suggested the need for strong surveillance on the human-animal interface area with strict advisory measures to combat this dangerous disease transmission to humans and other animals. Hence understanding animal’s role in the current pandemic is of prime importance in devising preparedness and control strategies through unique one health approach. In implementing suitable research protocol at animal-human interface along with environment by devising appropriate control strategies will reduce the future reverse zoonosis risk in the current pandemic through a holistic one health drive.

scholarly journals Solid-State Transformers: Fundamentals, Topologies, Applications, and Future Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Saniya Khan ◽  
Khaliqur Rahman ◽  
Mohd Tariq ◽  
Salman Hameed ◽  
Basem Alamri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Solid State Transformers ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Converter Topologies ◽  
And Control

Solid-state transformers (SSTs) have emerged as a superior alternative to conventional transformers and are regarded as the building block of the future smart grid. They incorporate power electronics circuitry and high-frequency operation, which allows high controllability and enables bi-directional power flow, overcoming the limitations of conventional transformers. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the solid-state transformer, expounding the fundamentals, converter topologies, applications, and future challenges of the SST in a systematic manner. The paper discusses the necessity of improved replacement of the low-frequency transformers (LFTs) and presents the configuration of SST. It presents SST fundamentals in individual stages and explores its origin and evolution. The basic topologies, their specifications, and control strategies are also described. The applications of SST as a replacement of LFTs are discussed along with recent applications. The future challenges for real-time implementation of SSTs are explored, and research directions are proposed.

Modeling Pedestrian and Motorist Interaction at Semi-Controlled Crosswalks: The Effects of a Change from One-Way to Two-Way Street Operation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (11) ◽  
pp. 433-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon D. Fricker ◽  
Yunchang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Pavement Markings ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Ordered Logistic Regression ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing ◽  
And Control

A large number of crosswalks are indicated by pavement markings and signs, but are not signal-controlled. In this paper, such a location is called “semi-controlled.” At locations where such a crosswalk has moderate amounts of pedestrian and vehicle traffic, pedestrians and motorists often engage in a non-verbal “negotiation” to determine who should proceed first. This paper describes the detailed analysis of video recordings of more than 3,400 pedestrian–motorist interactions at semi-controlled crosswalks. The study also took advantage of a conversion from one-way operation in spring 2017 to two-way operation in spring 2018 on the street chosen for data collection and analysis. This permitted before and after studies at the same location. The pedestrian models used mixed effects logistic regression and binary logistic regression to identify factors that influence the likelihood of a pedestrian crossing under specified conditions. The complementary motorist models used generalized ordered logistic regression to identify factors that impact a driver’s likelihood of decelerating, which was found to be a more useful factor than likelihood of yielding to pedestrian. The data showed that 56.5% of drivers slowed down or stopped for pedestrians on the one-way street. This value rose to 63.9% on the same street after it had been converted to two-way operation. Moreover, two-way operation eliminated the effects of the presence of other vehicles on driver behavior. Relationships were found that can lead to policies and control strategies designed to improve the operation of such a crosswalk.

scholarly journals Ungulate use of locally infectious zones in a re-emerging anthrax risk area

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 200246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan A. Walker ◽  
Maria Uribasterra ◽  
Valpa Asher ◽  
José Miguel Ponciano ◽  
Wayne M. Getz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Southwestern Montana ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Anthrax Spores ◽  
Causative Bacterium ◽  
And Control

Environmentally mediated indirect pathogen transmission is linked to host movement and foraging in areas where pathogens are maintained in the environment. In the case of anthrax, spores of the causative bacterium Bacillus anthracis are released into the environment following host death and create locally infectious zones (LIZs) around carcass sites; by grazing at LIZs, herbivores are potentially exposed to spores. Here, we used camera traps to assess how ungulate species use carcass sites in southwestern Montana and evaluated how these behaviours may promote indirect anthrax transmission, thus providing, to our knowledge, the first detailed documentation and study of the fine-scale mechanisms underlying foraging-based disease transmission in this ecosystem. We found that carcasses at LIZs significantly increased aboveground biomass of vegetation and concentrations of sodium and phosphorus, potentially making these sites more appealing to grazers. Host behavioural responses to LIZs varied depending on species, sex, season and carcass age; but, overall, our results demonstrated that carcasses or carcass sites serve as an attractant to herbivores in this system. Attraction to LIZs probably represents an increased risk of exposure to B. anthracis and, consequently, increased anthrax transmission rates. Accordingly, continued anthrax surveillance and control strategies are critical in this system.

What do we know about parasites of wildlife in high biodiversity areas with anthropogenic disturbance? The special case of Mexico

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. I. Muñoz-García ◽  
E. Berriatua ◽  
C. Martínez-Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbance ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Animal Pathogens ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
The One

AbstractThe continual rise of anthropogenic disturbance of ecosystems has been associated with an increasing incidence of emerging diseases. The largest amount of data on emerging diseases relates to bacterial and viral pathogens, but there is a lack of parasite data, especially from wildlife. Monitoring wildlife parasitic diseases should be considered a priority, especially in high biodiversity regions with strong anthropogenic impacts, like Mexico, where the wildlife/livestock/human interface is associated with increased risk of disease transmission. Mexico belongs to the top-ten megadiverse countries and is located between two biogeographic regions. This situation makes Mexico a favourable region for the spillover of animal pathogens to human beings, causing pandemics, such as the one recently caused by influenza virus A (H1N1). The current state of knowledge of Mexican wildlife parasites is scarce and focuses mainly in Neotropical fauna. Moreover, this knowledge is heterogeneous for different parasite groups, especially concerning their pathologic effects and epidemiology. The goals of this review are to compile information on Mexican wildlife parasites and to identify knowledge gaps in order to stimulate research on pending epidemiological, public health, ecological and pathological areas, and to encourage the creation of more specialized groups from the perspective of the One-Health concept.

Knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of Toxocara: the enigma remains

Parasitology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. HOLLAND
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multiple Routes ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
The One ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYToxocara species infect a wide range of companion, domestic and wild animals as definitive and paratenic hosts, via multiple routes of transmission, producing long-lived tissue-inhabiting larvae and resistant eggs that can survive in the external environment. Therefore Toxocara and the disease it causes in humans, toxocariasis, represents an ideal aetiological agent for the development of the one health approach. However, despite increasing awareness of the public health significance of toxocariasis, gaps in our understanding of certain key aspects of the parasite's biology and epidemiology remain. These gaps hinder our ability to integrate research effort within the veterinary, medical and environmental disciplines. This review will highlight key deficits in our understanding of nine dimensions of Toxocara epidemiology and discuss a potential scenario to develop a more integrated, one health approach to improve our understanding of the prevention and control of this complex and cryptic zoonosis.

Hierarchical Modular Structures and Their Mechanical Characteristics

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kishimoto ◽  
M. C. Natori
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Hierarchical Assembly ◽  
Mathematical Algorithm ◽  
Hexagonal Shape ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control ◽  
Modular Structures

Future structure systems need adapatability to various changes from the viewpoint of total cost for their missions. In order to introduce such adaptability into artificial structure systems, their future concepts with autonomous life cycles are discussed, which are typical features of things in nature. To realize such concepts hierarchical modular structures are proposed and studied. They consist of a number of basic modules, which are assembled with hierarchical assembly rules. A mathematical algorithm extended from the one for fractal formations is introduced, which keeps their basic property of geometrical symmetry. Some examples of hierarchical modular structures composed of basic modules with hexagonal shape are illustrated. Their mechanical characteristics such as characteristic frequencies and distributions of internal forces under some boundary conditions are also calculated. It is shown that the hierarchical modular structures are able to provide systematically various structures based on required mechanical properties and control strategies, which means they can easily construct various structure systems fitted to wide environments and their changes.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2: Jumping the Species Barrier, Lessons from SARS and MERS, Its Zoonotic Spillover, Transmission to Humans, Preventive and Control Measures and Recent Developments to Counter This Pandemic Virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Dhama ◽  
Shailesh Kumar Patel ◽  
Khan Sharun ◽  
Mamta Pathak ◽  
Ruchi Tiwari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
Pandemic Virus ◽  
Short Period ◽  
And Control

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus-2) of the family Coronaviridae, appeared in Wuhan, Hubei province, China being its epicenter in December 2019. This disease was declared as posing Public Health International Emergency by World Health Organization on January 30, 2020, attained the status of a very high-risk category on February 29, and now having a pandemic status (March 11, 2020). COVID-19 has presently spread to more than 195 countries/territories while killing nearly 19,600 humans out of cumulative confirmed cases accounting to more than 430,000 within a short period of just a few weeks. The majority of deaths have been reported in Italy and China. Researchers worldwide are pacing with high efforts to counter the spread of this virus and to design effective vaccines and therapeutics/drugs. Few of the studies have shown the potential of animal-human interface and zoonotic links in the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Exploring the possible zoonosis and revealing the factors responsible for its initial transmission from animals to humans will pave ways to design and implement effective preventive and control strategies to counter COVID-19. The present review presents an overview of COVID-19 and the causative virus SARS-CoV-2, with particular emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARS- and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread., highlighting in very brief the preventive and control measures along with a few of the recent research developments to counter this pandemic virus/disease.

scholarly journals One Health Evaluation: A Case Study at the University of Bologna

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Aragrande ◽  
Massimo Canali ◽  
Mariana Roccaro ◽  
Elisabetta Ferraro ◽  
Alessandra Bonoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
One Health ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
Quantitative Metrics ◽  
Health Initiatives ◽  
The One ◽  
The University

The level of One Health (OH), or “One Health-ness,” of health interventions has been defined as the capacity to operate according to six dimensions concerning OH operations and OH infrastructures, respectively (thinking, planning, and working; and information sharing, reciprocal learning, and systemic organization). Although health initiatives and research increasingly claim their orientation toward OH, such a capacity is rarely assessed. The objective of this study is to evaluate the One Health-ness of the academic team of the University of Bologna (UNIBO Team) working in the “ELEPHANT” project (Empowering universities' Learning and rEsearch caPacities in the one Health Approach for the maNagement of animals at the wildlife, livestock and human interface in SouTh Africa). This project involves universities, six from South Africa and two from Europe, and aims at embedding OH in research and learning to enable the control of diseases at the human, animal, and environmental interface, and to emphasize the interests of local African communities with wildlife conservation. The methodology adopts the NEOH method, developed in 2018 by the EU-COST Action, “Network for the Evaluation of One Health.” The approach is based on questionnaires delivered to participants, which focus on the six OH dimensions, and then translate answers into quantitative metrics through the OH Index (OHI) and the OH Ratio (OHR). The following two evaluation levels are foreseen: the whole project and the single partner institutions. The evaluations are carried on in parallel, with preliminary, mid-term, and final assessments, to monitor the efficacy of the project actions. The preliminary evaluation of the UNIBO Team resulted in the OHI of 0.23 and the OHR of 1.69 which indicate a low degree of OH-ness and an imbalance between OH operation and OH infrastructure. The UNIBO case study will be the baseline for the evaluation of the other partner institutions involved in the ELEPHANT project. This type of evaluation can support the implementation of OH practices inside a project and underpin the strategies that allow to achieving more effective results. Any improvement in the OH-ness of each single academic team can be also considered as a result of the ELEPHANT project, thus showing its multiplier effect in the context.

scholarly journals One Health for neglected tropical diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Laing ◽  
Marco Antonio Natal Vigilato ◽  
Sarah Cleaveland ◽  
S M Thumbi ◽  
Lucille Blumberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Road Map ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Abstract The forthcoming World Health Organization road map for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) 2021–2030 recognises the complexity surrounding control and elimination of these 20 diseases of poverty. It emphasises the need for a paradigm shift from disease-specific interventions to holistic cross-cutting approaches coordinating with adjacent disciplines. The One Health approach exemplifies this shift, extending beyond a conventional model of zoonotic disease control to consider the interactions of human and animal health systems within their shared environment and the wider social and economic context. This approach can also promote sustainability and resilience within these systems. To achieve the global ambition on NTD elimination and control, political will, along with contextualised innovative scientific strategies, is required.

Afterword IV Case studies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Roche ◽  
Hélène Broutin ◽  
Frédéric Simard
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Buruli Ulcer ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Transmission Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

Through malaria elimination in Italy at the end of 19th century (when the epidemiological situation could be seen as similar to the one present in low-income countries today) and control strategies against Buruli ulcer and schistosomiasis in Africa, we have shown examples demonstrating that the translation of evolutionary ecology knowledge to infectious diseases control in low-income countries can be successful. These successes have reached different stages, from increasing our understanding of the whole infectious system dynamics toward implementation of innovative control strategies in the short term (Buruli ulcer), to improving transmission control by reducing abundance of host population (schistosomiasis in Senegal), as well as ensuring complete disease elimination locally, through a combination of massive reduction of vector populations at key periods and human-population protection and education (malaria in Italy)....

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