The CAT: A Gender-Inclusive Measure of Controlling and Abusive Tactics

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hamel ◽  
Daniel N. Jones ◽  
Donald G. Dutton ◽  
Nicola Graham-Kevan
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Treatment Providers ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Control Wheel ◽  
And Control

Research has consistently found thatpartner violence, defined as physical abuse between married, cohabitating, or dating partners, is not the only type of abuse with long-term deleterious effects on victims. Male and female victims alike report that emotional abuse, along with controlling behaviors, are often as or more traumatic. Existing instruments used to measure emotional abuse and control have either been limited to male-perpetrated behaviors, as conceived in the well-known Duluth “Power and Control” wheel, or field tested on dating or general population samples. This study discusses the genesis and evolution of a gender-inclusive instrument, the Controlling and Abusive Tactics (CAT) Questionnaire, which was field tested on males and females with both a clinical and general population sample. For perpetration, a preliminary comparison across gender found no significant differences across gender for the great majority of items, with women reporting significantly higher rates on 9 items, and men reporting significantly higher rates on 6 items. Women reported higher rates of received abuse than men on 28 of 30 items in which gender differences were found to be significant, but both males and females reported higher victimization than perpetration rates on all items. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in the CAT-2, a valid and reliable instrument appropriate for clinical use by treatment providers as well as for research purposes.

Nonconsensual Porn as a Form of Intimate Partner Violence: Using the Power and Control Wheel to Understand Nonconsensual Porn Perpetration in Intimate Relationships

2020 ◽  
pp. 152483802090653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asia A. Eaton ◽  
Sofia Noori ◽  
Amy Bonomi ◽  
Dionne P. Stephens ◽  
Tameka L. Gillum
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Sexually Explicit Material ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
Control Wheel ◽  
And Control

Over the last decade, nonconsensual porn (NCP), or the sharing of sexually explicit material without a person’s consent, has become a growing problem with potentially far-reaching adverse consequences for victims. The purpose of this article is to propose and consider a framework for advancing the field’s understanding of NCP within the context of intimate relationships including situating NCP relative to other forms of relational abuse. Specifically, we examined the extent to which NCP in intimate partner relationships was perpetrated using tactics from the Power and Control Wheel through a summative content analysis of U.S. news stories on NCP from 2012 to 2017. This analysis established that NCP has been perpetrated using all eight of the abuse metatactics in the Power and Control Wheel, with the three most common being emotional abuse, coercion and threats, and denial/blame/minimization. Treating NCP in relationships as a potential form of partner violence provides a basis on which to understand the etiology, manifestation, motives, and impact of this form of abuse and informs practitioners’ ability to design prevention efforts and engage a trauma-informed response to survivors.

Factor Structure and Validation of the Controlling Behaviors Scale–Revised and Revised Conflict Tactics Scale

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1880-1903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Sleath ◽  
Kate Walker ◽  
Carlo Tramontano
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Conflict Tactics Scale ◽  
Weighted Least Squares Estimation ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Conflict Tactics ◽  
Controlling Behaviors

Recently, more attention is being paid to controlling behaviors within a continuum of intimate partner violence and abuse. However, it is unclear whether current scales are sufficiently valid to measure such behaviors. The current study assessed the factor structure and reliability of the revised Controlling Behaviors Scale (CBS-R) and the revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2). Data were gathered from a U.K. general population sample ( N = 405). Confirmatory factor analyses were carried out on the CTS2 and the CBS-R, for both perpetration and victimization items, using the weighted least squares estimation with mean adjustment method. Multiple factor models were confirmed in the analysis of the CBS-R and CTS2 for perpetration and victimization items. Reliabilities for the factors were satisfactory across both scales. This is the first validation of the factor structure of the CBS-R and the findings suggests that this a valid and reliable scale for measuring controlling behaviors.

scholarly journals Extending the Duluth Model to Workplace Bullying: A Modification and Adaptation of the Workplace Power-Control Wheel

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 444-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah S. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Power Control ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Workplace Bullying ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Nursing Literature ◽  
Control Wheel ◽  
Workplace Power ◽  
Duluth Model ◽  
Patterns Of Abuse

Workplace bullying (WB) is an increasingly prevalent topic in the nursing literature. Recently, a new concept has been introduced into WB research to explain the motivations of WB instigators using elements of the Power-Control Wheel (PCW). Initially, this wheel was designed to assist intimate partner violence (IPV) targets/victims identify patterns of abuse and intervene with male batterers/instigators. Research examining IPV and victims/survivors of WB demonstrate that targets often share common abusive experiences, including intimidation, coercion and threats, isolation, and economic and emotional abuse. This article demonstrates clear support for the Duluth Model and its application to WB target experiences. Applications of this model to identify WB and assist individuals to identify and describe experiences of abusive work environments are discussed.

scholarly journals A Multi-Systems Life Course Perspective of Economic Abuse

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kameri Christy ◽  
Dr. Valandra
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Economic Abuse ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
Trauma Informed Practice ◽  
Control Wheel ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women slowly moved out of the private sphere and into the public realm in the United States in the early 1970’s. While progress has been made regarding psychological, physical, and sexual trauma related to IPV, it has been only in the last decade that attention about IPV has included an examination of the impact of economic abuse (EA). This is disturbing given that EA is one of the eight spokes on the Power and Control wheel (PCW) and many women state that they are not able to leave or get away from the abusive relationship due to financial reasons. Using a multi-systems life course (MSLC) perspective, this paper considers the importance of elevating EA as a form of IPV-related trauma. We examine EA’s differential impact among women, review current practices and policies, and conclude with implications for micro, mezzo, and macro levels of trauma-informed practice with survivors of EA.

scholarly journals French validation of the Weight Efficacy Life-Style questionnaire (WEL): Links with mood, self-esteem and stress among the general population and a clinical sample of individuals with overweight and obesity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259885
Author(s):  
Natalija Plasonja ◽  
Anna Brytek-Matera ◽  
Greg Décamps
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Item Questionnaire ◽  
French Validation

Eating self-efficacy refers to a person’s belief in their ability to regulate eating. Although the Weight Efficacy Life-Style questionnaire (WEL) is one of the most widely used eating self-efficacy tools, its French validation is lacking. The objective of this research was to validate a French version of the WEL in a general and a clinical sample, and to explore the links between eating self-efficacy and psychosocial variables. In study 1, the general population sample included 432 adults (93% of women, mean age = 43.18 ± 11.93 years). In study 2, the clinical sample included 2010 adults with overweight and obesity (87% of women, mean age = 44.44 ± 11.25 years). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. Two distinct versions of the WEL were retained: a 12-item questionnaire intended for use in the general population, named WEL-Fr-G, and an 11-item questionnaire for clinical samples, named WEL-Fr-C. The two French versions of the WEL presented strong reliability and sensibility. In addition, study 2 provided support for the measurement invariance of the WEL-Fr-C across sex and Body Mass Index. The two versions are therefore psychometrically sound instruments for assessing eating self-efficacy in the general population (WEL-Fr-G) and clinical samples (WEL-Fr-C).

scholarly journals Two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism in Iranian general and clinical samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Moloodi ◽  
Abbas Pourshahbaz ◽  
Parvaneh Mohammadkhani ◽  
Ladan Fata ◽  
Ata Ghaderi
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Background Studies in Western cultures have shown that perfectionism is conceptualized by two-factor higher-order model including perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. However, little is known about the construct of perfectionism in Eastern societies. Thus, we examined the two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism in Iranian general and clinical samples. Methods We recruited a general population sample (n = 384) and patients with major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and eating disorders (n = 152) from Tehran, Iran from September 2016 to December 2017. They completed the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire, Perfectionism Inventory, and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21. Results The two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism showed adequate fit with data for females from the general population and clinical sample. Data for males were only available from the general population, and the model showed adequate fit with the data first after removing the Rumination scale of the perfectionistic concerns. The perfectionistic strivings dimension showed no or negative association with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, but perfectionistic concerns dimension showed positive correlation with these indices in all samples for both males and females. Conclusions The results support the two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism in samples of Iranian females from the general population and clinical sample. However, the results were different for males from the general population. In other words, the modified two-factor higher-order model showed acceptable fit with the data for males from the general population only after removing the Rumination scale from perfectionistic concerns. These differences among males and females were discussed.

Psychometric Properties of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C)

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ogliari ◽  
Simona Scaini ◽  
Michael J. Kofler ◽  
Valentina Lampis ◽  
Annalisa Zanoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Child Anxiety ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
The Social ◽  
General Populations

Reliable and valid self-report questionnaires could be useful as initial screening instruments for social phobia in both clinical settings and general populations. The present study investigates the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) in a sample of 228 children from the Italian general population aged 8 to 11. The children were asked to complete the Italian version of the SPAI-C and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that social phobia can be conceptualized as a unitary construct consisting of five distinct but interrelated symptom clusters named Assertiveness, General Conversation, Physical/Cognitive Symptoms, Avoidance, and Public Performance. Internal consistency of the SPAI-C total scores and two subscales was good; correlations between SPAI-C total scores and SCARED total scores/subscales ranged from moderate to high (Generalized Anxiety Disorder, for social phobia), with the SCARED Social Phobia subscale as the best predictor of SPAI-C total scores. The results indicate that the SPAI-C is a reliable and sensitive instrument suitable for identifying Social Phobia in the young Italian general population.

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