Birth and the Big Bad Wolf: Biocultural Evolution and Human Childbirth, Part 1

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
Melissa Cheyney ◽  
Robbie Davis-Floyd
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Subsistence Strategies ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Biocultural Evolution ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Birthing Practices ◽  
Ways Of Life ◽  
Over Time

In this two-part article, we reflect on the evolution of human childbirth by combining our respective expertise in folklore and interpretive anthropology (Davis-Floyd) and physiologic birth (Cheyney). In Part 1, we follow six little folkloric pigs from the beginnings of human history through to the present, adapting the well-known tale of “The Three Little Pigs and the Big Bad Wolf.” Using this tale as a metaphorical device, we explore complex relationships between humans and nature, society, and childbirth through a description of the six basic subsistence strategies humans have developed over time—foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism, industrialism, and the technocracy, reflecting on how these ways of life connect to birthing practices. We argue that despite vast cultural differences in the treatment of birth—including those few cultures where solitary birth is valued—premodern, pre-industrial birthways had much in common, such as labor accompaniment, upright positions, and freedom of movement during labor and birth. These similarities were supplanted during the Industrial Revolution with the subsequent growth of technocratic societies and replaced by an also very similar set of birthing practices. However, these technocratic approaches do very little to support, and often even undermine, our evolved birthing biologies. Throughout, we use the Big Bad Wolf as a metaphor for the wild, untamed, and sometimes intense power of nature (and also of unmedicated birth), and ask, what does the Big Bad Wolf have to teach us about how we support and perform childbirth today?

scholarly journals Open Source Control Device for Industry 4.0 Based on RAMI 4.0

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
Pablo F. S. Melo ◽  
Eduardo P. Godoy ◽  
Paolo Ferrari ◽  
Emiliano Sisinni
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Manufacturing Systems ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Reference Architecture ◽  
Architecture Model ◽  
Complex Relationships

The technical innovation of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0—I4.0) is based on the following respective conditions: horizontal and vertical integration of manufacturing systems, decentralization of computing resources and continuous digital engineering throughout the product life cycle. The reference architecture model for Industry 4.0 (RAMI 4.0) is a common model for systematizing, structuring and mapping the complex relationships and functionalities required in I4.0 applications. Despite its adoption in I4.0 projects, RAMI 4.0 is an abstract model, not an implementation guide, which hinders its current adoption and full deployment. As a result, many papers have recently studied the interactions required among the elements distributed along the three axes of RAMI 4.0 to develop a solution compatible with the model. This paper investigates RAMI 4.0 and describes our proposal for the development of an open-source control device for I4.0 applications. The control device is one of the elements in the hierarchy-level axis of RAMI 4.0. Its main contribution is the integration of open-source solutions of hardware, software, communication and programming, covering the relationships among three layers of RAMI 4.0 (assets, integration and communication). The implementation of a proof of concept of the control device is discussed. Experiments in an I4.0 scenario were used to validate the operation of the control device and demonstrated its effectiveness and robustness without interruption, failure or communication problems during the experiments.

scholarly journals Conditioning Family-life at the Intersection of Migration and Welfare: The Implications for ‘Brexit Families’

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAJELLA KILKEY
Keyword(s):  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
The Family ◽  
Welfare Systems ◽  
Gender Divisions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

AbstractEuropean Freedom of Movement (EFM) was central to the referendum on the UK's membership of the EU. Under a ‘hard’ Brexit scenario, it is expected that EFM between the UK and the EU will cease, raising uncertainties about the rights of existing EU citizens in the UK and those of any future EU migrants. This article is concerned with the prospects for family rights linked to EFM which, I argue, impinge on a range of families – so-called ‘Brexit families’ (Kofman, 2017) – beyond those who are EU-national families living in the UK. The article draws on policy analysis of developments in the conditionality attached to the family rights of non-EU migrants, EU migrants and UK citizens at the intersection of migration and welfare systems since 2010, to identify the potential trajectory of rights post-Brexit. While the findings highlight stratification in family rights between and within those three groups, the pattern is one in which class and gender divisions are prominent and have become more so over time as a result of the particular types of conditionality introduced. I conclude by arguing that, with the cessation of EFM, those axes will also be central in the re-ordering of the rights of ‘Brexit families’.

Culturally Contingent Electronic Word-of-Mouth Signaling and Screening: A Comparative Study of Product Reviews in the United States and Japan

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsin-Chen Lin ◽  
Manohar U. Kalwani
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Word Of Mouth ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Electronic Word Of Mouth ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Relative Product ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) is an important source of influence on consumer decision making, yet little is known about cross-cultural differences in both the occurrence of eWOM and the relationship between eWOM and sales. The authors draw on signaling theory to develop a conceptual model and assess the relationships between country and the occurrence of eWOM, as well as between online ratings and relative product sales according to country. Online reviews and sales rank data for books, CDs, and DVDs were collected from Amazon U.S. and Amazon Japan in 2009 and 2017. Results suggest cross-national differences in both the occurrence of eWOM (eWOM signaling) and the relationship between eWOM and relative product sales (eWOM screening). These national differences appear to change over time: some remain stable, some disappear, and others emerge. The proposed culturally contingent signaling and screening model may be adopted as a framework for future research on cross-cultural eWOM. The results also inform the literature on cultural change by suggesting that cultural differences in eWOM change in nuanced patterns over time.

“Western” Influence on Some Palace Gardens in Historical Peninsula of Istanbul

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
M. Bekar ◽  
M Var
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Western Influence ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Main Material

From past to present, Istanbul has witnessed many empires and historical events. This accumulation has made Istanbul one of the most important cities in Turkey. The architecture and historic potential of the city dates back to centuries ago. Palace architecture is the most important cultural inventories of the city. Over time, technological developments and the industrial revolution brought the “western influence” to Turkey. This effect is observed on planning character and on the planting design. The main material of the work is Topkapı Palace, Beylerbeyi Palace and Dolmabahçe Palace. In this context, this paper consist of three stages. Literature studies have been carried out in the first stage. “Western effect” on the palaces has been investigated after the second step consisting of the field study and mapping. As result of the examinations, western influence was studied in three stages as general planning character, structural material and plant material. As a result of the study, results were obtained for each title. Suggestions were made for rehabilitation and palace gardens planning.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Nick Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Working Class ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
British Society ◽  
Popular Politics ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
The Uk

In common with its companion volume - Soldiers as Workers – Class, employment, conflict and the nineteenth century military (2016), this study argues that class is the primary means of understanding the topic. Focusing on rank and file soldiers it concludes that they were not a separate caste. Instead, soldiering was often just a phase in civilian working lives. The nineteenth century was overshadowed by the mass mobilisation required for the generation-long French Wars and concurrent Industrial Revolution, with emerging working-class popular politics. The chapter reviews developing working class literacy and subsequent growth of rank and file memoirs, which are an important source for this study. The chapter stresses the importance of the new barrack system in the UK and the growth of British Empire, both of which had profound consequences for British society.

Alternative Education

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Mills ◽  
Glenda McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Education ◽  
Alternative Schools ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Governance Structures ◽  
Democratic Schools ◽  
Alternative Schooling ◽  
Grammar Of Schooling ◽  
Traditional Grammar ◽  
Over Time

Alternative schooling has a long history. However, defining alternative schooling is difficult because it necessitates an answer to the question: “alternative to what?” It suggests that there is an accepted schooling archetype from which to differentiate. However, just what that model might be is likely to vary over time and place. In one perspective, alternative schools challenge what Tyack and Tobin, in 1994, referred to as the traditional grammar of schooling as it pertains to conventional forms of schooling developed in Western societies since the Industrial Revolution. Alternative schools challenge the taken-for-granted grammar of schooling variously through their organization, governance structures, curriculum, pedagogy, type of students, and/or particular philosophy. Certain types of alternative schools, including democratic schools, developmental and holistic alternative schools (e.g., Montessori and Waldorf/Steiner), and flexi schools, might offer lessons to the educational mainstream on how to be more inclusive and socially just. However, there are also ways in which they can work against such principles.

scholarly journals Time-series of tritium, stable isotopes and chloride reveal short-term variations in groundwater contribution to a stream

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 8035-8089 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Duvert ◽  
M. K. Stewart ◽  
D. I. Cendón ◽  
M. Raiber
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. A major limitation to the accurate assessment of streamwater transit time (TT) stems from the use of stable isotopes or chloride as hydrological tracers, because these tracers are blind to older contributions. Also, while catchment processes are highly non-stationary, the importance of temporal dynamics in older water TT has often been overlooked. In this study we used lumped convolution models to examine time-series of tritium, stable isotopes and chloride in rainfall, streamwater and groundwater of a catchment located in subtropical Australia. Our objectives were to assess the different contributions to streamflow and their variations over time, and to understand the relationships between streamwater TT and groundwater residence time. Stable isotopes and chloride provided consistent estimates of TT in the upstream part of the catchment. A young component to streamflow was identified that was partitioned into quickflow (mean TT ≈ 2 weeks) and discharge from the fractured igneous rocks forming the headwaters (mean TT ≈ 0.3 years). The use of tritium was beneficial for determining an older contribution to streamflow in the downstream area. The best fits were obtained for a mean TT of 16–25 years for this older groundwater component. This was significantly lower than the residence time calculated for the alluvial aquifer feeding the stream downstream (≈ 76–102 years), outlining the fact that water exiting the catchment and water stored in it had distinctive age distributions. When simulations were run separately on each tritium streamwater sample, the TT of old water fraction varied substantially over time, with values averaging 17 ± 6 years at low flow and 38 ± 15 years after major recharge events. This was interpreted as the flushing out of deeper, older waters shortly after recharge by the resulting pressure wave propagation. Overall, this study shows the usefulness of collecting tritium data in streamwater to document short-term variations in the older component of the TT distribution. Our results also shed light on the complex relationships between stored water and water in transit, which are highly nonlinear and remain poorly understood.

scholarly journals Batik Patterns in the South of Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The South ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Events ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Ways Of Life ◽  
Over Time

“Batik” or “Pateh” is an important cloth in the south of Thailand. Its unique features such as pattern, colour, and production process make Batik different from other cloth in the other part of Thailand. Traditionally, Batik was originated in Indonesia and India where people used paraffin wax as a dye-resist paint. It was also reported that other Asian countries such as Japan and India made Batik fabric in their country. In Thailand, local people in the south made their clothes from Batik fabric and wore them in daily life or during special social events. They designed pattern and applied wax-resist dyeing by hand or blocks on the fabric to create colourful and creative designs. Batik is a cultural identity of the south of Thailand. The study found that the process of creating pattern and colour for Batik was used a long time ago. In the past, artisans primarily employed wooden molds or blocks and wax to create patterns. Through the accumulation of knowledge and experience over time, the development of metal blocks makes Batik’s patterns more delicate and vivid. In addition, the research aimed to study about Batik pattern in the southern provinces of Thailand.It can be said that Batik is a uniquely beautiful fabric that should be collected as a national heritage and for the future study of this fabric. The study of Batik pattern in the south revealed that former patterns simply used basic geometric shapes such as lines, squares, and circles. Then, these patterns have been developed by integrating rhythms and spaces to create more distinctive and delicate designs. Moreover, the patterns of Batik in the south were inspired by nature, religious beliefs, and ways of life. Warm tone colours such as red, brown, yellow and cool tone colours such as blue and green were employed. It was also found that the materials used in the past were primarily from plants and nature. Nowadays, artificial colors are also used because they allow vivid and durable effects.

Culture and Lay Theories of Change

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Li-Jun Ji ◽  
Tieyuan Guo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Lay Theories ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
East Asians ◽  
North Americans ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Theories Of Change ◽  
Over Time

Lay theories of change refer to beliefs people hold about how events develop over time and are related to each other. This chapter reviews cultural differences in lay theories of change between East Asians and Euro-Americans/Canadians. The overarching theme from the existing research is that East Asians tend to believe more than Westerners that phenomena change in a cyclical way, whereas Westerners tend to believe that events are either relatively stable or develop in a linear fashion. This cultural variation is manifested in a wide range of predictions and decisions. Furthermore, Euro–North Americans are more likely than East Asians to hold linear beliefs about the correspondence between cause and effect in magnitude, and between appearance and reality (e.g., a strong appearance corresponds to a strong internal state). The chapter also discusses the cultural underpinnings of lay theories of change and directions for future research.

scholarly journals A commentary on land, health, and Indigenous knowledge(s)

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margo Greenwood ◽  
Nicole Marie Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
The Face ◽  
Collective Survival ◽  
Land Health ◽  
Ways Of Life

This commentary explores the relationships between land, knowledge, and health for Indigenous peoples. Indigenous knowledge is fundamentally relational, linked to the land, language and the intergenerational transmission of songs, ceremonies, protocols, and ways of life. Colonialism violently disrupted relational ways, criminalizing cultural practices, restricting freedom of movement, forcing relocation, removing children from families, dismantling relational worldviews, and marginalizing Indigenous lives. However, Indigenous peoples have never been passive in the face of colonialism. Now more than ever, Indigenous knowledge in three critical areas—food and water security, climate change, and health—is needed for self-determination and collective survival in a rapidly changing world.

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