School-Based Interventions for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence of Effects for Minority Populations

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANET C. MEININGER
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
School Students ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
School Based ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
School Based Interventions

The purposes of this review were to analyze and evaluate the results of school-based studies that have used population-wide approaches for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and to assess the extent to which strategies tested to date have been effective for minority populations in the United States. The literature included in the review was restricted to studies published between 1986 and August 1999; they sampled elementary, middle, or high school students and incorporated a control or comparison group. There were no consistent effects of school-based interventions on blood pressure, lipid profiles, or measures of body mass and obesity. There was evidence that changes in knowledge and health behaviors occurred. Findings are interpreted within the context of population-wide approaches to prevention, and recommendations for future research directions are discussed.

Extending the Theory of Reactance to Guilt Appeals

2015 ◽  
Vol 223 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bessarabova ◽  
Monique M. Turner ◽  
Edward L. Fink ◽  
Nathan Beary Blustein
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Future Research ◽  
School Students ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
Affective Component ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Reactance Theory ◽  
Negative Thoughts ◽  
Future Research Directions

Abstract. This study examines the process of reactance induced by guilt appeals. Participants (N = 240 US high school students) received messages that advocated taking school seriously. The results of a 3 (guilt appeal level: low, moderate, high) × 2 (message referent: other, self) experiment indicated that guilt directly influenced the affective component of reactance – anger – but its effect on the cognitive component of reactance – relevant negative thoughts – was mediated via the awareness that messages used guilt to induce persuasion. Subsequently, reactance was negatively related to the advocated position. These findings suggest that employing guilt appeals in mass media campaigns for adolescents may be counterproductive: The guiltier the participants felt, the less positive were their attitudes toward taking school seriously. The study expands the scope of reactance theory by associating reactance with guilt appeals and examining the process by which reactance is induced. These and other results are discussed along with implications, limitations, and future research directions.

Job Apathy

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon B. Schmidt ◽  
Guihyun Park ◽  
Jessica Keeney ◽  
Sonia Ghumman
Keyword(s):  
Employee Engagement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Personal Initiative ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Practical Implications

Work anecdotes and popular media programs such as Office Space, The Office, and Dilbert suggest that there are a number of workers in the United States who feel a sense of apathy toward their workplace and their job. This article develops these ideas theoretically and provides validity evidence for a scale of job apathy across two studies. Job apathy is defined as a type of selective apathy characterized by diminished motivation and affect toward one’s job. A scale of job apathy was developed and data from a sample of currently or recently employed college students supported two dimensions: apathetic action and apathetic thought. Job apathy was found to be empirically distinct from clinical apathy, negative affectivity, cynicism, and employee engagement. Job apathy was also found to have incremental validity in the prediction of personal initiative, withdrawal, and organizational deviance. Practical implications and future research directions for job apathy are discussed.

Group Interactions with Robots in a Robotics Tournament

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1276-1280
Author(s):  
Lixiao Huang ◽  
Douglas Gillan
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
School Students ◽  
Group Interactions ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Teleoperated Robots ◽  
Observation Method

In a dynamic environment that involves multiple humans and multiple robots, competitive and collaborative work, and high time pressure, understanding how team players interact with each other and with teleoperated robots has a significant potential to improve human–robot team performance. This study used a naturalistic observation method to explore group interactions with robots during a qualifying robotics tournament. Teams of high school students had six weeks to design, build, and program a robot that plays a field game against other robots. In each match, three robot teams played collaboratively as an alliance against the other three-team alliance, gaining points by defending their stronghold and conquering the opponent’s stronghold. The study identified five areas where groups interacted with robots in a typical tournament (e.g., pit, queuing hall, and match field) and major team roles (e.g., mechanical, programming, electrical work, marketing, and driving). Critical group interactions with robots were captured in several situations, varying according to activity areas and individuals’ roles on their robotic teams. Potential cognitive and emotional issues, future research directions, and implications of the study were discussed.

Machine Learning Techniques to Identify and Characterize Sleep Disorders Using Biosignals

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-160
Author(s):  
Mercedes Barrachina ◽  
Laura Valenzuela López
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Future Research Directions

Sleep disorders are related to many different diseases, and they could have a significant impact in patients' health, causing an economic impact to the society and to the national health systems. In the United States, according to information from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, those disorders are affecting 50-70 million in the adult population. Sleep disorders are causing annually around 40,000 deaths due to cardiovascular problems, and they cost the health system more than 16 billion. In other countries, such as in Spain, those disorders affect up to 48% of the adult population. The main objective of this chapter is to review and evaluate the different machine learning techniques utilized by researchers and medical professionals to identify, assess, and characterize sleep disorders. Moreover, some future research directions are proposed considering the evaluated area.

Digitizing Healthcare

2010 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Yasin Ozcelik ◽  
Claire H. Carter ◽  
Maryann Clark ◽  
Alejandro Martinez
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Medication Administration ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Healthcare Industry ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Promote Patient Safety

Proliferation of the Internet and Information Technology (IT) has led to many innovations in the healthcare industry. Among such innovations are the Electronic Medication Administration Record (eMAR) and the Bedside Medication Verification (BMV), both of which have been widely implemented by hospitals around the world. In this regard, the goal of this chapter is three-fold. It first describes the underlying work-flow utilized in these systems by comparing it with traditional methods of medication administration. Then it investigates the adoption and implementation of eMAR and BMV in hospitals in the United States, the conversion from traditional medication administration to eMAR documentation, and how utilization of eMAR and BMV can promote patient safety. The chapter concludes with the exploration of future trends in medication administration through the utilization of eMAR and BMV, and highlights future research directions in the field.

scholarly journals “I Expect It to Be Great . . . but Will It Be?” An Investigation of Outcomes, Processes, and Mediators of a School-Based Mentoring Program

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 934-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dávid Laco ◽  
Wendy Johnson
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mentoring Program ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
School Students ◽  
Personal Benefit ◽  
School Based ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
School Based Mentoring

Despite their growing popularity, quantitative studies of school-based mentoring (SBM) programs for youth have showed considerable variation in mentoring benefits, including negative effects of mentoring. We investigated the initial 3 months of one school’s SBM program, delivered by teachers and compulsory for all first- and second-year high school students ( N = 103). Students who reported higher quality of mentoring environment (QME) tended to report greater school engagement. No such association was found for grades. In addition, higher QME was associated with greater perceived benefits of discussing personal themes but not of academic themes. Evidence of personal benefit, but absence of evidence for academic benefit, was consistent with reported effects in other SBM programs. Protégé expectations, but not gender or initial school engagement, were associated with QME, suggesting self-fulfilling prophecy as a mediator of effects. We discuss the implications of this for managing SBM programs and future research.

scholarly journals Youth Access to Tobacco Products in the United States, 2016-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 491-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry T. Liu ◽  
Kimberly Snyder ◽  
Michael A. Tynan ◽  
Teresa W. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
High School Students ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
School Students ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
School Based ◽  
Compliance Check

Objectives: In 2018, approximately 4.9 million US middle and high school students reported past 30-day use of any tobacco product. This study describes how and where youth obtained tobacco products and whether refusal of sale occurred during 2016-2018. Methods: Data from 3 annual waves (2016-2018) of the National Youth Tobacco Survey, a school-based survey of US youth in grades 6-12, were analyzed among current (past 30-day) tobacco product users aged 9 to 17 years. Results: During 2016-2018, youth tobacco product users most commonly obtained tobacco products from social sources. Although the percentage of users who reported buying tobacco products significantly decreased from 2016 to 2018 (2016: 15.6%; 2018: 11.4%), no significant differences in the prevalence of being refused sale were observed (2016: 24.7%; 2018: 25.5%). Conclusions: Whereas the number of youth users who report buying tobacco products has declined, sales of tobacco products to youth remain a public health concern, as only one in 4 youth who attempted to buy were refused sale in 2018. Monitoring youth tobacco product purchases, retailer compliance check inspections, and retailer penalties for sales to minors remain important for reducing youth access at retail sources.

Everybody's Doing It

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
Minqi Pan ◽  
Teresa C. Tempelmeyer ◽  
Beverly L. Stiles ◽  
Kara Vieth
Keyword(s):  
Peer Influence ◽  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Social Learning Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Peer Influences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Academic Pressure ◽  
Future Research Directions

Researchers focusing on academic dishonesty (AD) have suggested the power of peer influence in predicting cheating behaviors. Cheating has been found to occur mostly when it is perceived as normative. Students' overestimation of the extent to which their peers cheat, as well as their beliefs that cheating would not lead to consequences, has been found to reinforce AD. Primarily employing Bandura's social learning theory (SLT), the current authors present an in-depth discussion of the variables hypothesized to contribute to the factors involved in the acquisition and maintenance of cheating behaviors. The authors present the results of a 2018 study examining cheating behaviors by students attending a state-supported university in the United States (US). Students' perceptions that their peers cheated, and their belief that cheating was an acceptable means of coping with academic pressure, were significant predictors of cheating. Potential intervention strategies are discussed, as are future research directions regarding peer influences on AD.

scholarly journals Internationalization of U.S. High Schools

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Nicola
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
International Students ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Future Research ◽  
School Students ◽  
The U.S

Although the internationalization of the U.S. education sector is perhaps the most salient at the postsecondary level, U.S. secondary schools have increasingly experienced the effects of globalization. In recent years, these schools have witnessed a surge in their population of international students. However, there is relatively little scholarship focused on this student population. This Research in Brief article first highlights recent research on nonimmigrant, international high school students in the United States. Using Bronfenbrenner’s (1977) ecological systems theory as a framework, the article then identifies areas where future research is needed to more fully explicate the unique experiences of these students and their effects on the U.S. secondary education sector.

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