scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL HYGIENIC ESTIMATION OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN DRINKING WATER, AND ITS HARDNESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 811-819
Author(s):  
E. M. Trofimovich ◽  
S. A. Nedovesova ◽  
Roman I. Aizman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

Introduction. The lack of hygienic norms for Mg2+ and Ca2+ in drinking water and the wide ranges of acceptable hygienic norms (AHN) of these cations in water packaged in containers determine the relevance of experimental studies on the substantiation of AHN of Mg2+, Ca2+ and the hardness of drinking water with a centralized water supply to the population. Material and methods. Chronic experiments were performed on 5 groups of adult Wistar rats (n = 50): control animals received drinking water (Ca2+ 20.0; Mg2+ 6.0 mg / dm3, hardness 1.5-1.8 mEq/dm3); four other groups received model drinking water with different contents of Ca2+ (50, 80, 100 and 140 mg/dm3) and Mg2+ (20, 40, 55 and 85 mg/dm3) by adding CaCl2 or MgSO4 salts to the control water. The effect of these drinking water samples on kidney function, ion osmotic blood parameters, plasma metabolites of lipid and protein metabolism, as well as the concentration of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and cortisol were studied. Results. Prolonged action of increased concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the organism was established to cause alterations in fat metabolism, the adaptive activation of osmoregulatory and ion regulatory kidney functions, increasing the concentration of thyroid hormones and a decrease of cortisol titer in plasma. Magnesium led to more pronounced changes in water-salt metabolism, and at a concentration of 85.0 mg/dm3 (7.0 mg-Eq/dm3) - to depletion of secretion of the described hormones. Conclusion. Based on the obtained results, individual ranges for AHN of calcium and magnesium concentrations in water were recommended. The upper limit of AHN of drinking water total hardness is of 7.0 mg-Eq/dm3 at the joint presence of Ca2+and Mg2+. The rule of hygienic qualitative and quantitative estimation of calcium and magnesium types of drinking water hardness is formulated.

scholarly journals Removal of hardness from drinking water by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1413-1417
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Hardness Removal ◽  
Study Laboratory

In the present study laboratory studies are carried out to examine the removal of hardness by electrocoagulation process from drinking water using iron rod electrodes in batch mode. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of EC process in removal of water hardness through iron-rod electrodes in varying conditions. Experimental water sample was taken from water distribution network of local area Pune City, Maharashtra state, India. The indices for calcium and total hardness removal in pH (4.0, 7.0, and 10.0), electrical potential of 12 and 24 V and reaction times of 5 minutes to 30 minutes were measured. The maximum efficiency of hardness removal which was obtained at pH 10.0, voltage of 12 and reaction time of 60 min are equal to 98.5% and 97.5% for calcium and total hardness, respectively. Final pH of remained solution has also increased which rises with acidic pH and decreases in alcoholic pH, so the results demonstrate the direct effect of pH, potential difference and reaction time on hardness removal using EC process.

scholarly journals Influence of drinking water from water supply systems on the occurrence of urolithiasis in residents of the Primorsky territory in 1991–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 300-306
Author(s):  
Victor K. Koval’chuk ◽  
Dmitry V. Maslov
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Supply Systems

Introduction. The imbalance of macroelements in the soft low-mineralized drinking water of the Primorsky Territory water supply systems can be a risk factor for developing many somatic diseases in the population. Aim: hygienic identification of the mineral composition components of drinking water, posing a risk factor for urolithiasis in children, adolescent, and adult populations over a 25-year follow-up period. Methods include identification of formal statistical relationships between mean annual content of iron, silicon, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, total hardness in drinking water (534 water pipes and 1929 wells), and incidence of urolithiasis in the population (34 administrative areas) by rank correlation analysis, identification cause-effect relations on medical-statistical and hygienic criteria, assessment of the geographical distribution of the attributive risk of urolithiasis at the population level. Results. The relation “cause-effect” has been established between the paired ratio of calcium and magnesium in drinking water and incidence of urolithiasis in adults, adolescents, and children. Increased concentrations of silicon, manganese, and iron in drinking water do not affect the studied incidence level. The maximum risk of urolithiasis in the population is mainly located in the North and East of the Primorsky Territory. Conclusions. An imbalance of calcium and magnesium against a background of magnesium deficiency in tap and well water is the priority risk factor of aquatic origin for urolithiasis in the Primorsky Territory; the features of the geographical distribution of the immediate risk of urolithiasis among the population make it possible to form a scientifically based plan for the sequence of implementation of primary prevention measures for this disease in the region.

The Influence of Total Hardness on Chlorine Decay in Water Distribution Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 535 ◽  
pp. 776-784
Author(s):  
Jing Qing Liu ◽  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Jian Min Wu ◽  
Cong Li
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Chlorine Concentration ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Decay Constants ◽  
Chlorine Decay ◽  
The Impact

Free chlorine decay is a main issue in drinking water treatment since free chlorine concentration is a common indicator in drinking water security. The current view of free chlorine decay is that the process is mainly affected by the natural organic matter in water, temperature and initial chlorine concentration, on which temperature has the most evidently effect. As is generally accepted, total hardness has no effect on it. This paper investigated the impact of water hardness on the chlorine decay. The influence of varying metal ions concentrations which contribute to water hardness on effective chlorine decay constants was assessed. The results implied that total hardness had an evidently influences on the chlorine decay in tap water or DI water. For the range of metal ions concentration in this experiment effective chlorine decay constants ranged from an increase by +182% to +349% from the different concentration of metal ions.

scholarly journals Thyroid hormones, blood plasma metabolites and haematological parameters in relationship to milk yield in dairy cows

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Blum ◽  
P. Kunz ◽  
H. Leuenberger ◽  
K. Gautschi ◽  
M. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Dry Period

ABSTRACTTo study their relationship to milk yield, the concentrations, in jugular venous blood, of thyroxine iodine (T4I), thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine (T3), glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, urea, haemoglobin and packed cell volume (PCV) have been measured in 36 cows (Simmental, Swiss Brown, Holstein and Simmental × Holstein) of different ages during a full lactation, pregnancy, dry period, parturition and 150 days of the ensuing lactation. Thyroid hormones and triglycerides were negatively, and total protein, globulin, cholesterol and phospholipids were positively, correlated with uncorrected or corrected milk yield during several periods of lactation, whereas glucose, NEFA, albumin, urea, haemoglobin and packed cell volume were not correlated with milk yield. The 10 animals with the highest milk yield (18·9 to 23·5 kg/day) exhibited significantly lower values of T4I, T4, T3 and glucose, significantly higher levels of total protein and globulin and tended to have higher levels of NEFA than the 10 cows with the lowest milk yield (10·9 to 14·3 kg/day) throughout or during certain periods of lactation, whereas concentrations of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, albumin, haemoglobin and PCV did not differ. Changes in T4I, T4, T3, glucose and total protein during lactation were also influenced by age, presumably associated with an increase in milk production with age. T3 was consistently lowest and cholesterol and phospholipids, during later stages of lactation, were highest in Holsteins, which had the highest milk yields of all breeds. Changes of blood parameters were mainly caused by shifts in energy and protein metabolism in association with level of milk production

THE VALUE OF ORGANOLEPTIC INDICATORS OF DRINKING WATER THE ROSTOV REGION, AS FACTORS OF THE EPIDEMIC SAFETY OF POPULATION HEALTH

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Timur Khetsuriani ◽  
Elena Chaplygina ◽  
Tatyana Zhukova ◽  
Elgudzha Khetsuriani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
Mass Development

The article presents an overview of the mass development of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in the don river of the Rostov region, which leads to the phenomenon, received in the literature the name of harmful “flowering” of water. The harmfulness of the mass development of cyanobacteria is changes in organoleptic characteristics of drinking water, which lead to the production of a large number of dangerous to human health and animal toxins, to reduce water quality, violation of the aesthetic appearance of the reservoir, the loss of useful human properties of the aquatic ecosystem and are factors of epidemic safety of public health. Experimental studies of the properties of cyanobacteria and toxins produced by blue-green algae are pre-sented. The first studies were carried out at the pilot plant on the technology of purification of flowering don water to ensure environmental safety of drinking water and public health.

scholarly journals Effect of Acetic Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplemented to Drinking Water on Water Quality, Growth Performance, Organ Weights, Cecal Traits and Hematological Parameters of Young Broilers

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1865
Author(s):  
Yordan Martínez ◽  
Cristopher Isaac Almendares ◽  
Cristhian José Hernández ◽  
Mavir Carolina Avellaneda ◽  
Ana Melissa Urquía ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Organ Weights

To evaluate the effect of acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate supplemented to drinking water on water quality, growth performance, relative organ weights, cecal traits and hematological parameters of broilers, a total of 456 one-day-old Cobb MV × Cobb 500 FF mixed broilers were randomly placed in three experimental treatments, with four replicates per treatment and 38 birds per replicate, for 10 days. The treatments consisted of the use of acetic acid (0.4%; T1) as acidifier, an apparently neutral pH (T2) and sodium bicarbonate (1%; T3) as alkalizer of the drinking water. T3 showed the highest values (p < 0.05) for total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, salinity and pH. T1 and T2 showed the same productive response (p > 0.05); however, T3 decreased (p < 0.05) body weight, feed intake and the relative weight of the pancreas and immune organs and increased (p < 0.05) water intake, mortality and relative weight of the heart and liver. Likewise, T3 increased (p < 0.05) the cecal pH, although without changes for the cecal lactic cecal bacteria count and blood parameters (p > 0.05). The acid pH of the drinking water had no effect on the biological response of broilers compared to T2; however, the T3 provoked high mortality, ascites, low productivity and abnormal growth of some organs.

scholarly journals Association Between Weight Gain, Blood Parameters, and Thyroid Hormones and the Development of Ascites Syndrome in Broiler Chickens

2001 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 965-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Luger ◽  
D. Shinder ◽  
V. Rzepakovsky ◽  
M. Rusal ◽  
S. Yahav
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Ascites Syndrome

Effect of vegetation on limestone solution in a small High Arctic basin

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Ko Woo ◽  
Philip Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Equilibrium Partial Pressure ◽  
Biogenic Carbon

To evaluate the effect of tundra vegetation on limestone solution processes, the present study was carried out in a small basin in southwestern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T. A test reach was selected along the stream, and water samples were collected at regular intervals from a seepage point entering the reach, a soil water pit at the bottom of a vegetated slope along the test reach, and from the stream at the outlet of the reach. Hydrochemical characteristics of the samples were described by several measured and calculated variables including water temperature, pH, calcium and total hardness, bicarbonate concentration, equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and indices of saturation with respect to calcite and dolomite. Throughout the growing season of 1975, all samples indicated higher concentrations in water hardness and in bicarbonate than those reported in nonvegetated areas of the Arctic. A rising trend was apparent in these data, with the concentrations reaching a seasonal maximum in late summer. These phenomena are attributed to the production of biogenic carbon dioxide, which increased the aggressiveness of the water. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in soil water was directly increased by this process, while the addition of soil water to the stream caused noticeable downstream increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide and a corresponding reduction in saturation with respect to calcite and to dolomite. The influence of vegetation was therefore very marked in both surface and in subsurface flows.

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL RATION ON CHANGES IN BLOOD COMPONENTS OF STEERS GIVEN ACCESS TO LUSH PASTURE

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. LISTER ◽  
W. SZEPESI ◽  
K. A. WINTER ◽  
H. F. JEFFERS ◽  
V. S. LOGAN
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Lactic Acid Concentration ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Supplemental Feed ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Subsequent Effect ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

Prepasture feeding of low quality hay versus hay and grain had no subsequent effect on rumen fluid ammonia, blood urea, or plasma calcium, glucose and lactic acid concentration in steers turned out on lush pasture. Steers previously fed hay and grain had lower plasma magnesium levels on the first day on unsupplemented pasture than those fed hay prior to pasture. Supplemental feed on pasture partly alleviated the depression in plasma magnesium on the first day on pasture. Feeding supplemental hay with pasture tended to lower rumen fluid ammonia, blood urea and plasma lactic acid compared with feeding no supplement during the initial days on pasture, indicating the desirability of hay feeding during this time. A hay and grain supplement with pasture had a similar effect to the hay supplement on rumen-fluid ammonia, and plasma lactic acid, but a lesser effect on blood urea concentration. Neither supplemental hay nor hay plus grain affected plasma calcium or glucose levels. All steers showed an increase in rumen fluid ammonia, blood urea and plasma lactic acid on the first day and a decrease in plasma calcium and magnesium on the second day on pasture. Blood urea, plasma magnesium and plasma calcium concentrations had not returned to prepasture levels by 21 days on pasture.

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