Occurrence of poultry coccidiosis in different management systems in Thrissur, Kerala

Coccidiosis is one of the most prevalent and economically important parasitic diseases caused by the infection with Eimeria species contributing to major economic losses of poultry industry worldwide. In this study, occurrence of Eimeria spp. in chicken reared under different management systems was studied. A total of 300 faecal samples from chicken were collected from six organised poultry farms and six backyard poultry units in and around Thrissur, Kerala. Out of this, 167 faecal samples were from organised farms and 133 from backyard poultry units. All the samples were artificially sporulated and examined for studying the oocysts morphology and morphometry. Out of 167 samples from organised farms 52 were found to be positive for Eimeria spp. while 61 out of 133 samples from backyard poultry were positive. The overall occurrence of Eimeria spp. in chicken from 12 different areas in and around Thrissur was 37.66 per cent (113/300). The species of Eimeria identified on morphological examination were E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. maxima. The occurrence rate of E. tenella was found to be significantly higher (46.01 %) compared to E. necatrix (39.82 %) and E. maxima (14.15 %). The rate of occurrence of Eimeria spp. infection was significantly higher in backyard poultry (45.86 %) compared to that in organised farms (31.13 %).

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Occurrence and diversity of Eimeria species in cattle in Hamedan province, Iran

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/7570-vetmed ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 59 (No. 6) ◽

pp. 271-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. Heidari ◽

Z. Sadeghi-Dehkordi ◽

R. Moayedi ◽

J. Gharekhani

Keyword(s):

Eimeria Species ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Western Iran ◽

Eimeria Spp ◽

Hamedan Province ◽

Cattle Farms ◽

Eimeria Infection

Information on the occurrence, diversity and economic losses due to Eimeria infection on cattle farms is lacking in Western Iran. The principal aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of Eimeria species in cattle in Hamedan province, Western Iran. In a cross-sectional study performed from June 2010 to April 2013, 400 faecal samples were collected randomly from animals without clinical signs from different cattle farms of Hamedan province and examined for Eimeria species infection using parasitology methods. The overall infection rate of Eimeria species was 8.25%. Nine species of Eimeria were identified including: E. bovis (23.7%), E. zuernii (19.2%), E. canadensis (12.6%), E. ellipsodalis (11.4%), E. alabamensis (10.4%), E. pellita (9.1%), E. auburnensis (6.8%), E. cylindrica (4.6%) and E. bukidnonensis (2.3%). There were statistically significant differences with respect to Eimeria infection and age group (P < 0.0001, OR = 6), although no statistically significant relationships were found for sex (P = 0.35) or faecal consistency (P = 0.587). In conclusion, this study is the first to report the prevalence and diversity of Eimeria species in cattle in Hamedan province. Infection with pathogenic Eimeria spp. was asymptomatic in all animals; this is the reason for the transmission of infection by carriers in this region. Therefore, integrated strategies should be utilised to prevent and control Eimeria spp. infection on cattle farms.  

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Etio-Epidemiological Studies on Diarrhoea in Cattle and Buffalo Calves

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-3894 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

S K Sharma ◽

Monika Joshi

Keyword(s):

Winter Season ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Buffalo Calves ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

E Coli ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Eimeria Spp ◽

Causative Agents

Calf diarrhoea is the most commonly encountered disease syndrome and significant cause of economic losses in dairy industry. Present investigation was undertaken to find out the prevalence of causative agents of diarrhoea in the bovine calves for a period of one year. The effect of age, sex, season and parity of dam was also studied. E. coli was the major organism (86.00 %) observed in the faecal samples of the diarrhoeic calves followed by rotavirus, Eimeria spp. and Amphistomes (15.00 % each); Toxocara spp. (12.00 %); Strongyles (9.00 %); Cryptosporidium spp. (6.00 %); Trichuris spp. (5.00 %); and Salmonella spp. and Strongyloides spp. (3.00 % each). The prevalence of rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. was found significantly higher in buffalo calves and crossbred calves than cow calves and Gir / local non-descript calves, respectively. The prevalence of Toxocara spp., Amphistomes and Strongyles in diarrhoeic buffalo calves was significantly higher than cow calves. Highest prevalence of E. coli and rotavirus was observed in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves of 0-15 days age group. Rotavirus was not detected in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves above 60 days age. The susceptibility of bovine calves for E. coli and rotavirus was found decreased with the advancement of the age. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in diarrhoeic faecal samples of bovine calves was observed only in 16-60 days age whereas Cryptosporidium spp. was found only in 0-30 days age. The most of the parasitic infestations were observed after 30 days of age in calves. The calves of both sexes were equally susceptible to different causative agents of diarrhoea. The prevalence of E. coli and most of the helminth ova in the faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves was found maximum during rainy season whereas the rotavirus was observed mostly during winter season. The prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella spp., rotavirus and Cryptosporidium spp. was found highest in the faecal samples of the diarrhoeic calves of first or second parity dams.

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Nutrition and Poultry Coccidiosis: Causes, Consequences and Current Strategies to Modulate the Disease

10.5772/intechopen.96995 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Luis-Miguel Gómez-Osorio ◽

Jenny-Jovana Chaparro-Gutiérrez ◽

Sara López-Osorio

Keyword(s):

Compensatory Growth ◽

Eimeria Species ◽

Economic Importance ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Protection Factor ◽

Intestinal Lesions ◽

Eimeria Spp ◽

Key Players ◽

Nutritional Strategies ◽

Poultry Coccidiosis

Eimeria spp. are parasites specialized in invade and replicate in the intestine, causing coccidiosis, an enteric disease of major economic importance worldwide. The disease causes losses in production and high morbidity ranging from bloody enteritis, with high mortality, to being subclinical silent but affecting feed intake and efficiency. However, intestinal lesions of the infection vary, depending on the species of coccidia. The most important Eimeria species in poultry are: E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. mitis, E. praecox and E. brunetti. All those species affect different anatomic sites of the intestine. Thus, they alter the homeostasis of the host reducing nutrient absorption and utilization. Nutritional factors are key players in several steps of the coccidiosis disease. Firstly, as a susceptibility or protection factor, secondly, during the process of infection and pathogenesis, and thirdly, in the recovery and compensatory growth of the bird. Otherwise, coccidiosis also triggers immune response in the intestine. To counter these complicated effects, there are nutritional strategies (including formulation of key amino acids, vitamins, short and medium chain fatty acids, prebiotics, enzymes, among others) that can be utilized to reduce the infection, alleviate the signs, and boost the compensatory growth after infection. This chapter review the impacts of coccidiosis in nutrition and discuss about of strategies to mitigate these risks.

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Prevalence and risk factors associated with Eimeria species infection in cattle of different geographical regions of Indonesia

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2021.2339-2345 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2339-2345

Author(s):

Fitrine Ekawasti ◽

Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo ◽

Lintang Winantya Firdausy ◽

April Hari Wardhana ◽

Dyah Haryuningtyas Sawitri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Beef Cattle ◽

Eimeria Species ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Intensive Management ◽

Adult Cattle ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Eimeria Spp ◽

Intensively Managed

Background and Aim: Eimeria spp. are gastrointestinal protozoans that affect animal productivity, thereby causing symptoms that range from bloody diarrhea to death. These symptoms cause economic losses to farmers. The distribution of Eimeria spp. in cattle has, therefore, been reported to have spread widely, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Indonesia is a tropical country at high risk of Eimeria infections. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors related to the levels of eimeriosis in beef cattle originating from different geographic areas in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Here, 817 fecal samples were collected from beef cattle in Indonesia, including 282 calves, 535 adults, 530 males, and 287 females. In addition, 156 semi-intensively and 661 intensively managed cattle were randomly collected. Then, fecal samples were analyzed by parasitology examinations. Results: Screening examination using the sugar flotation modification method showed that Eimeria spp. were prevalent in Indonesia, as 65.4% of the bacterial strain was detected. The prevalence of identified Eimeria spp. in Indonesia was highest in North Maluku (Maluku Island) (94.1%), whereas the lowest levels were observed in West Java (24.0%) (Java Island). The prevalence was also found to be higher in males (79.3%) than females (51.9%). Similarly, levels in semi-intensively managed cattle (66.7%) were higher than those subjected to intensive management (65.9%). However, its prevalence in calf and adult cattle was similar. Conclusion: Bovine eimeriosis spp. were detected at high prevalence in Indonesia, and high-level risks were observed in infected males, including those under the semi-intensive management. In addition, although the results from oocyst examinations were based on qualitative analysis, the endemicity levels of Eimeria spp. among farms in Indonesia should be considered because Eimeria spp. were distributed in most parts of Indonesia. Based on the results of this study, we provide the first information about the prevalence of bovine eimeriosis from different geographical locations in Indonesia, which have differing climates associated with the level of the existing risk factors. Hence, farmers are advised to pay more attention to strict biosecurity techniques on their farms, thereby favoring the early control of bovine eimeriosis.

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Patterns of Eimeria excretion in young Icelandic calves

Icelandic Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.16886/ias.2021.03 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 29-39

Author(s):

Charlotta Oddsdóttir ◽

Guðný Rut Pálsdóttir

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Eimeria Species ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Oocyst Excretion ◽

The Third ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Eimeria Spp ◽

Faecal Consistency ◽

Second Peak ◽

Eimeria Infection

Faecal samples were collected from a total of 11 calves on three dairy farms (four from two farms and three from one) where calves generally thrive well and no anti-coccidial treatment is habitually carried out. One of the farms keeps calves in groups on hay/straw bedding, one keeps calves in pairs on plastic slats and then in groups on concrete slats, and the third one keeps calves in groups on concrete slats. Faecal consistency and the total number of Eimeria spp. oocysts per gram faeces (OPG) were determined and species identification was carried out by morphology. Eimeria oocysts were detected in all calves at some point of the study period, and diarrhoea was seen in 55% of the calves. The highest peak in oocyst excretion was 69,300 OPG. The first peak in oocyst excretion was seen 2-3 weeks after calves had been moved to group pens, and a second peak was seen 2-3 weeks later. Nine Eimeria species were found, including E. bovis and E. zuernii. The results are in accordance with previous studies showing that one of the risk factors for Eimeria infection in calves is entering a group pen where older calves are already being kept.

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Coccidiosis Disease in Cattle in Indonesia and Development of Diagnostic Techniques

Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.14334/wartazoa.v29i3.2010 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 133

Author(s):

Fitrine Ekawasti ◽

April H Wardhana

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Method ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Eimeria Species ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Eimeria Spp ◽

The Government ◽

Cattle Farms

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan of the order Coccidia, the family Eimeriidae of the genus Eimeria which breeds rapidly in the digestive tract and is the most difficult disease to be controlled on cattle farms. Eimeria spp. in cattle can cause high economic losses and increase susceptibility against infectious diseases. Therefore, coccidiosis in cattle needs attention from the government. This paper reviews a number of diagnostic methods that can be used in the detection of Eimeria spp. in cattle based on the goals and objectives of the examination. The coccidiosis cases often do not show any clinical symptoms but can cause sudden death in livestock. The diagnostic method that still used at present is based on its morphology that should not be used in identifying Eimeria species because the morphological characteristics Eimeria spp. have similar shape and size structures between species (resembling morphology). An appropriate diagnostic method for Eimeria is needed in the context of controlling coccidiosis strategically.

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Eimeria Species and Haemosporidia of Domestic Chickens and Guinea Fowls Sold at Selected Poultry Markets in Lagos, Nigeria

Pan African Journal of Life Sciences ◽

10.36108/pajols/9102/20(0120) ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 67-72

Author(s):

Emmanuel T. Idowu ◽

Oluwayomi O. Adeyemi ◽

tephen C. Ezenwanne ◽

Olubunmi A. Otubanjo ◽

Morakinyo B. Ajayi

Keyword(s):

Eimeria Species ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Eimeria Spp ◽

Lagos State ◽

Intestinal Contents ◽

Chicken Breeds ◽

Live Bird

Introduction: Parasitic diseases are a major setback to sustainable poultry production. This study determined the occurrence of Eimeria species and haemosporidia among domestic chickens and helmeted guinea fowls in live-bird markets in Lagos State, Nigeria. Methods: Blood samples and intestinal contents at three distinct segments of the gut were collected from 60 domestic chickens and guinea fowls each. Wet smears of intestinal contents were microscopically examined for oocysts typical of Eimeria species while thin films of blood were Giemsa-stained for the demonstration of protozoa. Results: Results revealed that 19(31.7%) and 21(35%) chickens and guinea fowls w er e positive for Eimeria spp. infection respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in Eimeria spp. infections between the chicken breeds nor between sexes of both birds. Oocysts of Eimeria were mostly recovered from the caeca and small intestines of the guinea fowls and chickens respectively. Domestic chickens were infected with three different haemoprotozoa: Plasmodium spp. (23.3%), Leucocytozoon spp. (6.7%) and Haemoproteus spp. (3.3%); while Plasmodium spp. (15%) and Haemoproteus spp. (3.3%) were the only blood protozoa infecting guinea fowls. The infection rates of haemosporidia between the breeds of chickens and the sexes of both birds did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Conclusion: Eimeria parasites and haemosporidia are prevalent among chickens and guinea fowls sold in Lagos State. To prevent severe economic losses in the future, appropriate control measures should be designed and implemented.

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Prevalence and risk factors associated to Eimeria spp. infection in unweaned alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from Southern Peru

Acta Parasitologica ◽

10.1515/ap-2016-0008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pablo Díaz ◽

Rosario Panadero ◽

Rosalía López ◽

Aida Cordero ◽

Ana Pérez-Creo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Geographical Area ◽

Eimeria Species ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Herd Prevalence ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Southern Peru ◽

Eimeria Spp ◽

Eimeria Infection

AbstractA total of 350 faecal samples from unweaned alpacas over 3 months of age were collected from 23 herds in order to determine the prevalence of Eimeria spp. in Southern Peru and to identify the risk factors associated to Eimeria infection in young alpacas. Samples were examined by a flotation technique and the identification of risk factors was assessed by a logistic regression analysis. Sixty four percent of the examined animals shed Eimeria oocysts; herd prevalence was 96%, with an intra-herd prevalence of 60% (range 5.9-100%). Five different Eimeria species were identified, being E. lamae (91%), E. alpacae (87%) and E. punoensis (78%) the most prevalent; E. macusaniensis (35%) and E. ivitaensis (13%) were less common. Mixed-species infections were more frequent (78%) than single infections (22%). E. lamae was the most common monospecific infection and E. lamae/E. alpacae the most frequent association. The geographical area has a significant effect on Eimeria infection rates (74.9% wet Puna vs 37.4% dry Puna) as well as the breeding system (65.1% traditional vs 63.8% modern). In contrast, the sex of the animals (64.6% males vs 64.0% females) showed no influence on the prevalence of infection by Eimeria. The high prevalence found at both individual and herd level and the common presence of highly pathogenic Eimeria species may lead to important economic losses for alpaca breeders and could require the implementation of suitable control measures.

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Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Eimeria Species in Sheep and Goats in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt

Pakistan Veterinary Journal ◽

10.29261/pakvetj/2020.064 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (04) ◽

pp. 437-442

Author(s):

Eman AA Hassanen

Keyword(s):

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Eimeria Species ◽

Common Species ◽

Mixed Infections ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Eimeria Spp ◽

Single Clade ◽

Coccidial Infection ◽

Intensive System

Eimeria spp. infections are one of the most economically significant diseases of sheep and goats. This study aimed to identify Eimeria spp. and its prevalence in sheep and goats reared under the intensive system in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Faecal samples (n=125) from sheep (n=64) and goats (n=61) were collected in three main rearing cities. Floatation technique was used to detect the coccidian oocysts in collected samples. Oocysts were allowed to sporulate and then identified based on morphological features and molecular analysis. Prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection was 60.9% in sheep (39/64) and 83.6% (51/61) in goats. Nineteen Eimeria spp. were detected in both sheep and goats. In sheep, ten species (E. ahsata, E. pallida, E. intricata, E. ovinoidalis, E. marsica, E. bakuensis, E. faurei, E. granulosa, E. crandallis and E. parva) were identified with E. ahsata being the most prevalent (26.6%). However, only nine species (E. arloingi, E. alijevi, E. ninakohlyakimovae, E. hirci, E. christenseni, E. aspheronica, E. jolchijevi, E. caprina and E. caprovina) were found in goats and E. arloingi was the most common species (45.5%). Mixed infections with Eimeria spp. were detected in 43.6% (17/39) and 74.5% (38/51) of examined sheep and goats, respectively. The sequence of internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) region of E. ahsata was 100% similar to ovine E. ahsata, and clustered in a single clade with E. cardinalis and E. faurei. However, E. arloingi was 100% similar to E. arloingi of goat and clustered with bovine E. ellipsoidalis. Our results showed that coccidial infection in sheep and goats reared under intensive production in Sharkia Governorate is high, suggesting that a strategy for controlling the disease is required in Egypt

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Molecular Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus from Backyard Poultry Farms and Live Bird Markets in Kenya

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2018/2368597 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Irene N. Ogali ◽

Lucy W. Wamuyu ◽

Jacqueline K. Lichoti ◽

Erick O. Mungube ◽

Bernard Agwanda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease ◽

Cleavage Site ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Protein Cleavage ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Backyard Poultry ◽

Live Bird Markets ◽

Cross Border ◽

Poultry Farms ◽

Live Bird

Newcastle disease (ND) is a serious disease of poultry that causes significant economic losses. Despite rampant ND outbreaks that occur annually in Kenya, the information about the NDV circulating in Kenya is still scarce. We report the first countrywide study of NDV in Kenya. Our study is aimed at evaluating the genetic characteristics of Newcastle disease viruses obtained from backyard poultry in farms and live bird markets in different regions of Kenya. We sequenced and analyzed fusion (F) protein gene, including the cleavage site, of the obtained viruses. We aligned and compared study sequences with representative NDV of different genotypes from GenBank. The fusion protein cleavage site of all the study sequences had the motif 112RRQKRFV118 indicating their velogenic nature. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NDV from various sites in Kenya was highly similar genetically and that it clustered together with NDV of genotype V. The study samples were 96% similar to previous Ugandan and Kenyan viruses grouped in subgenotype Vd This study points to possible circulation of NDV of similar genetic characteristics between backyard poultry farms and live bird markets in Kenya. The study also suggests the possible spread of velogenic NDV between Kenya and Uganda possibly through cross-border live bird trade. Our study provides baseline information on the genetic characteristics of NDV circulating in the Kenyan poultry population. This highlights the need for the ND control programmes to place more stringent measures on cross-border trade of live bird markets and poultry products to prevent the introduction of new strains of NDV that would otherwise be more difficult to control.

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