scholarly journals The social (and cultural, and syntactic, and semantic) life of generics

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-618
Author(s):  
Bruce Mannheim
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
First Language ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Singular Reference ◽  
And Gender

ABSTRACTRecent work in linguistics, philosophy, and psychology suggests that the distinction between generic and specific (singular) reference is foundational to concept formation, and hence of special interest to social scientists. Generics provide the first-language learner with external evidence of the integrity of a word/concept cluster, partially filling in the scaffolding of concepts. As such, they are replicators, critical to the transmission of concepts across populations and across time. Generics are tacitly normative. As they refer to the constitutive properties of a concept rather than to its object, they tell us what—in a given social setting—a proper instance of the concept should look like. Generics sustain and reproduce social stereotypes, including—and perhaps especially—ethnoracial, class, and gender stereotypes. (Generics, conceptual formation, ethnography, tokenization, materiality)*

SOCIEDAD RURAL Y PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO. ESTUDIO DE CASO, COMUNIDAD RECINTO PARAÍSO, GUAYAS, ECUADOR.

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Caridad Mederos Machado
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Inequity ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
Calidad De Vida ◽  
The Social ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Impaired Quality

La perspectiva de género más que un enfoque constituye un instrumento de análisis y transformación de la realidad. El género es una construcción de origen profundamente cultural y social y está presente en los procesos de producción, reproducción, distribución y consumo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue visualizar aquellos elementos culturales, organizativos y productivos, que desde la subjetividad y conceptos estereotipados promueven la inequidad entre los sexos y el género en el recinto Paraíso, de la parroquia rural Taura, en el cantón Naranjal, provincia del Guayas, agravando aún más la situación de pobreza y el deterioro de la calidad de vida, especialmente de las mujeres y niñas. En este estudio se aprecian los estereotipos sociales asociados a la inequidad de género. Para su transformación es necesario revelarlos y tomar conciencia de su existencia y al mismo tiempo de la capacidad de revertir las circunstancias con una visión desde la perspectiva de género. Palabras clave:género, estereotipos, sociedad rural. AbstractThe gender perspective approach is an instrument of analysis and transformation of reality. Gender is a construction of deeply cultural and social origin which is present in the processes of production, reproduction, distribution and consumption. The objective of this research was to visualize those cultural, organizational and productive elements, which from subjectivity and other stereotyped concepts promote inequity between sexes and gender in Paraiso, Taura belonging to the Naranjal canton, in the Guayas province, which worsens the situation of poverty and impaired quality of life or women and girls especially. In this study the social stereotypes are associated with gender inequity. For their transformation it is necessary to reveal them and be aware of their existence and their capacity of reversing the circumstances with a vision from the perspective of gender. Keywords: gender, stereotypes, rural society Recibido: junio de 2014Aprobado: septiembre de 2014

American Labor Unions in the Electoral Arena By Herbert B. Asher, Eric S. Heberlig, Randall B. Ripley, and Karen Snyder. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. 207p. $69.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-630
Author(s):  
Glenn Perusek
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Union Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact ◽  
American Labor

For more than a generation, as the authors rightly point out, the impact of organized labor on electoral politics has been neglected in scholarly literature. Indeed, only a tiny minority of social scientists explicitly focuses on organized labor in the United States. Although the impact of the social movements of the 1960s appeared to heighten awareness of the importance of class, race, and gender, class and its organized expression, the union movement, has received less attention, while studies of race and gender have flourished.

scholarly journals Zing Zing Bang Bang: How Do You Know What She Really Meant. Gender Bias in Response to Irony: The Role of Who is Speaking to Whom

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Milanowicz ◽  
Piotr Kałowski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Comparison Theory ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Activation Conditions

Abstract Literature points towards the role of context in irony interpretation and the existence of gender differences in language use. We decided to examine the influence of interlocutors’ gender stereotypes on interpreting and reacting to ironic criticism in conversation. To this end, we designed two experiments gathering participants’ responses to the same ironic utterances voiced both by women and by men in control and gender stereotype activation conditions. Results of the first experiment showed that women tended to use irony significantly more often when responding to a man than to another woman. The second, ongoing experiment will additionally examine participants’ response times and total time of utterance in respect to their addressee’s gender. The results are discussed with regard to the social comparison theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987) and the linguistic intergroup bias theory (Wigboldus & Douglas, 2007).

scholarly journals Dialog Structure Through the Lens of Gender, Gender Environment, and Power

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-55
Author(s):  
Vinodkumar Prabhakaran ◽  
Owen Rambow
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Gender Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Automatic Methods ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Textual Content

Understanding how the social context of an interaction affects our dialog behavior is of great interest to social scientists who study human behavior, as well as to computer scientists who build automatic methods to infer those social contexts. In this paper, we study the interaction of power, gender, and dialog behavior in organizational interactions. In order to perform this study, we first construct the Gender Identified Enron Corpus of emails, in which we semi-automatically assign the gender of around 23,000 individuals who authored around 97,000 email messages in the Enron corpus. This corpus, which is made freely available, is orders of magnitude larger than previously existing gender identified corpora in the email domain. Next, we use this corpus to perform a largescale data-oriented study of the interplay of gender and manifestations of power. We argue that, in addition to one’s own gender, the “gender environment” of an interaction, i.e., the gender makeup of one’s interlocutors, also affects the way power is manifested in dialog. We focus especially on manifestations of power in the dialog structure — both, in a shallow sense that disregards the textual content of messages (e.g., how often do the participants contribute, how often do they get replies etc.), as well as the structure that is expressed within the textual content (e.g., who issues requests and how are they made, whose requests get responses etc.). We find that both gender and gender environment affect the ways power is manifested in dialog, resulting in patterns that reveal the underlying factors. Finally, we show the utility of gender information in the problem of automatically predicting the direction of power between pairs of participants in email interactions.

scholarly journals The Representations and Implications of Gender Stereotypes Portrayed in Three Selected TV Advertisements Shown in Bangladesh: A Critical Interpretation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Saheeh Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Analysis Framework ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Language And Gender ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Critical Interpretation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Precise Interpretation

This paper aims at a precise interpretation of gender stereotypes portrayed in the three selected TV advertisements in order to find out their implications in Bangladeshi context. The analysis begins with Goffman’s Gender Stereotypes Hypothesis, a theoretical framework to examine and justify the thematic features present in the ads. After critically examining the hypothesis and Kress and Van Leeuwen’s Systemic Functional Analysis framework is used to analyse and interpret the semiotic features such as; the signs and symbols. After that, Fairclough’s Discourse Analysis is used to find out the stylistic features and their implied meanings in the advertisements to search the social, cultural and political implications. Then the paper uses Pope’s The Rape of the Lock and it’s Cultural-Ecofeminist Analysis of Francois d’Eaubonne to connect the above mentioned frameworks from a contextual view-point. To give the interpretation of Stereotypes deeply rooted in the minds of both male and female, Freud’s Psychoanalysis is used. Both Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis are taken into consideration for exploring the Gender Stereotypes thoroughly. This research is basically a blend of Literature, Language and Gender along with other Disciplines to interpret Stereotypes from a holistic framework. To predict the future progression of the gender representations and their implications in the coming years in Bangladesh, an umbrella term “Multi-Disciplinary Framework” will be used to examine whether the changes in gender roles both at home and outside in the workplaces due to the changes in different socio-economic and cultural factors are reflected or not in the TV advertisements.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Ahmed Kanna ◽  
Amélie Le Renard ◽  
Neha Vora
Keyword(s):  
Power Relations ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Production Of Knowledge ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Ethnographic Writing ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender

This concluding chapter explores the question of what decolonized ethnography and academia can look like. It argues that de-exceptionalizing the Arabian Peninsula as a field site requires deconstructing an idealized vision of Western academia as a presumed site of democracy and liberalism. The projects of anthropology and sociology, as they have been invested in anticolonial and antiracist justice and breaking down binary understandings between East and West, self and other, civilized and savage, are implicated in the continuing use of the exceptional and spectacular as tropes in ethnographic writing, revealing just how much work is yet to be done within their disciplines. Within these disciplines, some have questioned the various hierarchies that are realized through the production of knowledge, not only between the social scientists and their “objects” or “fields,” but also among social scientists themselves, particularly the ways in which power relations in terms of status, racialized identification, class, and gender shape perceptions of their expertise or lack thereof. The chapter then assesses how centering not only the Arabian Peninsula but gender, sexuality, race, household, and other topics that have until now been seen as marginal might provide better information about the societies social scientists study as well as transnational processes, globalization, and the contemporary world.

“Cinderella” Vs “Timun Mas”: Exploring Gender Stereotypes and Culture as Learning Material Purposes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Cynantia Rachmijati ◽  
Sri Supiah Cahyati
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Content ◽  
And Gender

Gender roles are an important part of culture. How the genders are portrayed in the literature contributes to the image young adults develops of their gender roles and the role of gender in the social order. This research entitled  “Cinderella VS Timun Mas : Exploring gender stereotypes and culture as learning materials purposes” aimed to analyze the content of both “Cinderella” and “Timun Mas” which cover: 1. Occupations and Gender Stereotypes; 2 Centrality of Female and Male Characters; 3. Culture Content ; and 4 Suitability as learning material purposes. This research is a qualitative study using content analysis. It was carried out with procedures: collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. Based on research questions it is revealed that for occupation and gender types showed that “Timun mas” has varieties of gender with 66,67% reference whereas “Cinderella” only has 50% references. For the centrality of male and female character, “Cinderella’ has more varieties in 37,5% male and 62,5% female whereas in “Timun Mas” showed 50% for both genders”. For the cultural content, in “Timun Mas” the cultural content found was 60% and in “Cinderella” was 80%. And the suitability to be used as learning materials showed that “Timun Mas” checked with 16 points whereas “Cinderella” checked with 20 points. It can be concluded that both can be used as authentic learning materials for gender references, but “Cinderella” has more varieties and cultural content compared to “Timun Mas”.

scholarly journals GENDER ASYMMETRY IN A MODERN POLITICAL DISCOURSE

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bakytgul Khamenova
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Aspects ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Asymmetry

In this work (article), the author investigates gender asymmetry in modern Kazakhstan society which has social and psychological, is watered - economic scientific measurement. The scientific data base used in this research is wide and authentic enough and can be divided in three groups: first, the social stereotypes and gender aspects, second, the gender and sex theories, imageology, psychology, international politics, third, the scientific sources, devoted to the gender aspects of global and political processes.

scholarly journals KEKERASAN DAN KEKUASAAN DALAM PRAKSIS BERBAHASA: Memahami Kekerasan dalam Perspektif Galtung

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Mudjia Rahardjo
Keyword(s):  
Language Teaching ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Language Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Symbolic Reality

<p>As a social phenomenon, violence has attracted the interest of social scientists to further study, cultivate and explore its exploratory theorists. One of them is Johan Galtung. This paper explores Galtung's theory of violence in relation to language practice. According to Johan Galtung, violence occurs when humans are affected in such a way that actual physical and mental realizations are under their potential realization. Galtung will see something as violent if in the future the event can be overcome or prevented, but still left. As a symbolic reality, language can not be separated from the inner world of the wearer and the social setting that exists. These include social conflicts such as violence, murder, rape, looting, harassment, robbery, repression, and so on. Coinciding with the violent phenomenon that plagues this nation, modesty or ethical language is now experiencing erosion or extraordinary setbacks. To overcome this, ethics of language decency needs to be addressed in the context of language teaching in Indonesian cultural lands.</p><p> </p><p>Sebagai fenomena sosial, kekerasan telah menarik minat para ilmuwan sosial untuk lebih jauh mempelajari, menggeluti dan mencari  teoretis eksplanatorisnya. Salah satu di antaranya ialah Johan Galtung. Tulisan ini memaparan tentang teori kekerasan Galtung dalam hubunganya dengan praktik bahasa. Menurut Johan Galtung, kekerasan terjadi bila manusia dipengaruhi sedemikian rupa sehingga realisasi jasmani dan mental aktualnya berada di bawah realisasi potensialnya. Galtung akan melihat sesuatu sebagai kekerasan bila di masa mendatang peristiwa tersebut bisa diatasi atau dicegah, tetapi tetap dibiarkan. Sebagai realitas simbolik, bahasa tidak bisa lepas dari dunia batin pemakainya dan setting sosial yang ada. Termasuk di antaranya konflik-konflik sosial berupa kekerasan, pembunuhan, pemerkosaan, penjarahan, pelecehan, perampokan, penindasan, dan lain sebagainya. Berbarengan dengan fenomena kekerasan yang melanda bangsa ini, kesopanan atau etika berbahasa kini mengalami erosi atau kemunduran luar biasa. Untuk mengatasi itu, etika kesopanan berbahasa perlu disikapi dalam konteks pengajaran bahasa dalam lahan budaya Indonesia.  </p><p> </p><p> </p>

Moral Judgments and Social Stereotypes

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-434
Author(s):  
Qiao Chu ◽  
Daniel Grühn
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Gender Group ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
Moral Transgressions ◽  
Perpetrators And Victims ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Opposite Gender

We investigated how moral judgments were influenced by (a) the age and gender of the moral perpetrator and victim, (b) the moral judge’s benevolent ageism and benevolent sexism, and (c) the moral judge’s gender. By systematically manipulating the age and gender of the perpetrators and victims in moral scenarios, participants in two studies made judgments about the moral transgressions. We found that (a) people made more negative judgments when the victims were old or female rather than young or male, (b) benevolent ageism influenced people’s judgments about young versus old perpetrators, and (c) people had differential moral expectations of perpetrators who belonged to their same-gender group versus opposite-gender group. The findings suggest that age and gender stereotypes are so salient to bias people’s moral judgments even when the transgression is undoubtedly intentional and hostile.

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