scholarly journals KEKERASAN DAN KEKUASAAN DALAM PRAKSIS BERBAHASA: Memahami Kekerasan dalam Perspektif Galtung

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Mudjia Rahardjo
Keyword(s):  
Language Teaching ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Language Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Symbolic Reality

<p>As a social phenomenon, violence has attracted the interest of social scientists to further study, cultivate and explore its exploratory theorists. One of them is Johan Galtung. This paper explores Galtung's theory of violence in relation to language practice. According to Johan Galtung, violence occurs when humans are affected in such a way that actual physical and mental realizations are under their potential realization. Galtung will see something as violent if in the future the event can be overcome or prevented, but still left. As a symbolic reality, language can not be separated from the inner world of the wearer and the social setting that exists. These include social conflicts such as violence, murder, rape, looting, harassment, robbery, repression, and so on. Coinciding with the violent phenomenon that plagues this nation, modesty or ethical language is now experiencing erosion or extraordinary setbacks. To overcome this, ethics of language decency needs to be addressed in the context of language teaching in Indonesian cultural lands.</p><p> </p><p>Sebagai fenomena sosial, kekerasan telah menarik minat para ilmuwan sosial untuk lebih jauh mempelajari, menggeluti dan mencari  teoretis eksplanatorisnya. Salah satu di antaranya ialah Johan Galtung. Tulisan ini memaparan tentang teori kekerasan Galtung dalam hubunganya dengan praktik bahasa. Menurut Johan Galtung, kekerasan terjadi bila manusia dipengaruhi sedemikian rupa sehingga realisasi jasmani dan mental aktualnya berada di bawah realisasi potensialnya. Galtung akan melihat sesuatu sebagai kekerasan bila di masa mendatang peristiwa tersebut bisa diatasi atau dicegah, tetapi tetap dibiarkan. Sebagai realitas simbolik, bahasa tidak bisa lepas dari dunia batin pemakainya dan setting sosial yang ada. Termasuk di antaranya konflik-konflik sosial berupa kekerasan, pembunuhan, pemerkosaan, penjarahan, pelecehan, perampokan, penindasan, dan lain sebagainya. Berbarengan dengan fenomena kekerasan yang melanda bangsa ini, kesopanan atau etika berbahasa kini mengalami erosi atau kemunduran luar biasa. Untuk mengatasi itu, etika kesopanan berbahasa perlu disikapi dalam konteks pengajaran bahasa dalam lahan budaya Indonesia.  </p><p> </p><p> </p>

Calvin Studies in Context

2017 ◽  
Vol 97 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 334-345
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Woo
Keyword(s):  
Faith Communities ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
Biblical Exegesis ◽  
Work Related ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Life Work

Over the past fifty years Calvin research has seen significant turns toward interest in Calvin’s biblical exegesis, the social setting in which he was embedded, and the Frenchman’s self-understanding vis-à-vis such lived realities. These developments have resulted in a more deeply historicized Calvin, highlighting the benefits of contextual approaches for illuminating his life, work, and influence. At the same time, such research has relativized ideas about the reformer’s significance and originality. The future for Calvin research in an academy focused increasingly on contexts far removed from Reformation Europe should follow a similar course, relating the questions and insights of Calvin studies to an expanding group of conversation partners across diverse fields. Such projects include interdisciplinary historical work on Calvin’s context, more nuanced examination of Calvin’s reception in different settings up to the present day, and historically informed theological work related to the practices of faith communities.

scholarly journals Ritual Mandi Pengantin: Kecemasan, Harapan dan Tafsir Simbolis tentang Masa Depan

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-20
Author(s):  
Nurmasitah Nurmasitah ◽  
Muliono Muliono
Keyword(s):  
Social Setting ◽  
Symbolic System ◽  
Sacred Values ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future

The ritual of bridal shower reflects a symbolic system and has a relation to the being, the sacred and the profane. Phenomenologically, this study is intended to discuss the ritual of bridal bathing. The approach used to reveal the ritual’s meaning is the interpretation of symbolic. This study used a qualitative. The social setting of this research was carried out in community of Banjar, in the Tambilahan, Indragiri Hilir. Data were collected through interviews, observation and documentation. This study shows that the bridal bath ritual has three fundamental aspects in which the ritual is practiced by Banjar community. First, as a culture heritization of the ancestors. Second, as a diealectic of feelings: fear and hope in the life of the bride family. Third, as a symbolic reflection of the sacred values. The bridal bath ritual on the sequel becomes a path for the brides and their families to spared the disturbance of the being or evil orchestra, repudiating the fear, the anxiety, and as a path of household resilience in the future.

scholarly journals Future Anticipation in Sociology

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
Carlos Miguel Ferreira ◽  
Sandro Serpa
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
The Future ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Scientific Fields

The ability to make forecasts about events is a goal favored by the so-called exact sciences. In sociology and other social sciences, the forecast, although often sought after, is not likely to be realized unconditionally. This article seeks to problematize and discuss the connection between sociology and forecast. The object of study of sociology has particular features that distinguish it from other scientific fields, namely facts and social situations, which deal with trends; the systems of belief of social scientists and policymakers that can influence the attempt to anticipate the future; the dissemination of information and knowledge produced by sociology and other social sciences, which have the potential to change reality and, consequently, to call into question their capacity for the social forecast. These principles pose challenges to sociology’s heuristic potentials, making the reflection on these challenges indispensable in the scientific approach to social processes.

scholarly journals A Pragmatist's Guide to Prediction in the Social Sciences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Verhagen
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Philosophical Debate ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Many

Making out-of-sample predictions is an under-utilised tool in the social sciences, often for the wrong reasons. Many social scientists confuse prediction with unnecessarily complicated methods, or narrowly predicting the future. This is unfortunate, because prediction understood as the simple process of evaluating a model outside of the sample used for estimation is a much more general, and disarmingly simple technique that brings a host of benefits to our empirical workflow. One needn't use complicated methods or be solely concerned with predicting the future to use prediction, nor is it necessary to resolve the centuries-old philosophical debate between prediction and explanation to appreciate its benefits. Prediction can and should be used as a simple complement to the rich methodological tradition in the social sciences, and is equally applicable across a vast multitude of modelling approaches, owing to its simplicity and intuitive nature. For all its simplicity, the value of prediction should not be underestimated. Prediction can address some of the most enduring sources of criticism plaguing the social sciences, like lack of external validity and the use of overly simplistic models to capture social life. In this paper, I illustrate these benefits with a host of empirical examples that merely skim the surface of the many and varied ways in which prediction can be applied, staking the claim that prediction is one of those illustrious `free lunches' that can greatly benefit the empirical social sciences.

scholarly journals Perspective sur la prospective

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-342
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Migué
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Adaptation Mechanisms ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Physical Variables ◽  
Long Term Forecasting ◽  
World Output

Long term forecasting, as popularized by some recent models of the world, appears to be a-scientific from the standpoint of the social scientists. The basis for this radical judgment is threefold: First, structural relations incorporated into these models of the world seldom go further than stating rigid relations between some physical variables and world output. Second, the factual basis on which these relations are built is often not validated by past trends. Finally, the framework within which these models are cast rules out all possibly for the social sciences to contribute to our understanding of the future. Political and economic adaptation mechanisms are excluded. Futurology as developed by some models is based on poor measurement and poor theory.

scholarly journals A Brief History of the Future of World Society

2005 ◽  
pp. 159-169
Author(s):  
Mark Herkenrath ◽  
Claudia König ◽  
Hanno Scholtz
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
International Symposium ◽  
World Society ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Of Zurich ◽  
The University

Earlier versions of the articles in this issue were presented and discussed atthe international symposium on “The Future of World Society,” held in June 2004 at the University of Zurich.¹ The theme of the symposium implied two assumptions. One, there is in fact a world society, though still very much in formation. And two, as social scientists we are in a position to predict the future of that society with at least some degree of certainty. The ?rst of these assumptions will be addressed in Alberto Martinelli’s timely contribution, “From World System to World Society?” It is the second assumption which is of interest to us in this introduction. Are the social sciences really able to predict the future of world society?

The Limits of Social Science: Henry Adams' Quest for Order

1956 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1074-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry S. Kariel
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Empirical Science ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Henry Adams ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Thought

Contemporary social scientists generally regard Henry Adams as a brilliant but erratic figure in the history of American thought. Their image of him is that of a gifted but unreliable and unscientific writer. Yet it is striking how, upon a re-examination of his approach to his world, there emerges a cluster of attitudes and preoccupations which clearly anticipate much of what is significant in the work of these social scientists themselves. The reason why Adams is not, however, regarded as a forerunner of present-day students of society is that he never kept himself from pushing his theories to conclusions. If those who share his scientific ideals must ultimately reach his conclusions, the limits of their science might be exposed by a reconsideration of his personal battle, of his peculiar pains, trials, and failures.Anticipating familiar tendencies, Adams made a case for irrationalism insofar as he pleaded for the conversion of theory into action; for conservatism insofar as he supported the reduction of discords by a manipulative science of means; and for elitism insofar as he permitted the practitioners of empirical science to settle the social conflicts left open to debate by the traditional methods of politics and philosophy.

Evolutionary Theorization of Peaceful International Changes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiping Tang
Keyword(s):  
Social Evolution ◽  
Niche Construction ◽  
International System ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
The Future ◽  
Evolutionary Science

Why hasn’t international relations (IR) been an evolutionary science? This article contends that a properly constructed evolutionary approach, or what I call the “social evolution paradigm (SEP),” is a powerful paradigm, perhaps the ultimate paradigm, for theorizing social changes. It first introduces some basics of evolutionism and key elements for a genuinely social evolutionary approach toward social change. It then examines several key studies in IR with an evolutionary flavor. The article goes on to identify five key issue domains of peaceful international changes that will be fertile ground for evolutionary theorization. They are as follows: the future of a rule-based international system, niche construction of the international and regional system and order, changes in states’ behaviors, the future of state and state building without wars, and finally, nontraditional security from climate change to epidemics and artificial intelligence. Finally, the article highlights the power of the social evolutionary approach and calls for more social scientists to embrace the approach.

scholarly journals PARADIGMA KONFLIK DALAM DRAMA ANALISIS UNSUR INTRINSIK, REKAYASA DRAMATIK, DAN RESOLUSI KONFLIK

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhyar Makaf
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Social Condition ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Psychological Condition ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Creation

Conflict is an important element in dramas to assemble and unite intrinsic elements of theme, characterization, and groove. Conflict is also a determinant of the quality of a drama, because it is directly related to the reality of human life as individuals, as well as social beings. This study was conducted to determine the patterns, causes, effects, and conflict resolution presented in four realist dramas that differed from the time side of the incident, the background of the place, and the social setting, to find the resolution offered by the author, from the social conflicts that occurred in the community every period. The method used is analytic descriptive of conflict, intrinsic element, and social condition that underlies the creation of four realist dramas being sampled, Ketika Malam Bertambah Malam, Domba-domba Revolusi, Sayang Ada Orang Lain, and Pertja. In this study, it can be concluded while the conflict that arises is the depiction of social reality at the time this text is written, as well as the psychological condition of society in overcoming the problems that arise. Each author offers a reasonable and reasonable resolution of the conflict to provide a solution to each of the issues raised. Keywords :conflict, intrinsic, social, resolution.

scholarly journals The social (and cultural, and syntactic, and semantic) life of generics

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-618
Author(s):  
Bruce Mannheim
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
First Language ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Singular Reference ◽  
And Gender

ABSTRACTRecent work in linguistics, philosophy, and psychology suggests that the distinction between generic and specific (singular) reference is foundational to concept formation, and hence of special interest to social scientists. Generics provide the first-language learner with external evidence of the integrity of a word/concept cluster, partially filling in the scaffolding of concepts. As such, they are replicators, critical to the transmission of concepts across populations and across time. Generics are tacitly normative. As they refer to the constitutive properties of a concept rather than to its object, they tell us what—in a given social setting—a proper instance of the concept should look like. Generics sustain and reproduce social stereotypes, including—and perhaps especially—ethnoracial, class, and gender stereotypes. (Generics, conceptual formation, ethnography, tokenization, materiality)*

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