scholarly journals THE COCOA (THEOBROMA CACAO L.) POD HUSK EXTRACT OF PLANTATION WASTE PRODUCT HAS A POTENTIAL EFFECT AS NATURAL ACARICIDE ON BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS TICKS

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-616
Author(s):  
Suryadi Pappa ◽  
Abdul Wahid Jamaluddin ◽  
Adryani Ris
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Skin Extract ◽  
Natural Acaricide ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

This study was aims to exploit the potential waste of cocoa pod (Theobroma cacao L.) as a natural acaricide in ticks (Boophilus microplus). The study was conducted with a two-variable completely randomized design (CRD) with two repetitions. The sample does not differentiate between sex, body weight, and length of about 0.8 - 1 cm. Each 5 ticks were treated as follows: treat 1 extract of 10% cocoa pod husk; treatment 2 20% cocoa pod skin extract; treatment 3 30% cocoa pod husk extract; treatment 4 negative control; treat 5 positive controls. In the first variable the tick was treated with methanol extract, while in the second variable the ethanol extract was treated with 10%, 20%, 30% respectively, negative control and positive control. In treatment I used 25 ticks plus treatment II 25 ticks. Each treatment was repeated to avoid data bias so that a total of 100 ticks were used. The results showed that the cocoa pod husk extract had the best killing power at a concentration of 30% with methanol solvent at 6.21 hours while ethanol solvent at 5.91 hours. The use of extraction materials has not been able to compensate for the use of synthetic materials that can kill in minutes.

scholarly journals Potential of Cocoa Extract (Theobroma cacao) in Inhibiting Erythrocyte Damage Induced by Physalia utriculus Venom

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Adinningtyas Intansari ◽  
Al Munawir ◽  
Laksmi Indreswari
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Erythrocyte Lysis ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Physalia utriculus is one of the invertebrate marine biota that is often found in Indonesia. Some symptoms of venoming due to jellyfish stings cause pain, itching, and hemolysis. In Indonesia, 13 cases of jellyfish stings were reported in 2005-2009 with three people dying in Java, Bali, and Bangka. Cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) contain fat, carbohydrates, proteins, and polyphenol compounds that are useful as antioxidants. Polyphenols in the form of epicathechins, catechins, and procyanidins serve to provide protection to hemolysis. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of ethanol extract of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in inhibiting the damage of erythrocyte induced by Physalia utriculus in vitro. This study used 28 samples of erythrocytes divided into seven groups, namely the normal control group, negative controls, and treatment with cocoa ethanol extract 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.04%, and 0.02%. Each subsequent group induced venom Physalia utriculus. The results showed that the average speed of erythrocyte lysis in the treatment group by giving cocoa ethanol extract 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.04%, and 0.02% respectively (seconds ± standard deviation) was 858,25 ± 94,44; 1.000,5 ± 159,93; 678,5 ± 19,71; and 1.006 ± 159,50. The mean speed of erythrocyte lysis in the negative control group was 1,025 ± 164.63 and the positive control group with the administration of N-Acetylcystein can last up to one hour after administration of venoms. Test for normality and homogeneity shows that data is normally distributed and homogeneous. One Way Annova analysis shows the significance value of p <0.05, then a post hoc analysis test was performed with the Bonferoni method to find out the differences in significance in each group. In this study it can be concluded that the administration of cocoa ethanol extract has no potential to inhibit erythrocyte damage that has been venomed by Physalia utriculus in vitro. Keywords: Physalia utriculus, cacao, erythrocyte damage

scholarly journals Increasing of IFNγ Expression in Transformed Cells of Balb/c Mice Due to Ethanol Extract Cocoa Beans (Theobroma cacao)

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Iin Eliana Triwahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Histochemical Method ◽  
Transformed Cells ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Current Technology

As current technology cannot cure cancer completely, prevention becomes the main choice. To prevent the development of cell transformation into cancer cells, polyphenols that are widely found in cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao) can be used. IFNγ plays an important role in immunity against cancer. This study aims to see the ability of cocoa beans ethanol extract to increase the number of IFNγ expression in Balb/c mice undergoing cell transformation. This study used three groups Balb/c (n=4), namely K1 (normal control), K2 (negative control: injected with benzopyrene without ethanol extract of cocoa beans), and K3 (treatment: injected with benzopyrene, given 4mg/30gBW/po/day ethanol extract of cocoa beans). The mice were biopsied, and IFNγ expression was examined by immune histochemical method. The results showed that IFNγ expression increased significantly in K3. It can be concluded that ethanol extract of cocoa beans could increase IFNγ expression in Balb/c mice undergoing cell transformation.

scholarly journals Analysis of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of cocoa pod husk (theobroma cacao l.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1317 ◽  
pp. 012087
Author(s):  
Rachmawaty ◽  
Andi Mu’nisa ◽  
Hasri ◽  
Halifah Pagarra ◽  
Hartati
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

scholarly journals In-Vitro Screenings for Biological and Antioxidant Activities of Water Extract from Theobroma cacao L. Pod Husk: Potential Utilization in Foods

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6915
Author(s):  
Mustanir Yahya ◽  
Binawati Ginting ◽  
Nurdin Saidi
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Increasing production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leads to a higher environmental burden due to its solid waste generation. Cocoa pod husk, one of the major solid wastes of cocoa production, contains rich bioactive compounds unveiling its valorization potential. With that in mind, our research aimed to explore the biological and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from cocoa pod husks. In this present work, cocoa pod husk was extracted using water and subsequentially partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The antimicrobial investigation revealed that the ethyl acetate solubles were active against the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, where at a 20% w/v concentration, the inhibition diameters were 6.62 ± 0.10, 6.52 ± 0.02, and 11.72 ± 0.36 mm, respectively. The extracts were found non-toxic proven by brine shrimp lethality tests against Artemia salina with LC50 scores ranging from 74.1 to 19,054.6 μg/mL. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were obtained in the range of 47.44 to 570.44 mg/g GAE and 1.96 to 4.34 mg/g QE, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the obtained extracts were revealed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay with EC50 reached as low as 9.61 μg/mL by the ethyl acetate soluble. Phytochemical screening based on gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy analysis on the sample with the highest antioxidant activities revealed the dominant presence of three phytosterols, namely gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol.

scholarly journals A Sensitivity Analysis of Water Absorption Parameters of Theobroma Cacao L. Reinforced Epoxy Composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-610
Author(s):  
Chris Ayanladun ◽  
Sunday Oke
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Tensile Fatigue ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa pod husk composites for structural applications face a substantial water absorption problem in which the residual tensile, fatigue, and flexural characteristics always exhibit instant deterioration after immersion in water. Unfortunately, there is an absence of sensitivity analysis research on the composite’s water absorption parameters to establish the crucial parameters that may function as drawbacks. Consequently, this study establishes how the sensitivity analysis of the Fickian’s model parameters can be measured using single and joint parametric variations in the water absorbed at saturation, interactive indicator and the response indicator between patterns using experimental data and literature sources. Results revealed that the most sensitive case study was obtained when the response indicator between patterns was varied with the absorbed quantity in time, accounting for 95.24 % (20 out of 21 cases). Accordingly, composite engineers and designers should use the most sensitive parameter to control design features.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Theobroma cacao L. stem bark ethanol extract and its fractions in experimental models

2018 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabitiu A. Oyeleke ◽  
Abayomi M. Ajayi ◽  
Solomon Umukoro ◽  
A.O. Aderibigbe ◽  
Olusegun George Ademowo
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

scholarly journals ISOLATION AND ACTIVITY ANTIOXIDANT TEST OF COCOA POD HUSK ETHYL ASETAT EXTRACTS (Theobroma cacao L)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Binawati Ginting ◽  
Ilham Maulana ◽  
Nurdin Saidi ◽  
Syarifah Yanti Astryna
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
Vitamine C ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Isolation and testing of antioxidant activity with1,1-difenil-2-pikril hidrazil (DPPH) from ethyl acetate extract ofcocoa pod husk(Theobroma cacao L) has been carried out.Theobroma cacaoextract (TCE) showed highly strong antioxidant activity with IC50 = 8,75 ppm and vitamine C = 6,07 ppm as positive control. Isolation of the active components of TCE by column chromatography using silica gel absorbent 60 mesh ASTM (Merck 774) and the eluent n-hexane: ethyl acetate (9:1), obtained 7 fraction combined (TCE 1 to TCE 7). There are 6 combined fractions having the potential as antioxidants, namely TCE 2 to TCE 7 with a range of IC50 (6,46 ppm – 91,8 ppm). TCE 2 fraction has a very strong antioxidant activity with IC50 = 6,46 ppm. Separation of TCE 2 fraction on silica column chromatography obtained 4 combined fractions (TCE 2.1 to TCE 2.4). The test results of antioxidant activity showed that TCE 2.4 had very strong activity with IC50 = 42,7 ppm.For the TCE 2.2 fraction, preparative TLC was carried out using eluent n-hexane: ethyl acetate (9.5: 0,5) obtained by TCE 2.2.4 isolate with a melting point of 114-120 °C and was a steroid class.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) sebagai Sumber Antioksidan pada Perlakuan Perbandingan Bahan dengan Pelarut dan Waktu Maserasi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Ni Kadek Yeni Dwipayanti ◽  
G.P. Ganda Putra ◽  
Lutfi Suhendra
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Random Design ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Extract Yield ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa pod husk is a waste of cocoa processing that is large enough and has not been used optimally. Cocoa pod husk waste can be used more optimally by extracting polyphenols compounds and used as natural antioxidants. This research aims to determine the effect of comparison of materials with solvents and maceration time against cocoa pod husk extracts as a source of antioxidants as well as to determine the material comparison with the solvent and the best maceration time for produce cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidants. The study uses a random design of a group of two factors. The first factor is the comparison of materials with solvents consisting of 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20. The second factor is the maceration time consisting of 24, 36 and 48 hours. The data was analyzed its diversity and continued with the Tukey test. The results of the study showed a comparison of material with solvent and maceration time was very influential to the yield, total phenolic and antioxidant capacity of cocoa pod husk extract. The interaction between treatment is very influential on the total phenolic and antioxidant capacity but has no effect on the cocoa pod husk extract yield. The best treatment to produce cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidant is the comparison of materials with solvent 1:20 and maceration time for 48 hours with a yield characteristic 3.10 ± 0.36 percent, total phenolic at 146.67 ± 5.14 mg GAE/g and antioxidant capacity 97.00 ± 2.22 mg GAEAC/g. Keywords: cocoa pod husk extract, comparison of materials with solvents, maceration time, antioxidant.

Microencapsulation of phenolic-enriched extract from cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 386 ◽  
pp. 136-143
Author(s):  
Van Tang Nguyen ◽  
Anh Xuan Tran ◽  
Van Anh Thi Le
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pupuk Kompos Kulit Buah Kakao Dan Pupuk Tablet Terhadap Produksi Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Muhamad Eza Suprapto ◽  
Santi Rosniawaty ◽  
Mira Ariyanti
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Tree Number ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa is one of the estate crop whose role is quite important for the national economy, particularly as a provider of employment,  income and foreign exchange. The high export opportunities of cocoa beans has not been followed by the production of cocoa beans in Indonesian. The production of dried cacao  beans in Indonesia is still low. The low productivity of seeds generally caused by  Cherelle wilt of cacao. Wilting occurs due to inability of the cherelle to compete with the other cherelle in absorbing nutrients. Fertilization is an effort to maintain and fulfill the nutrients in the plants. This research is aimed to assess the effect of fertilization using cocoa pod husk and NPK tablets fertilization on cocoa crop yields. This experiment was conducted at PT. PP. Bajabang Indonesia, Cipeundeuy, West Bandung regency from December 2016 to March 2017. The experiment was conducted using a Simple Randomized Block Design that consists 10 treatments: control, single N, P, K fertilizer  297 g/tree, cocoa pod husk  9 kg/tree, cocoa pod husk  9 kg/tree + single N, P, K fertilizer 297 g/tree, cocoa pod husk 18 kg/tree + single N, P, K fertilizer  297 g/tree, cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree  + NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/tree, NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/tree,  cocoa pod husk  9 kg/tree  +  NPK tablet fertilizer 10 tablets/tree, cocoa pod husk 18 kg/tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/ tree, cocoa pod husk 18 kg/ tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 10 tablets/tree. The result of experiment showed that there was an influence of cocoa pod husk and NPK tablet fertilizer on cocoa fruit weight at 12 MSP, that is cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree  +  NPK  tablet fertilizer 20  tablets/tree.  Number of cherelle wilted  at 12 MSP with cocoa pod  husk 9 kg/tree  +  NPK  tablet fertilizer 20  tablets/tree.

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