scholarly journals THE BINARY GOLDBACH CONJECTURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Jan Feliksiak

<p>The Goldbach Conjecture, one of the oldest problems in mathematics, has fascinated and inspired many mathematicians for ages. In 1742 German mathematician Christian Goldbach, in a letter addressed to Leonhard Euler, proposed a conjecture. The modern-day version of the Binary/Strong Goldbach conjecture asserts that: Every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes. The conjecture had been verified empirically up to 4 × 1018, its proof however remains elusive, which seems to confirm that:</p><p><em>Some problems in mathematics remain buried deep in the catacombs of slow progress ... mind stretching mysteries await to be discovered beyond the boundaries of former thought. Avery Carr (2013) </em></p><p>The research was aimed at exposition, of the intricate structure of the fabric of the Goldbach Conjecture problem. The research methodology explores several topics, before the definite proof of the Goldbach Conjecture can be presented. The Ternary Goldbach Conjecture Corollary follows the proof of the Binary Goldbach Conjecture as well as the representation of even numbers by the difference of two primes Corollary. The research demonstrates that the Goldbach Conjecture is a genuine arithmetical question.</p>

Author(s):  
Jan Feliksiak

The Goldbach conjecture, one of the oldest problems in mathematics, has fascinated and inspired many mathematicians for ages. In 1742 a German mathematician Christian Goldbach, in a letter addressed to Leonhard Euler proposed a conjecture. The modern day version of the Binary/Strong Goldbach conjecture asserts that: Every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes. The conjecture had been empirically verified up to 4× 10 18​​​​​, its proof however remains elusive, which seems to confirm that: Some problems in mathematics remain buried deep in the catacombs of slow progress ... mind stretching mysteries await to be discovered beyond the boundaries of former thought. Avery Carr (2013) The research was aimed at exposition, of the intricate structure of the fabric of the Goldbach Conjecture problem. The research methodogy explores a number of topics, before the definite proof of the Goldbach Conjecture can be presented. The Ternary Goldbach Conjecture Corollary follows the proof of the Binary Goldbach Conjecture as well as the Representation of even numbers by the difference of two primes Corollary. The research demonstrates that the Goldbach Conjecture is a genuine arithmetical question. ​​​


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. A28-A28

Our findings indicate that doctors' decision-making about slow labour is influenced by the way in which information is presented graphically. Doctors are less likely to intervene during labour if the cervical dilation is drawn on a partogram with a low x to y ratio so that the progress line has a steep gradient than if the x to y ratio is higher so that the line is flatter. Moreover, if the latent phase of labour is drawn on the partogram labour seems longer with slow progress, and doctors are again more likely to intervene than if the information is omitted from the graph. Since the rate of progress is the same in both cases, the difference in decision-making must be due to a change in perception.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Rasha Abdulkhalek

This paper aims to clarify the impact of click and mortar business model on Lebanese consumers’ intention to purchase online. Also to compare the hedonic and utilitarian shopping motivation towards the online option of click and mortar business model. The research methodology is based on Saunders research onion, positivism philosophy, deductive approach, a quantitative method based on a survey distributed to 1365 Lebanese respondents. Using regression analysis and correlation test, the author found that utilitarian and hedonic motivation have a different effect on consumers’ intention to purchase online from click and mortar companies. It also shows the moderator variables have different effects on consumers’ motivation to purchase online. This paper is unique for its palpation in addressing an important topic in the Lebanese market. Actually, the findings of this study create the floor for marketers and academics to generalize the difference between hedonic and utilitarian shopping motivation towards online shopping from click and mortar business model. The findings reveal that consumers are shifting towards shopping online. So click and mortar business model is a must.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-164
Author(s):  
O. D. Awaritefe ◽  
◽  
Danny Ochuko Ejemeyovwi ◽  

Purpose: The empirical research study evaluated environmental potentials of site locations for Tourism development along River Ethiope, Abraka Delta State, Nigeria, Four(4)sites’ 40 environmental features were considered important in the tourism sites evaluation. The primary data sources used include oral interview and administration of questionnaires. Research methodology: These are physical, biological and human components of tourism destinations, evaluated for each of the 4sites, and compared. Each of the 40 factors was measured using appropriate instruments like measuring tape and floater (for velocity). Students t test was undertaken to compare the evaluations of the two groups of professional and non-professional assessors. With a calculated value of 0.143, and table value of 0.283, with df2:3 at 0.05 level, the difference in site ranking between the first and second evaluation was not considered significant. High confidence or reliability can therefore be placed on the tourism site evaluation results obtained at the 0.05 significance level. The use of nominal or interval scales was to estimate variables, which were not subject to direct measurements in interval scale. Three groups of sites emerged from the preliminary survey of those selected: Natural or undeveloped sites, relate. Results: Result obtained showed that undeveloped and natural sites emerged most highly rated in environmental potentials for tourism site development compared to underdeveloped or highly developed sites. Limitation: The area lies within tropical equatorial rain forest vegetation which is an impenetrable ticket of under growth with trees and climbers. Moreover, dangerous reptiles especially (snakes and crocodile) as well as insect (Mosquitos and tsetse fly) are present and harmful to man in the environment. Contribution: The study concludes and suggests natural sites be accord priority in tourism site development along River Ethiope and invariably other related natural area worldwide for maximum patronage implications based on advocated research methodology. Keywords: Tourism, Site, Evaluation, Development, River Ethiope, Abraka


2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Mohd Mahyeddin Mohd Salleh ◽  
Irwan Mohd Subri

This article discusses the use of animal bones in bone China products from halal and haram perspective. The main problem of the study due to the public confusion as a result of the difference views on halal and haram status of bone China products. The objectives of the study are to analyze the Shariah’s view and current fatwa on the law of utilizing animal bones, thus proposing a halal legal solution to the issue studied. The qualitative research methodology was used in this study through two approaches which are document analysis and interview. The study found that the cattle bones were the raw ingredients used by most of the bone China’s manufacturers. The analysis of fuqaha views found that only halal animal bones which has been slaughtered according to Shariah law were agreed to be halal (permissible), while pork bones was agreed to be haram (prohibited). However, there are disagreements among Islamic scholars for the bones of carcasses other than pigs. This arising from their difference interpretation on Shariah's arguments comprising the Qur'an, hadith, qiyās and maslahah. In the case of using animal bones in bone China products, the fatwa that permitted its use is found to be stronger, provided that it is not susceptible to pigs, based on the theory of transformation through burning (istiḥālah bi al-iḥrāq). However, among halal alternatives to bone China are clay and melamine-based products which are found to be stronger and cheaper than bone China.


Author(s):  
Daniel F. Hayes ◽  
Muin J. Khoury ◽  
David Ransohoff

Overview: The “omics” revolution produced great optimism that tumor biomarker tests based on high-order analysis of multiple (sometimes thousands) of factors would result in truly personalized oncologic care. Unfortunately, 10 years into the revolution, the promise of omics-based research has not yet been realized. The factors behind the slow progress in omics-based clinical care are many. First, over the last 15 years, there has been a gradual recognition of the importance of conducting tumor biomarker science with the kind of rigor that has traditionally been used for therapeutic research. However, this recognition has only recently been applied widely, and therefore most tumor biomarkers have insufficiently high levels of evidence to determine clinical utility. Second, omics-based research offers its own particular set of concerns, especially in regard to overfitting computational models and false discovery rates. Researchers and clinicians need to understand the importance of analytic validity, and the difference between clinical/biologic validity and clinical utility. The latter is required to introduce a tumor biomarker test of any kind (single analyte or omics-based), and are ideally generated by carefully planned and properly conducted “prospective retrospective” or truly prospective clinical trials. Only carefully planned studies, which take all three of these into account and in which the investigators are aware and recognize the enormous risk of unintended bias and overfitting inherent in omics-based test development, will ultimately result in translation of the exciting new technologies into better care for patients with cancer.


Author(s):  
نصرالدين إبراهيم أحمد حسين

يعتبر- هذا البحث – دراسة للدلالات البلاغيّة وأثرها في فهم القرآن الكريم، وركّز خاصة على التراكيب والتعابير التي تمسّ الفنون البلاغيّة، للوقوف على الدلالات الخفية والمعاني واللطائف التي تحملها بين طيّاتها. وتتجلى أهميته من خلال فتح أعين المتدبرين في نصوص التنزيل وتوجيهها إلى عظمة هذا الحقل الدلالي الواسع المتمثل في البيان القرآني. ثم بيان لطائف الأثواب البيانيّة التي  تكمن في النص القرآني المعجز، وبيان الفروق الجمالية الدقيقة التي ما كان لقارئ القرآن أن يتذوقها لولا ورودها في ذلك الثوب البياني الأخّاذ. وهو بذلك يجلي السبق القرآني في كيفية استعمال تقنيات التعبير وتوظيفها في الخطاب البلاغي واللغوي والأدبي.كما يوضح ما تميّز به القرآن الكريم من أساليب بلاغية متنوعة، وتصاوير رائعة فاقت طوق البشر. وبالطبع لا يمكن فهم النص القرآني دون معرفة تلك الدلالات والإشارات التي تكشف ما وراء النص القرآني، أو الخطاب القرآني من معاني خفيّة، يصعب على الدارس فهمها دون استخدام هذه الوسائل البلاغيّة، وتحليلها تحليلاً علميّاً يؤدي إلى كشف تلك الدلالات. ومشكلة البحث تتعلق بكيفية فهم تلك الإشارات البلاغيّة، والدلالات الخفيّة التي تحيط بالأسلوب القرآني. وهي عمل شاق يحتاج إلى بصيرة وبصر، كما يحتاج إلى تعمّق وتفكير وتأمل. فالمسألة شائكة، والعمل فيها يحتاج إلى صبر وإلمام عميق بعلوم اللغة؛ من نحو وصرف، وعلوم البلاغة؛ من بيان، وبديع، ومعاني. وتدور أسئلة البحث حول: كيف يتعامل الدارس مع النص القرآني؟ وكيف يمكن استنباط المعاني الخفيّة من النص القرآني؟ وما قيمة فهم الإشارات التي تردّ في القرآن الكريم؟ كيف نتعمّق ونستوعب أسلوب القرآن الكريم؟ وما الوسائل التي تعين المجتمع في فهم القرآن الكريم فهماً عصريّاً معتدلاً؟ وما الطرق إلى تحليل الدلالات البلاغيّة في النص القرآن الكريم؟ وأهداف البحث أنه يخدم المسلم وغير المسلم في فهم الخطاب القرآني. ويساعد طلبة العلم – على اختلاف تخصصاتهم- في كيفية التعامل مع النص القرآني. كما يساعد في استباط المعاني الخفيّة من النص القرآني؛ شارحاً ومحللاً. ويشرح ويوضّح الأشارات التي ترد في القرآن الكريم. ومنهجيّة البحث، تشير إلى – المنهج الاستقرائيّ، والمنهج التحليلي؛ الذي يقوم بتقديم بعض النماذج المختارة من الآيات واستيعابها بعمق، ثم تحليلها، ومناقشتها، واستنباط الدلالات البلاغيّة الخفيّة. الكلمات المفتاحيّة: الدلالات، البلاغيّة، أثرها، الفهم، القرآن. Abstract The research focuses on the study of rhetorical indication and its impact on the understanding of the qurʾanic text. And focused particularly on the structures and expressions that affect the rhetorical arts, to stand on the connotations and meanings and subtleties borne fraught. And its importance is reflected through the eyes open almtdberian in the texts of the download and routed to the greatness of this semantic field is wide of the qur'anic statement. Then for some professional graphic statement dresses which lies in the qur'anic text miraculous. The statement minute aesthetic differences that would not have tasted that the qurʾan reader not to their appearance in this chart is breathtaking dress. It thus explains lead in how to use the Qur'anic expression and techniques employed in the Rhetoric and linguistic Literary discourses. And illustrates what characterized the Qurʾan from a variety of Rhetorical styles, exquisite representations of superhuman collar. And, of course, can not understand the text of the Quran without knowing those signs and signals that reveal what behind the Quranic text, or Qur'anic discourse of hidden meanings, it is difficult for the student to understand without the use of these Rhetorical means, and analyzed scientifically analysis leads to the detection of those Aldalalat. The Research's Problem: How such understanding Rhetorical signals, and hidden connotations that surround the Qur'anic style. It is hard work needs to insight and vision, and needs to be deepened and reflection and meditation. A thorny issue, and where the work requires patience and a deep knowledge of the science of language; some of the exchange, and the science of rhetoric; the statement, and adorable, and meanings. The research questions revolve around: how to deal with student Qur'anic text? How can devise hidden meanings of the Qur'anic text? And the value of understanding the signals that are contained in the Koran? How to go deeper and understand the Koran style? And the means by which the community had to understand the Qur'an understanding fashionably moderate? The road to the semantic analysis of the Rhetorical text in the Qur'an? The Objectives of the Research that serves the Muslim and non-Muslim to understand the Qur'anic discourse. And helps students - the difference specializations and field of studies- in how to deal with the Qur'anic text. It also helps to explain the hidden meanings of the Qur'anic text; explaining and analysts. He explains and illustrates the signals that are contained in the Qur'an. And Research Methodology, refers to - the inductive method, and analytical approach; who withholds count of selected models of the verses and deeply absorbed, then analyzed, and discussed, and devise signals Rhetorical ones. Keywords: Indications, Rhetorical, Impact, Understanding, Qurʾan.  


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-58
Author(s):  
Prashant Kumar ◽  
Tao Meng ◽  
Sajal Kabiraj

Crowdsourcing has gained a lot of traction since it was christened way back in 2006, and its growing embracement across the industries augurs well for its future growth. As the ultimate target of any marketing activity is the consumer, it becomes highly imperative to gauge the effect of a crowdsourcing activity on the consumers’ perception and behavior. The present study desires to achieve the same through an experimental research methodology and uses the brand equity framework to assess the non-participants (consumers who do not participate in crowdsourcing activity) perceptions and behavioral intentions toward the crowdsourcing brand. Moreover, as crowdsourcing is also being labeled and criticized as an exploitative form of activity, so as to further accentuate the findings, the difference in the effect on brand equity and behavioral intention on the basis of crowdsourcing campaigns (in context of social and non-social campaigns) is also measured. Overall, the study reveals that crowdsourcing as a concept per se creates favorable consumer brand perceptions and behavioral intentions, provided crowdsourcing involve social initiative.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-89
Author(s):  
Nahum Samperio

This study tries to identify the possible differences in the types of strategies and their frequency of use in low and high achievers of English in a language centre in a university in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Data were collected using a mixed-methods research methodology. The sample consists of 27 students with a high score and 30 with a low score on the achievement test. The results show that students in both categories use similar strategies; the difference lies in the frequency of use and how they use the strategies. Finally, from the qualitative data emerges a list of strategies used by high achievers.


Author(s):  
Kwesi Atta Sakyi

The Goldbach Conjecture remains one of the several unsolved mathematical problems today, along with the Twin Prime Conjecture. It is said to be one of the simplest mathematical problems to state yet the most difficult to prove. In this paper, the author explores a few even numbers about the problem, and, using them as his sample size, juxtaposes his ideas with those of others through literature review. The author explores a solution to the Goldbach conjecture which was put forward about 275 years ago, by a German mathematician, Christian Goldbach, who was a contemporary of the genius German mathematician, Leonhard Euler. Euler in a letter to Goldbach, had confessed at the time that unfortunately, he (Euler) could not prove Goldbach’s mathematical poser. Through fundamental analysis and critical thinking, this author attempts to share his thoughts on how to resolve this long-standing mathematical debacle. The methodology used is basic, experimental, and exploratory, with the use of inferences through recognition of number patterns. We hope that this paper will make a small contribution to the discourse on Goldbach’s conjecture, whose solution has eluded mathematicians for about 275 years.


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