scholarly journals ​In-vitro Effect of Different Abiotic Stresses on the Growth and Sporulation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing Anthracnose of Mango

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kannan ◽  
V. Dhivya
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Oatmeal Agar ◽  
Vitro Effect

Background: Mango productivity was very much affected due to a major fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose mango rot. The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of abiotic factors for the support of superficial growth of isolated fungus and finding a minimum inhibitory concentration of different fungicides. Methods: Among four different culture media tested, the highest radial growth and sporulation of the fungus were recorded in Oatmeal agar (OMA) (84 mm) followed by Conn’s agar (CA), Czapek Dox agar (CDA) and Potato dextrose agar (PDA). Among the different pH tested, pH 7.0 was found to be the best in supporting the good radial growth (69 mm) followed by pH 6.0 (56 mm), pH 5.5 (49 mm), pH 7.5 (43 mm) and pH 8.0 (37 mm). Among the various temperature tested, 25oC (69.32) was found to be the best followed by 20oC (52.53 mm), 30oC (65.23 mm) and 35oC. Result: Among the fungicides tested, Zineb 68% + Hexaconazole 4% WP (avtar) was found best as the radial growth was observed to be 45, 41, 36, 32, 25 mm at 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 ppm, respectively as compared to 80 mm in control. The fungicide Tricyclazole 18% + Mancozeb 62% WP (Merger) was found to be the least effective in checking the radial growth of C. gloeosporioides even at 100 ppm concentration.

scholarly journals Variation Among Isolates of Colletotrichum dematium var. truncata from Soybean and Three Colletotrichum spp. to Benomyl

1969 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
A. Rodríguez-Marcano ◽  
J. B. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Southern Illinois ◽  
Colletotrichum Dematium ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp

Three isolates of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum dematium var. truncata were obtained from soybean (Glycine max) during the 1975 growing season in central and southern Illinois and labeled Cd-1, Cd-2 and Cd-3. The three isolates produced curved conidia measuring between 17.8 to 23.3 µ long and 3.2 to 5.1 µ wide. Growth rate and spore production were variable among the three isolates with Cd-3 producing the most spores per cm2 of colony growth and Cd-2 producing the largest colony growth at 25° C. Isolate Cd-1, found to be tolerant to benomyl in vitro, showed a uniform radial-growth pattern on potato-dextrose agar amended with 1 to 350 µg/ml commercial benomyl, while isolates Cd-2 and Cd-3 showed a bimodal-type growth curve. Colletotrichum glycine and Coltetotrichum musae were sensitive to benomyl.

scholarly journals Curcumin-removed turmeric oleoresin nano-emulsion as a novel botanical fungicide to control anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) in litchi

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 729-741
Author(s):  
Van Cuong Bui ◽  
The Tam Le ◽  
Tuyen Hong Nguyen ◽  
Nam Thi Pham ◽  
Hoang Dinh Vu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Potent Inhibition ◽  
Nano Emulsion ◽  
Nano Formulation

Abstract During curcumin production in Vietnam, curcumin-removed turmeric oleoresin (CRTO) has been considered as a by-product. It costs to treat the by-product to prevent environmental pollution. In this study, the by-product was utilized as an active ingredient for preparing a botanical fungicide-based nano-emulsion and evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo control efficacy against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a causal agent of anthracnose of litchi, in the laboratory as well as a field trial. The nano-emulsion is colloidally stable and uniform with particle sizes of 95–250 nm. CRTO nano-emulsion significantly affected various Colletotrichum species. Notably, this nano-emulsion showed potent inhibition for the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides and solidly suppressed the development of anthracnose on litchi fruits. In the in vitro inhibition test, the equivalent half-maximal inhibitory concentration of CRTO in nano-formulation was 0.11 mg·mL−1, which was 3.0× and 6.1× lower than IC50 values of CRTO alone (0.33 mg·mL−1) and a mixture of curcuminoids (0.48 mg·mL−1), respectively. In the field trial, the litchi anthracnose infection was effectively controlled by nano-formulation. These results suggest that CRTO nano-emulsion could be used as an alternative to harmful synthetic fungicides to control anthracnose on litchi fruits.

scholarly journals Sour cherry anthracnose and possibilities of the control with special regard to resident Glomerella population in sour cherry plantations of East Hungary

2010 ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyula Oros ◽  
László Vajna ◽  
Klára Balázs ◽  
Zoltán Fekete ◽  
Zoltán Naár ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Special Regard

Anthracnose is considered one of the most destructive diseases for sour cherry production due to the rapid development of the disease on fruits. Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk (anam.: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz.) has been the fungal pathogen responsible for anthracnose in last decades. Yield losses greater than 90% may occur under epidemic conditions. C. acutatum (J.H. Simmonds, 1968) strains were isolated of sourcherry plantations in East Hungary and this pathogen, new for Hungarian microbiont became recently dominant. Contrarily to the former species it is certainly transmitted with ants during fruit ripening. About third of strains proved to be cutinase producers that enable them to actively penetrate via cuticule, and these strains infect directly berries of blackberry, grape and tomato as well as plum and apple. Most of cutinase negative strains could also infect these fruits after mechanic injury. All strains of both species produce amylase, cellulase, lecithinase, lipase, polyfenoloxydase and protease in vitro, although the activity of these enzymes highly varied in the medium. The only C. acutatum strains produced noticeable amount of chitinase. Strains, tolerant to recently applied fungicides to control the anthracnose, could be isolated of sour cherry plantations that might be the cause of ineffectiveness of control measures in 2010. The mycofungicide containing mixture of three Trichoderma species in oil carrier could efficiently depress the development of anthracnose in ripening sour cherry.

scholarly journals In vitro activities of Traganum nudatum and Mentha pulegium extracts combined with amphotericin B against Candida albicans in production of hydrolytic enzymes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikram Tefiani ◽  
Sidi Mohammed Lahbib Seddiki ◽  
Moustafa Yassine Mahdad
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Mentha Pulegium ◽  
Hydrolytic Activities

Background and Purpose: Candida albicans is an important microorganism in the normal flora of a healthy subject; however, it has an expedient pathogenic character that induces hydrolytic virulence. Regarding this, the present study aimed to find an in vitro alternative that could reduce the virulence of this yeast. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, the effect of amphotericin B (AmB) combined with the extract of Traganum nudatum (E1) or Mentha pulegium (E2) was evaluated against the hydrolytic activities of esterase, protease, and phospholipase. This effect was determined by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), used to adjust the extract/AmB mixtures in culture media. Results: The evaluated Pz values, which corresponded to the different enzymatic activities, showed a decrease in the hydrolytic activities of C. albicans strains after the addition of E1/AmB and E2/AmB combinations at descending concentrations (lower than the obtained MICs). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it would be possible to reduce the pathogenesis of this species without destabilizing the balance of the flora.

scholarly journals Effect of Combined Leukocyte-Poor Platelet-Rich Plasma and Hyaluronic Acid on Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Chondrocyte Metabolism

Cartilage ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 194760351985873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Satin ◽  
Jolanta B. Norelli ◽  
Nicholas A. Sgaglione ◽  
Daniel A. Grande
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Vitro Effect

ObjectiveGiven the potential applications of combined biologics, the authors sought to evaluate the in vitro effect of combined platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) on cellular metabolism.DesignBone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and chondrocytes were obtained from the femurs of Sprague-Dawley rats. An inflammatory model was created by adding 10 ng/mL interleukin-1-beta to culture media. Non-crosslinked high-molecular-weight HA, activated-PRP (aPRP), and unactivated-PRP (uPRP) were tested. Cellular proliferation and gene expression were measured at 1 week. Genes of interest included aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and MMP-13.ResultsCombined uPRP-HA was associated with a significant increase in chondrocyte and BMSC proliferation at numerous preparations. There was a trend of increased chondrocyte aggrecan expression with combined PRP-HA. The greatest and only significant decrease in BMSC MMP-9 expression was observed with combined PRP-HA. While a significant reduction of BMSC MMP-13 expression was seen with PRP and HA-alone, a greater reduction was observed with PRP-HA. MMP-9 chondrocyte expression was significantly reduced in cells treated with PRP-HA. PRP-alone and HA-alone at identical concentrations did not result in a significant reduction. The greatest reduction of MMP-13 chondrocyte expression was observed in chondrocytes plus combined PRP-HA.ConclusionsWe demonstrated a statistically significant increase in BMSC and chondrocyte proliferation and decreased expression of catabolic enzymes with combined PRP-HA. These results demonstrate the additive in vitro effect of combined PRP-HA to stimulate cellular growth, restore components of the articular extracellular matrix, and reduce inflammation.

scholarly journals Preliminary Evaluation of In Vitro Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Effect of Salt on Leptospira spp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Giovanni Cilia ◽  
Filippo Fratini ◽  
Elena della Buona ◽  
Fabrizio Bertelloni
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Environmental Resistance ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
Vitro Effect ◽  
Reference Strains

Environmental resistance is an important factor for understanding the epidemiology of leptospirosis. Recently, new Leptospira hosts were identified, including also marine mammals. Moreover, halotolerant Leptospira strain, isolated from the environment and animals, highlighted the capability of this microorganism to persist in the seawater. The aim of this research was to investigate the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of salt on Leptospira strains belonging to 16 different serovars. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were verified through the microdilutions method starting from a 20% sodium chloride concentration. MIC values obtained were between 0.3125% and 10% of salt, while MBC values between 0.625% and >20%. Icterohaemorrhagiae (MIC: 0.3125%; MBC: 0.625%) resulted the most inhibited serovar, while the most resistant was Tarassovi (MIC: 10%; MBC: >20%). Interestingly, trends were reported for Pomona (MIC: 1.25%; MBC: >20%) and Bratislava (MIC: 0.625%; MBC: 20%), highlighting low MIC values but high MBC values. This is the first investigation aimed at the in vitro effect of salt on the growth of Leptospira spp. reference strains.

scholarly journals Farnesol increases the activity of echinocandins against Candida auris biofilms

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fruzsina Nagy ◽  
Zoltán Tóth ◽  
Lajos Daróczi ◽  
Adrien Székely ◽  
Andrew M Borman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Candida Auris ◽  
Independence Model ◽  
Microscope Images ◽  
Vitro Effect ◽  
Volume Range ◽  
Quorum Sensing Molecule ◽  
Bliss Independence ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Candida auris biofilms exhibit decreased susceptibility to echinocandins, which is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Farnesol is a quorum-sensing molecule enhancing the activity of antifungals; therefore, we evaluated the in vitro effect of farnesol with anidulafungin, caspofungin, or micafungin against biofilms using fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FICI), Bliss independence model, LIVE/DEAD-assay and scanning electron microscopy. Based on mathematical models, farnesol caused synergism in eleven out of twelve cases (FICIs range 0.133-0.507; Bliss synergy volume range 70.39–204.6 μM2%). This was confirmed by microscope images of combination-exposed biofilms. Our study showed the prominent effect of farnesol with echinocandins against C. auris biofilms.

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature and pH on Fusarium oxysporum and Soybean Seedling Disease

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 3234-3243
Author(s):  
David R. Cruz ◽  
Leonor F. S. Leandro ◽  
Gary P. Munkvold
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Artificial Culture ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Seedling Disease ◽  
Soybean Seedlings

Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is an important pathogen that reduces soybean yield by causing seedling disease and root rot. This study assessed the effects of pH and temperature on Fo fungal growth and seedling disease. In an in vitro assay, 14 Fo isolates collected from symptomatic soybean roots across Iowa in 2007 were grown on artificial culture media at five pH levels (4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) and incubated at four temperatures (15, 20, 25, or 30°C). In a rolled-towel assay, soybean seeds from Fo-susceptible cultivar Jack were inoculated with a suspension of a pathogenic or a nonpathogenic Fo isolate; both isolates were previously designated for their relative aggressiveness in causing root rot at 25°C. The seeds were placed in rolled germination paper, and the rolls were incubated in all combinations of buffer solutions at four pH levels (4, 5, 6, and 7), and four temperatures (15, 20, 25, or 30°C). There was a significant interaction between temperature and pH (P < 0.05) for in vitro radial growth and root rot severity. Isolates showed the most in vitro radial growth after incubation at pH 6 and 25°C. For the rolled-towel assay, the pathogenic isolate caused the most severe root rot at pH 6 and 30°C. Gaussian regression analysis estimates for optimal conditions were pH 6.3 at 27.1°C for maximal fungal growth and pH 5.9 at 30°C for maximal root rot severity. These results indicate that optimal pH and temperature conditions are similar for Fo growth and disease in soybean seedlings and suggest that Fo may be a more important seedling pathogen when soybeans are planted under warm conditions in moderately acidic soils.

Phosphite-based Products in the In vitro Colletotrichum musae Control

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Maria Luísa Mendes Rodrigues ◽  
Edson Hiydu Mizobutsi ◽  
Paola Junayra Lima Prates ◽  
Paula Virgínia Leite Duarte ◽  
Regina Cássia Ferreira Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
State University ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Colletotrichum Musae ◽  
Study Laboratory ◽  
Vitro Effect

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of different phosphite formulations and concentrations on the development of Colletotrichum musae. Sample: to evaluate the inhibition of germination, mycelial growth and sporulation of Colletotrichum musae. Study Design:  Treatments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with 4 replicates, each replicate consisting of 1 Petri dish. Place and Duration of Study:  Laboratory of Post-Harvest Pathology, State University of Montes Claros, between March and October 2017. Methodology: Three different phosphite formulations were used: FCu1 (4% Cu + 20% P2O5), FCu2 (4% Cu + 22% P2O5) at concentrations of 0.5;1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mL L-1 and FK (42% P2O5 + 27.7% K2O) at concentrations of 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mg.L-1. Products were incorporated into the respective culture media. Culture medium alone and culture medium + imazalil were used as controls. Petri dishes were housed in BOD chamber at 25°C under a 12 hours photoperiod. Results: Results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression, and means were compared by the Tukey test (P <0.05). Control was compared to the other treatments by the Dunnet's test (P <0.05). Among the tested phosphite formulations, copper and potassium phosphites were found to reduce the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum musae. FCu2 presents a fungicide-like effect from the concentration of 0.5 m.L-1 in the control of conidia production. As for the FCu1, a fungicide-like effect was observed in the control of germination from the concentration of 1.5 mL.L-1. Conclusion: A significant fungistatic effect was observed between the concentrations of the products in the mycelial growth, sporulation and germination obtaining control of up to 100% of the development of C. musae. Copper phosphites were as effective as fungicide in inhibiting fungal development.

scholarly journals PROSPECÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL BIOTECNOLÓGICO DE LINHAGENS COMERCIAIS DE SHIITAKE

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 640-649
Author(s):  
Dalvan Pereira Abilio ◽  
Olívia Gomes Martins ◽  
Giovana Silva ◽  
Meire Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Eucalyptus Sawdust

PROSPECÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL BIOTECNOLÓGICO DE LINHAGENS COMERCIAIS DE SHIITAKE   DALVAN PEREIRA ABÍLIO1, OLÍVIA GOMES MARTINS2, GIOVANA CRISTINA PINTO ALVES DA SILVA3, MEIRE CRISTINA NOGUEIRA DE ANDRADE4   1 Graduando em Ciências Biológicas, Centro Universitário Sagrado Coração – Unisagrado, R. Irmã Arminda, 10-50 - Jardim Brasil, 17011-160 Bauru, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Doutoranda em Agronomia – Energia na Agricultura, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Av. Universitária, 3780 - Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Mestre em Agronomia – Energia na Agricultura, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Av. Universitária, 3780 - Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Docente da Faculdade Gran Tietê, Av. 15 de Novembro, 125 - Centro, 17340-000, Barra Bonita, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]   RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar o crescimento micelial in vitro de quatro linhagens comerciais de Lentinula edodes (LE-241, LE-242, LE-243 e LE-244) em meio de cultura à base de serragem de eucalipto, suplementado com bagaço de malte ou farelo de trigo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x4 (substratos x linhgens), totalizando oito tratamentos, cada um com cinco repetições. Os substratos foram preparados com 20% de suplementação, acrescidos de calcário (tamponante), umidificados e esterilizados. Os meios de cultura foram preparados a partir da infusão dos substratos, filtração, adição de ágar e esterilização. As placas foram inoculadas com as linhagens e o crescimento radial do micélio na superfície do meio de cultura foi mensurado com paquímetro. O menor desenvolvimento micelial ocorreu com a linhagem LE-241 e com a linhagem LE-243 no substrato suplementado com farelo de trigo. Os maiores desenvolvimentos foram obtidos com as linhagens LE-242 e LE-244 no substrado suplementado com bagaço de malte. O desenvolvimento de todas as linhagens foi maior no substrato suplementado com bagaço de malte. Sendo assim, a utilização do bagaço de malte para o crescimento micelial é uma alternativa viável à suplementação tradicional com farelo de trigo.   Palavras-chave: fungos, cogumelo, Lentinula edodes, micélio, bagaço de malte.   PROSPECTING AND EVALUATING THE BIOTECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF SHIITAKE COMMERCIAL STRAINS   ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the in vitro mycelial growth of four commercial Lentinula edodes strains (LE-241, LE-242, LE-243 and LE-244) in a culture medium based on eucalyptus sawdust, supplemented with malt bagasse or wheat bran. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2x4 factorial scheme (substrates x strains), totaling eight treatments, each with five repetitions. The substrates were prepared with 20% supplementation, added with lime (buffer), humidified and sterilized. The culture media were prepared from the infusion of substrates, filtration, addition of agar and sterilization. The plates were inoculated with the strains and the radial growth of the mycelium on the surface of the culture medium was measured using a caliper. The smallest mycelial growth occurred with the LE-241 strain and with the LE-243 strain on the substrate supplemented with wheat bran. The greatest growths were obtained with the LE-242 and LE-244 strains in the substrate supplemented with malt bagasse. The development of all strains was greater in the substrate supplemented with malt bagasse. Therefore, the use of malt bagasse for mycelial growth is a viable alternative to traditional wheat bran supplementation.   Keywords: fungi, mushroom, Lentinula edodes, mycelium, malt bagasse.

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