scholarly journals Cultivation of micro-algae for Production of Biodiesel: An optimized Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abebe Girma Demissie ◽  
Bhaskarrao Chinthapalli ◽  
Shumet Tenaw ◽  
D. S. Vijaya Chitra
Keyword(s):  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Basal Media

<p>Microalgae are considered as one of the potential source of biodiesel for the future. The search to obtain the potential strains from the algal diversity capable of producing oil is critical for sustainable production of biodiesel. In the present study, microalgae biomass with oil/lipid accumulation capability and their morphological features was isolated from Lake Abaya and Chamo. The algal biomass was cultivated <em>in vitro</em> and media optimization for maximum biomass was done using different basal media, BG-11 medium, and Chu -10. In addition the various carbon sources, nitrogen sources, pH and temperature were considered in this study for optimization. Green algae <em>Oedogonium</em>, <em>Chlorella </em>and <em>Cladophora</em> species were observed to be dominant species and the maximum oil per dry algal biomass was found to be from <em>Oedogonium</em> sp. Thus from the present study for the cultivation of the selected algae, BG-11 medium supplemented with tryptone (0.2%) sucrose (2%) and pH- 6 with incubation temperature of 30<sup>0</sup>C was found to be suitable.  These results suggest that <em>Oedogonium</em> sp. has several desirable features that make it a potential candidate for biodiesel production.</p>

THE IN VITRO RELEASE OF AMINO ACIDS BY RUMEN PAPILLAE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BOILA ◽  
L. P. MILLIGAN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Chromatographic Technique ◽  
Salts Of Organic Acids ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Vitro Release ◽  
Effective Source

Rumen papillae from cattle were incubated aerobically with combinations of NH4Cl, amino acids and salts of organic acids, the latter including propionate, pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate and glyoxylate. Amino acids in the incubation media were analyzed using a gas-liquid chromatographic technique entailing separation of the isobutyl-N(0)-heptafluorobutyryl esters: glutamine was recovered with glutamate, asparagine with aspartate, and citrulline with ornithine. Rumen papillae incubated with pyruvate or propionate released alanine, but with the latter substrate only glutamate was effective as a nitrogen source. Glycine and glutamate plus glutamine were released in the presence of glyoxylate and α-ketoglutarate, respectively. Serine and aspartate plus asparagine were not quantitatively major products released by rumen papillae. Glutamate was an effective source of nitrogen for the release of alanine and glycine with pyruvate and glyoxylate, respectively, as carbon sources. When rumen papillae were incubated with pyruvate or glyoxylate as the added carbon source, glutamine nitrogen disappeared and was not accounted for by the amino acids measured. With arginine as a substrate, there was a release of ornithine by rumen papillae indicating urea production. The tissues of rumen papillae appear to synthesize amino acids from expected carbon sources with ammonia or glutamate as nitrogen sources and to catabolize glutamine and arginine. The metabolism of amino acids by rumen papillae would contribute to the interchange of nitrogen between the rumen and the host.

scholarly journals Heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and the enzymatic hydrolysis of its biomass for the synthesis of third generation bioethanol

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Phour Dhull ◽  
Kshitiz Gupta ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar Soni
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Carbon Utilization ◽  
Enzyme Cocktail ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The present study has been carried out with a view of evaluating a green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa as a potential candidate for the production of reducing sugars using an enzyme cocktail of multiple carbohydrates produced on site for the fermentation into bioethanol. The ability of C. pyrenoidosa to grow similarly fast on different carbon sources and light has been studied in Fog’s medium in heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultures. The high cells densities of mixotrophic cultures demonstrated that the growth-stimulating effects of light and carbon utilization were better as compared to the effects of glucose in heterotrophic condition. Maximum biomass yield of 1.2 g/l was achieved with 1% Glucose and 0.2% KNO3 after 7 days of incubation at 28oC. The algal biomass was steam pretreated and hydrolyzed by a cocktail of multiple carbohydrases produced by solid state culture of a laboratory isolate belonging to Aspergillus sp. on wheat bran exhibiting the yields of 86, 35, 74, 1947, 61, 17000 and 1388 IU/g dry wheat bran for CMCase, FPase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, mannanase, α-amylase and glucoamylase respectively. The enzyme cocktail worked well in the hydrolysis of algal biomass at 50oC and produced total reducing sugars amounting to 429 mg/g of dried biomass revealing carbohydrate conversion efficiency of 96% after 48 h of hydrolysis. The released sugars may be fermented using suitable yeast strains for the production of third generation bioethanol.

scholarly journals Biodegradation of propiconazole by Pseudomonas putida isolated from tea rhizosphere

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sarkar ◽  
S. Seenivasan ◽  
R. Premkumar
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Putida ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Triazole Fungicide ◽  
Growth Promoting

Biodegradation of triazole fungicide propiconazole was carried out <I>in vitro</I> by selected <I>Pseudomonas</I> strains isolated from tea rhizosphere. A total number of twelve strains were isolated and further screened based on their tolerance level to propiconazole. Four best strains were selected and further tested for their nutritional requirements. Among the different carbon sources tested glucose exhibited the highest growth promoting capacity and among nitrogen sources ammonium nitrate supported the growth to the maximum. The four selected <I>Pseudomonas</I> strains exhibited a range of degradation capabilities. Mineral salts medium (MSM) amended with glucose provided better environment for degradation with the highest degradation potential in strain MPR 4 followed by MPR 12 (72.8% and 67.8%, respectively).

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS MEDIA AND NUTRIENT SOURCES ON ALTERNARIA SOLANI CAUSE EARLY BLIGHT DISEASE IN TOMATO

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (no 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Rex ◽  
G. Rajasekar
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
Nutrient Sources

Early blight of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) incited by Alternaria solani is highly destructive causing yield loss up to 78 per cent. The fungus was tested with different media along with the host extract and different nutrient sources for their growth and development in in vitro. Twelve different media were tested on the growth of A. solani, among them potato dextrose agar + host leaf extract recorded maximum radial mycelial growth of A. solani (89.57mm) and potato dextrose broth + leaf extract has maximum mycelial dry weight (613mg). Six carbon and nitrogen sources amended media were tested. Among carbon sources, glucose recorded maximum radial mycelial growth (74.65mm) and mycelia dry weight (709.17mg). Among the nitrogen sources, ammonium nitrate has the enhanced the radial mycelail growth (84.56 mm) and high mycelial dry weigh (654.27mg). This study will be helpful for further investigations on the physiology of the fungus and management of the disease.

scholarly journals Heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and the enzymatic hydrolysis of its biomass for the synthesis of third generation bioethanol

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Phour Dhull ◽  
Kshitiz Gupta ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar Soni
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Carbon Utilization ◽  
Enzyme Cocktail ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The present study has been carried out with a view of evaluating a green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa as a potential candidate for the production of reducing sugars using an enzyme cocktail of multiple carbohydrates produced on site for the fermentation into bioethanol. The ability of C. pyrenoidosa to grow similarly fast on different carbon sources and light has been studied in Fog’s medium in heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultures. The high cells densities of mixotrophic cultures demonstrated that the growth-stimulating effects of light and carbon utilization were better as compared to the effects of glucose in heterotrophic condition. Maximum biomass yield of 1.2 g/l was achieved with 1% Glucose and 0.2% KNO3 after 7 days of incubation at 28oC. The algal biomass was steam pretreated and hydrolyzed by a cocktail of multiple carbohydrases produced by solid state culture of a laboratory isolate belonging to Aspergillus sp. on wheat bran exhibiting the yields of 86, 35, 74, 1947, 61, 17000 and 1388 IU/g dry wheat bran for CMCase, FPase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, mannanase, α-amylase and glucoamylase respectively. The enzyme cocktail worked well in the hydrolysis of algal biomass at 50oC and produced total reducing sugars amounting to 429 mg/g of dried biomass revealing carbohydrate conversion efficiency of 96% after 48 h of hydrolysis. The released sugars may be fermented using suitable yeast strains for the production of third generation bioethanol.

scholarly journals Effect Of Different Sugars On Shoot Regeneration Of Maize (Zea Mays L.)

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Gauchan
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Basal Media

Effect of various concentrations of different sugars was investigated for induction of root and shoot from maize. The seedling development was induced with the application of fructose, maltose and sucrose at different concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%) of each. Dissected embryos were transferred in ½ MS basal media fortified with various concentrations of different carbon sources. In vitro regenerated maize plantlets were healthy and attained a length of 12.2 cm at 1.0 % concentration in maltose within a week. Out of three sugars low concentration (0.25%- 2.5%) of maltose and sucrose exhibited the maximum shoot and root growth. All the concentrations of maltose and sucrose showed the good growth response of shoot and root. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i1.6051 KUSET 2012; 8(1): 119-124

scholarly journals Biocatalytic Ketone Reduction - A Study on Screening and Effect of Culture Conditions on the Reduction of Selected Ketones

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 54-77
Author(s):  
Ramprasad Kuncham ◽  
K.T. Gurumurthy ◽  
N. Chandan ◽  
Aamir Javed ◽  
L.S. Ashwini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Enzyme Expression ◽  
Maximum Conversion

Microbial conversions are gaining importance in the synthesis of important drug metabolites and their intermediates as they are good alternative to chemical synthesis since they are enantio-selective and regio-selective and even can be carried out at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Till date, biocatalytic reduction of acetophenone and its derivatives has been widely reported. In the present study, we have made an attempt to carry out the microbial bioreduction of o-hydroxyacetophenone by screening some of the selected microorganisms which were obtained from culture collection centre as well as those which are isolated in our Microbiology lab. The selected microorganisms include Aspergillus ochraceous, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tubingenesis, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolanifer MTCC 162, Rhizopus stolanifer MTCC 2591 and Baker’s yeast.Among the seven microorganisms screened for the bioreduction of o-hydroxyacetophenone, Baker’s yeast and Aspergillus tubingenesis showed significant bioconversion where as Aspergillus ochraceous exhibited the least bioconversion.In our earlier study it was found that Aspergillus flavus has the required bioreductase enzyme, which showed the maximum conversion of p-chloroacetophenone to p-chlorophenylethanol. Hence optimization of culture conditions to get maximum enzyme expression and hence maximum conversion was thought off. The parameters considered for the study include effect of various Carbon sources, Nitrogen source, Metal ions, incubation Temperature and media pH on enzyme expression. The optimized culture a condition at which maximum bioconversion was achieved was maltose among various carbon sources. Tryptone was found to have maximum effect among the nitrogen sources. Media pH 7.6 and incubation temperature of 35 °C was found to be favourable for maximum enzyme activity. Among various divalent metal salts, addition of magnesium sulphate to the media significantly increased the enzyme activity.

Effect of Environmental and Nutritional Parameters on the Extracellular Lipase Production by Aspergillus niger

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 18-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed I. El-Batal ◽  
Ayman A. Farrag ◽  
Mohamed A. Elsayed ◽  
Ahmed M. El-Khawaga
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Lipase Production ◽  
Extracellular Lipase ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract- The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of different growth conditions on lipase production byAspegillus niger. The extracellular lipase producing fungus was isolated from spent bleaching earths. Optimization of physical and chemical parameters was done for maximum lipase production using this isolate. Growth of the organism and lipase production were measured usig varying pH (4 – 9), incubation temperature (20 – 30 °C), incubation time (8 – 80 hrs.), carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and shaking speed. Enhanced lipase production was observed at 24 °C, pH 7 and after 72hrs of incubation. Olive oil 5 % was observed as the most effective carbon source and Yeast extract 1.0 % as the most effective nitrogen source for lipase production. The optimum shaking value to get maximum lipase activity byAspergillusnigerwas 200 rpm.

scholarly journals Effect of Basal Media and Sugar Types on in Vitro Regeneration of Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montakarn PIMSEN ◽  
Kamnoon KANCHANAPOOM
Keyword(s):  
Solid Medium ◽  
In Vitro Regeneration ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Sugar Alcohols ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Basal Media ◽  
Positive Effect

Protocorms of Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume. were initiated from immature seeds on solid MS medium containing 15% (v/v) coconut water (CW) and 3% (w/v) sucrose. Protocorms, 2-4 mm in length were used as explants and subcultured to MS and VW (Vacin and Went, 1949) media containing 15% (v/v) CW and 2 or 3% (w/v) sucrose. Protocorms gave the highest formation of PLBs (protocorm-like bodies) at 3.1 PLBs/explant on MS solid medium containing 15% CW and 2% sucrose. For the test with different carbon sources, protocorms were cultured in liquid MS medium supplemented with 4 kinds of sugar, namely sucrose, glucose, sorbitol and mannitol at 2, 4, 6 or 8% (w/v) and cultured for 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks. They were then transferred to MS solid medium containing 15% CW and 2% sucrose. Results revealed that after 4 weeks in MS liquid medium, sucrose and glucose had an inhibitory effect and 8% glucose gave a high percentage of protocorm browning. In contrast, sorbitol and mannitol were effective for protocorm regeneration and both sugar alcohols had a positive effect on the formation of PLBs and the development of PLBs into plantlets.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature, pH and carbon and nitrogen sources on growth of in vitro cultures of ectomycorrhizal isolates from Pinus heldreichii forest

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Lazarević ◽  
Dragana Stojičić ◽  
Nenad Keča
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Its Sequencing ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Aim of study: This study aims to provide basic information about physiological characteristics of isolates of Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray, Russula sanguinaria (Schumach.) Rauschert, Suillus collinitus (Fr) Kuntze, Suillus granulatus (L.) Rousell, Tricholoma batchii Gulden and Tricholoma imbricatum (Fr.) Kumm.Area of study: The isolates are obtained from Pinus heldreichii H. Christ forest in the south-eastern part of Montenegro.Material and methods: The isolates were molecularly characterised by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The effects of different temperatures (20, 22, 25°C), pHs (4, 4.5, 5.2, 5.8, 6.5, 7.5), and carbon (glucose, sucrose, dextrin, arabinose, xylose and starch) and nitrogen (NH4+, NO3- and protein) sources on their growth were examined under laboratory conditions.Main results: The studied factors established significant differences in the development of isolates. Isolates of R. sanguinaria, L. deliciosus and both Suillus, were characterised by faster growth at 22°C, while Tricholoma isolates grew faster at 25°C. S. granulatus, S. collinitus and T. imbticatum isolates grew well at lower pH values (4 - 5.2), while L. deliciosus, R. sanguinaria and T. bachii exhibited faster growth at pHs between 5.8 and 6.5. The examined isolates were able to utilize various carbohydrates as carbon sources. The biggest mycelial growth was characterised for sucrose, then glucose, dextrin, arabinose, starch and xylose. They grew on all examined nitrogen sources, while the biggest mycelia growth was achieved on ammonium, followed by nitrate and protein. Those characteristics varied amongst the species.Research highlights: Information about physiological characteristics of Tricholoma, Lactarius, Russula, as well as Suillus, are sparse. Hence, the data obtained in this study could contribute to the understanding of their function in ecosystems. 

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