Poverty of Families with Children: Problems of Definition and Measurement, Regional Characteristics

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
V. Yelizarov ◽  
A. Sinitsa
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Economics Of The Family ◽  
Demographic Effect ◽  
The Family ◽  
Families With Children

The Object of the Study. Families with children.The Subject of the Study. The poverty of families with children.The Purpose of the Study. Studying of the characteristics and the ability to measure the poverty level of families with children, at the regional level in particular.The Main Provisions of the Article. The article deals with devoted to the methodological aspects of the poverty of families with children and the peculiarities of its study in recent decades. The standard of living of families and the poverty of families with children have traditionally been considered as socioeconomic problems, and therefore the tasks of reducing poverty and cutting the income deficit have been formulated as tasks within the framework of social policy, taking into account the constraints imposed by resource opportunities. At the same time, in demography and the economics of the family, the standard of living of families has always been considered as one of the important factors in the formation of the family and the fertility, affecting the number of children in the family, births postponing and giving up subsequent births, and family stability. The article justifies the urgency of the poverty of families with children reducing problem, since this category of families currently stands at approximately 60% of all poor families in Russia. Existing definitions of poverty and approaches to its measurement, indicators of poverty dynamics, sources and types of statistical data available to researchers for poverty analysis at the regional level are considered, and three types of effects have been determined: economic effect (growth of purchasing power of families with children, expansion of opportunities for combining work with the family life, incentives for the development of relevant sectors that produce goods and services for families with children); social effect (reduction of social and gender inequality, increasing of starting opportunities for development of children in families with low income) and demographic effect (allowing more families to plan children's births freely and responsibly, realizing their desire to have several children, slowing down the forthcoming birth rate decline, enabling to raise more healthy and educated children).

scholarly journals Factors of Poverty of Families with Children and Prospects of Its Reduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-75
Author(s):  
Valeriy Yelizarov ◽  
Arseniy Sinitsa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
Families With Children

The authors consider the data of Rosstat, which characterize the poverty of households and families with children in the country as a whole. The analysis was carried out taking into account the demographic characteristics of families and households, since they have a significant impact on poverty rates. The expenditures of families and households with children, income and its purchasing power of families with children, features of employment and unemployment of women with children, and living conditions of families with children are considered.The Object of the Study are families with children.The Subject of the Study is the poverty of families with children.The Purpose of the Study. Study of indicators on living conditions of families with children, and determining the main factors of poverty.The Main Provisions of the Article. Families with children are one of the most needy groups of the population, since their income is usually not sufficient to maintain an acceptable standard of living. Families with children make up the majority of all the poor.In recent years, the poverty of families with children has increased in many ways (for example, the number of poor families and their share among all poor people has increased, their income deficit has risen, irrespective of the fact that the employment of women with children in pre-school age has also increased). This indicates the lack of progress in addressing this important social problem, such as reducing poverty in families with children.The article highlights the main factors that hinder the improvement of living standards for families with children.The most important factor is the number of children in the family, as well as their age. There are more poor people in the families with a large number of children and families with children under the age of three. This is partly due to the low level of development of the network of preschool institutions, as well as to low incomes, since in such families women's employment is low. The second important factor is the fact of living in rural areas, where the birth rate is higher and the quality of life is lower. The third factor is the number of adults in the family (including those who are older than working age) who have incomes. The poverty of families with children is primarily influenced by demographic factors, the significance of which is especially high caused by low wages and small amounts of state benefits.The study will provide a better understanding of the nature and consequences of poverty of families with children in regions with different socioeconomic indicators and develop a differentiated system of measures aimed at improving their standard of living, taking into account these differences, including taking into account regional features. Further studies of the factors and extent of poverty will help to objectively assess the possibilities of influencing various factors and, in fact, the prospects for reducing poverty.

scholarly journals Differentiation of Assessments of Significance of Measures of Assistance to Families with Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Valeriy Yelizarov ◽  
Vladimir Arkhangel’skiy ◽  
Natal’ya Dzhanayeva
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
The Impact

The Object of the Study - families with children.The Subject of the Study is the importance for families with children of various support measures.Purpose of the Study is studying of the significance of measures to help families with children, depending on the living standards and regional differences in the estimates.The Main Provisions of the Article. The problem of poverty of families with children remains relevant. Moreover, the situation has deteriorated in recent years. Thus, the proportion of children under 7 living in households with per capita incomes below the subsistence level increased from 15.6% in 2012 to 28.0% in 2017.Having children increases the risk of poverty for the family. Most families are interested in various support measures, primarily economic, financial. But how do families with children evaluate existing measures and proposed ones?The significance of assistance to families with children varies depending on different characteristics of the family, and above all, on the standard of living achieved. The differences can be considered both at the level of families with different incomes and different assessments of living standards as well as in inter-regional comparisons.Taking the differences into account is important for evaluating the effectiveness of existing measures and developing proposals for expanding family support measures.One of the largest, representative surveys allowing for inter-regional comparisons and containing information on assessing the significance of measures to help families with children is the 2015 microcensus of the Russian population. In the microcensus questionnaire there was a question about conditions that could contribute to the birth of the desired number of children. It was proposed on a five-point scale to assess the possible degree of influence of various measures of assistance to families with children, both existing and those that could possibly be introduced in the future. Of the current measures, the highest rating was given to federal maternal (family) capital. Women, on average, compared with men, rated the significance of almost all measures slightly higher. The estimates obtained differ between the subjects of Russiya. Thus, the importance of maternal capital turned out to be higher in those subjects of Russiya where the indicators of living standards and, above all, per capita incomes are lower.To analyze the impact of living standards on assessing the significance of measures to help families with children, correlation coefficients between assessing the significance of measures and available indicators of living standards (average per capita income, lack of available resources in low-income households, share of people with incomes below the subsistence level, etc.) were calculated.In conclusion, new measures to support families with children that were not there at the time of the survey in 2015 have been considered. It is being planned to further develop measures to reduce the poverty of families with children, both at the federal and regional levels. Additional sample studies are needed to answer the questions: how the measures already taken reduce the poverty of families with children, which prevents the implementation of existing measures with greater effectiveness, what kind of support measures do families with different numbers of children need to develop

scholarly journals Evaluating Living Standards Of Families With Children: Analitical Capabilities of Research Studies Performed by Rosstat

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Vladimir Arkhangel’skiy ◽  
Valeriy Yelizarov ◽  
Natal’ya Dzhanayeva
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Social Programs ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Families With Children

The article analyzes the possibilities of using data from various surveys conducted by Rosstat to assess the standard of living of families with children. It is important to focus both on objective parameters (primarily income) and on a subjective assessment (degree of income adequacy, satisfaction with living standards, etc.), which may be a more significant determinant of social well-being and behaviour in various spheres of life.The Object of the Study is families with children under the age of 18.The Subject of the Study is the standard of living of families with children under the age of 18. The article discusses both the theoretical and practical aspects of this subject of study.The Theoretical Aspect of the Subject is approaches to an objective and subjective assessment of the standard of living.The Empirical Aspect of the Subject is the differences in objective parameters and the subjective assessment of the standard of living of families depending on the number of children.The Purpose of the Studyis studying differences in the standard of living of families depending on the number of children and assessing the analytical capabilities of its information support using the results of surveys conducted by Rosstat.The article discusses the possibilities of using various indicators, information on which is contained in the data of Rosstat surveys, to assess and analyze differences in the size and structure of income, as well as a subjective assessment of the standard of living in families with different numbers of children. The main attention is paid to the materials “Sampling Observation of Population Income and Participation in Social Programs” (2012, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017), “Comprehensive Observation of Living Conditions of the Population” (2011, 2014 and 2016) and “Sampling Observation of Reproductive Population Plans "2012”. The programs of those surveys are analyzed from the point of view of the possibilities of their use for assessing and analyzing differences in the standard of living of families with different numbers of children. The results of the “Selective Observation of Incomes of the Population and Participation in Social Programs” showed that with a larger number of children under the age of 18 in a family, the average per capita cash income is significantly less. Significant differences in the amount of income from work activity are smoothed to a very small extent by relatively large benefits, compensation and other social payments with a larger number of children in the family. According to the 2012 Selective Observation of the Reproduction Plans of the Population, the difference in the average per capita income depending on the number of children in the family is substantially less than the results of the Selective Observation of Population Incomes and Participation in Social Programs (due to the higher indicated incomes in families with three or more children), and differences in the assessment of living standards are relatively small.

Household Forms and Living Standards in Preindustrial France: From Models to Realities

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
French Studies ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Urban Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Life Course

The study raises the question of whether it is possible to verify Rowntree's and Chayanov's models of recurrent poverty and economic tensions during the life course of proletarian families, by using recent French studies on peasants and urban workers since the seventeenth century. Using evidence from preindustrial France about the poor, the study examines family size and the amplitude of social differentiation in the rural and urban context. The number of children living at home does not appear to have a negative influence on the standard of living. No correlation was found in Rheims between the appearance or nonappearance of families on the tax rolls and the vital evolution of the family life course. These findings indicate the absence of family-regulated poverty over time.

scholarly journals Predictors of Attendance and Attrition Among Participants of Vidas Activas y Familias Saludables (VALÉ), a Pediatric Weight Management Program for Latino Families

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1615-1615
Author(s):  
Cindy Castro ◽  
Margaret Jones ◽  
Daisy Posada ◽  
Robyn Mehlenbeck ◽  
Sina Gallo
Keyword(s):  
Weight Management ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
Latino Children ◽  
Weight Management Program ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Pediatric Weight Management

Abstract Objectives To assess the demographic predictors of attrition and attendance among Latino children and their families participating in a family-based, culturally-adapted pediatric weight management program. Methods Latino children, ages 5–9 with a BMI-for-age ≥85th percentile were recruited from local schools and clinics serving low-income populations. Families met weekly as a group for ∼120 minutes for 10 consecutive weeks. The VALÉ program was designed to address nutrition, physical activity, and health behavior modification. The current analysis included data from four cohorts that participated in the VALÉ program between 2017 and 2019. Demographic variables were collected from families at baseline. Family attendance was recorded at each session and categorized (as ≤80% and >80% of sessions attended). Attrition was defined the % of participants who returned for follow-up immediately post program completion. Differences in demographics between attendance and attrition groups were compared using X2 or T-Test and an alpha of 0.05 was used as the cutoff for significance. Results Participants (n = 88) had an average age of 7.6 years, 66% were male, and the majority of parents were born in Central America (78% of mothers, 74% of fathers). Average household size was 5.7 with 88% reported being <185% of the federal poverty level. Overall, 18% attended >80% of all sessions and 61% returned for follow-up. Both maternal and paternal age were significantly higher for those completed >80% of sessions (P = 0.12 and 0.17, respectively) and returned for follow-up (P < 0.01 and P = 0.05, respectively). The proportion of mothers who were employed was higher among those who completed >80% of sessions (69%) compared with those attending fewer sessions (39%, P = 0.03). Total number of children in the household was lower among those who returned for follow-up (P = 0.04). Conclusions Among a Latino sample of children and their families participating in a pediatric weight management program, maternal and paternal age, number of children in the household, and maternal employment were important predictors of either program attendance and/or attrition. Funding Sources George Mason University, Potomac Health Foundation.

scholarly journals Poverty and family resilience in Belém-Pará

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Araújo Matos ◽  
Edson Marcos Ramos Leal ◽  
Fernando Augusto Ramos Pontes ◽  
Simone Souza Costa e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Family Resilience ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Single Parent Family ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

AbstractFamily resilience is a complex, multi-determined behavior caused by the inseparable action of risk and protection factors. The purpose of this paper is to associate aspects of family resilience with multiple dimensions of poverty through a quantitative, descriptive, correlative, exploratory study with a sample of 448 low-income families in thirteen Social Assistance Reference Centers in Belém, Pará. The instruments used in the study were the Family Resilience Profile Questionnaire, the Social and Demographic Inventory, and the Family Poverty Rate. The results state that the families are not living in extreme poverty; however, they still face adversities due to the poverty. A significant presence of women, where 90.6% of the participants were mothers living in a single-parent family, attests that women are still the part of the population most affected by poverty. Furthermore, the results showed that the higher the poverty level, the lower the family resilience, and aspects such as work, knowledge and human development, especially child development, are aspects that enhance family resources to face adversities.

scholarly journals Energy Poverty in EU countries and Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Iryna Kocheshkova
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Warm Temperature ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Government Statistics

The article explains what they understand under the notion of «energy poverty» in EU countries. It is established that the appraisal of the energy poverty problem’s acuity is significantly complicated due to the lack of any standardized approach to the definition, great diversity in character, quantity, and power consumption peculiarities in various countries or just frequently mediated indicators available for estimation. Initial information for the appraisal of the level of the energy poverty can be usually obtained from sociological inquiries data. Detailed consideration is done with primary indices of the energy poverty in homesteads for the annual calculation of European energy poverty index with EU countries computed as the geometrical mean value of the sub-index of the energy poverty with European homesteads and the transport sub-index of the European energy poverty for homesteads from the first income-based quintile. Every two years Ukrainian Government Statistics Service conducts the procedure of self-appraisal of own incomes by homesteads in all regions of the country including data of material deprivation, so there are statistical information to compute the index of the similar energy poverty sub-index for European homesteads however in decile groups. An extraordinary high divergence of the index was detected between regions: from 4.8 per cent in Kyiv to 93.9 per cent in Carpathian Region. The dependency was detected between the percentages of homesteads having deficiency in money to maintain sufficiently warm temperature in their houses, and of people suffering from 4 or more of the 9 signs of deprivation that is having the very low quality of life. The article represents dynamics of the portion of the homesteads with insufficient funds to maintain a pretty warm temperature in their houses the whole heating period long subject to their financial situation. It was the most well-to-do people who declared the highest growth of the value. That was the witness of the fact that one cannot solve the problem of the energy poverty level reduction with homesteads just through the people’s incomes increase. Unfortunately, power consumption in the country is still irrational. The article substantiates that decentralization and the growth of power effectiveness are exclusively prospective directions for business advance especially for those who are now involved in network or regional business providing macro-economic effect through new jobs opening meaning additional budget takings. The urgent problem of Ukraine from the viewpoint of the social protection system’s improvement against the energy poverty is separation of purely power poverty fighting measures from the general maintenance system for low-income homesteads. Keywords energy poverty; homesteads; sociological inquiries; signs of deprivation; power effectiveness.

AN ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSION FOR THE INSPECTION PARADOX

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
J. E. Angus
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Expansion ◽  
Asymptotic Expansions ◽  
Random Variables ◽  
Mass Function ◽  
Probability Mass Function ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Probability Mass ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Independent And Identically Distributed

Suppose that there arenfamilies with children attending a certain school and that the number of children in these families are independent and identically distributed random variables, each with probability mass functionP{X=j} =pj,j≥ 1, with finite mean μ = [sum ]j≥1jpj. If a child is selected at random from the school andXIis the number of children in the family to which the child belongs, it is known that limn→∞P{XI=j} =jpj/μ,j≥ 1. Here, asymptotic expansions forP{XI=j} are developed under the conditionE|X|3< ∞.

scholarly journals Age of menarche in girls from the Lubusz Province with regard to the living environment, parents’ education, the number of children in the family and the standard of living

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-121
Author(s):  
Józef Tatarczuk ◽  
Ryszard Asienkiewicz ◽  
Artur Wandycz ◽  
Adam Hirko
Keyword(s):  
Small Towns ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Parents Education

The aim of this article is to assess the maturity level of girls in the Lubusz Voivodeship depending on the living environment, parents’ education, the number of children in the family and the standard of living. The material consists of the results of research conducted among 10–18 year-old girls (after menarcheal age) in 2015–2017 in selected primary, middle and upper secondary schools. A total of 3,525 girls were examined. The data were collected by means of a diagnostic survey, using the retrospective method, the research technique was a questionnaire, and the research tool was a questionnaire. Basic statistical characteristics for each variable, one-way analysis of variance, significance level of differences and a test of independence were calculated. The questionnaire was also validated with the reliability coefficient of 0.68, which qualifies it for use in cross-sectional studies. As a result of the analysis of the material, it was found that the following girls matured the earliest those from medium-size and small towns, daughters of fathers with higher or vocational education, daughters of mothers with higher education, girls growing up in families with one child, girls from the richest families.

Economics of the Family Relative to Number of Children

1940 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Lorimer ◽  
Herbert Roback
Keyword(s):  
Number Of Children ◽  
Economics Of The Family ◽  
The Family
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