scholarly journals Factors of Poverty of Families with Children and Prospects of Its Reduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-75
Author(s):  
Valeriy Yelizarov ◽  
Arseniy Sinitsa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
Families With Children

The authors consider the data of Rosstat, which characterize the poverty of households and families with children in the country as a whole. The analysis was carried out taking into account the demographic characteristics of families and households, since they have a significant impact on poverty rates. The expenditures of families and households with children, income and its purchasing power of families with children, features of employment and unemployment of women with children, and living conditions of families with children are considered.The Object of the Study are families with children.The Subject of the Study is the poverty of families with children.The Purpose of the Study. Study of indicators on living conditions of families with children, and determining the main factors of poverty.The Main Provisions of the Article. Families with children are one of the most needy groups of the population, since their income is usually not sufficient to maintain an acceptable standard of living. Families with children make up the majority of all the poor.In recent years, the poverty of families with children has increased in many ways (for example, the number of poor families and their share among all poor people has increased, their income deficit has risen, irrespective of the fact that the employment of women with children in pre-school age has also increased). This indicates the lack of progress in addressing this important social problem, such as reducing poverty in families with children.The article highlights the main factors that hinder the improvement of living standards for families with children.The most important factor is the number of children in the family, as well as their age. There are more poor people in the families with a large number of children and families with children under the age of three. This is partly due to the low level of development of the network of preschool institutions, as well as to low incomes, since in such families women's employment is low. The second important factor is the fact of living in rural areas, where the birth rate is higher and the quality of life is lower. The third factor is the number of adults in the family (including those who are older than working age) who have incomes. The poverty of families with children is primarily influenced by demographic factors, the significance of which is especially high caused by low wages and small amounts of state benefits.The study will provide a better understanding of the nature and consequences of poverty of families with children in regions with different socioeconomic indicators and develop a differentiated system of measures aimed at improving their standard of living, taking into account these differences, including taking into account regional features. Further studies of the factors and extent of poverty will help to objectively assess the possibilities of influencing various factors and, in fact, the prospects for reducing poverty.

Poverty of Families with Children: Problems of Definition and Measurement, Regional Characteristics

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
V. Yelizarov ◽  
A. Sinitsa
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Economics Of The Family ◽  
Demographic Effect ◽  
The Family ◽  
Families With Children

The Object of the Study. Families with children.The Subject of the Study. The poverty of families with children.The Purpose of the Study. Studying of the characteristics and the ability to measure the poverty level of families with children, at the regional level in particular.The Main Provisions of the Article. The article deals with devoted to the methodological aspects of the poverty of families with children and the peculiarities of its study in recent decades. The standard of living of families and the poverty of families with children have traditionally been considered as socioeconomic problems, and therefore the tasks of reducing poverty and cutting the income deficit have been formulated as tasks within the framework of social policy, taking into account the constraints imposed by resource opportunities. At the same time, in demography and the economics of the family, the standard of living of families has always been considered as one of the important factors in the formation of the family and the fertility, affecting the number of children in the family, births postponing and giving up subsequent births, and family stability. The article justifies the urgency of the poverty of families with children reducing problem, since this category of families currently stands at approximately 60% of all poor families in Russia. Existing definitions of poverty and approaches to its measurement, indicators of poverty dynamics, sources and types of statistical data available to researchers for poverty analysis at the regional level are considered, and three types of effects have been determined: economic effect (growth of purchasing power of families with children, expansion of opportunities for combining work with the family life, incentives for the development of relevant sectors that produce goods and services for families with children); social effect (reduction of social and gender inequality, increasing of starting opportunities for development of children in families with low income) and demographic effect (allowing more families to plan children's births freely and responsibly, realizing their desire to have several children, slowing down the forthcoming birth rate decline, enabling to raise more healthy and educated children).

scholarly journals Evaluating Living Standards Of Families With Children: Analitical Capabilities of Research Studies Performed by Rosstat

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Vladimir Arkhangel’skiy ◽  
Valeriy Yelizarov ◽  
Natal’ya Dzhanayeva
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Social Programs ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Families With Children

The article analyzes the possibilities of using data from various surveys conducted by Rosstat to assess the standard of living of families with children. It is important to focus both on objective parameters (primarily income) and on a subjective assessment (degree of income adequacy, satisfaction with living standards, etc.), which may be a more significant determinant of social well-being and behaviour in various spheres of life.The Object of the Study is families with children under the age of 18.The Subject of the Study is the standard of living of families with children under the age of 18. The article discusses both the theoretical and practical aspects of this subject of study.The Theoretical Aspect of the Subject is approaches to an objective and subjective assessment of the standard of living.The Empirical Aspect of the Subject is the differences in objective parameters and the subjective assessment of the standard of living of families depending on the number of children.The Purpose of the Studyis studying differences in the standard of living of families depending on the number of children and assessing the analytical capabilities of its information support using the results of surveys conducted by Rosstat.The article discusses the possibilities of using various indicators, information on which is contained in the data of Rosstat surveys, to assess and analyze differences in the size and structure of income, as well as a subjective assessment of the standard of living in families with different numbers of children. The main attention is paid to the materials “Sampling Observation of Population Income and Participation in Social Programs” (2012, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017), “Comprehensive Observation of Living Conditions of the Population” (2011, 2014 and 2016) and “Sampling Observation of Reproductive Population Plans "2012”. The programs of those surveys are analyzed from the point of view of the possibilities of their use for assessing and analyzing differences in the standard of living of families with different numbers of children. The results of the “Selective Observation of Incomes of the Population and Participation in Social Programs” showed that with a larger number of children under the age of 18 in a family, the average per capita cash income is significantly less. Significant differences in the amount of income from work activity are smoothed to a very small extent by relatively large benefits, compensation and other social payments with a larger number of children in the family. According to the 2012 Selective Observation of the Reproduction Plans of the Population, the difference in the average per capita income depending on the number of children in the family is substantially less than the results of the Selective Observation of Population Incomes and Participation in Social Programs (due to the higher indicated incomes in families with three or more children), and differences in the assessment of living standards are relatively small.

Household Forms and Living Standards in Preindustrial France: From Models to Realities

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
French Studies ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Urban Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Life Course

The study raises the question of whether it is possible to verify Rowntree's and Chayanov's models of recurrent poverty and economic tensions during the life course of proletarian families, by using recent French studies on peasants and urban workers since the seventeenth century. Using evidence from preindustrial France about the poor, the study examines family size and the amplitude of social differentiation in the rural and urban context. The number of children living at home does not appear to have a negative influence on the standard of living. No correlation was found in Rheims between the appearance or nonappearance of families on the tax rolls and the vital evolution of the family life course. These findings indicate the absence of family-regulated poverty over time.

Determinants of Domestic Violence in Pakistan: A Qualitative and Econometric Analysis

Partner Abuse ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. PA-D-20-00006
Author(s):  
Naeem Akram
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Working Women ◽  
World Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Family ◽  
Health Organization

Domestic violence exists in every country, irrespective of the culture, ethnicity, age, income, and education of the women. World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that approximately 35% of women worldwide had experienced sexual or physical violence. The present study has attempted to analyze the role of different socioeconomic indicators on the prevalence of domestic violence. In this regard, data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017–2018 has been used and logit models have been estimated. It has been found that women married below the age of 18; living in rural areas; have more children; whose mothers experienced violence; feared their husbands; with little to or no autonomy in decision-making; had a bank account; married outside of the family; and had not inherited any land or property were significantly more vulnerable victims of domestic violence. It has been found that women’s education, education of her husband, and exposure to media by creating awareness may protect women from domestic violence. Furthermore, working women are more likely to face domestic violence, but women who have started working before marriage are significantly less vulnerable victims of domestic violence. However, the age of women herself, the age of husband, age of household head and wealth of household, living in the nucleus or joint family, receiving any support from Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) have no significant role in determining the domestic violence in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Characteristics of physical growth of schoolchildren in Mongolia and their forming factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (12) ◽  
pp. 1198-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina G. Pogorelova ◽  
G. . Amgalan
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Scientific Substantiation ◽  
Academic Workload ◽  
School Furniture

The article considers the findings of hygienic assessments of educational conditions in urban and rural schools in Mongolia and socio-economic conditions of living of schoolchildren and analysis of anthropometric measurements of schoolchildren aged of 7-16 years in relation to the assessment of harmonicity of their physical development. Hygienic conditions in Mongolian schools are characterized by improper organization of the educational - accomplishment process, high occupancy rate in classes causing insufficient space for a pupil and disconformity of school furniture parameters of school desks and chairs to growth and age requirements of pupils. Comparative assessment of socio-economic factors revealed (выделено автором) that the majority (84.1%) of rural pupils reside in uncomfortable houses and gerdwellings, 58.5 % - in large families with many children, 46.3 % - in families with poor living conditions. There were obtained data about differences in physical development of urban and rural schoolchildren pronounced with age by the gain in the number of children with disharmonious development and children with lower physical indices of the development, delayed by 1-2 years appearance of the crossing of growth and growth shift typical for rural children in comparison with their urban counterparts. According to results of multivariate regression analysis most significant factors for the formation of physical development of school children in descending order are academic workload, the place of residence, the number of children in the family, uncomfortable living conditions, household income and parent’s education. In the presence of these factors, the risk of the formation of disharmonious physical growth of school children increases by 1.8-2.8 times. The probability of the risk offormation of disharmonious physical development of schoolchildren living in rural areas was found to be by 2.5 times more than for their urban counterparts. The results can be usedfor scientific substantiation and development of targeted health measures.

AN ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSION FOR THE INSPECTION PARADOX

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
J. E. Angus
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Expansion ◽  
Asymptotic Expansions ◽  
Random Variables ◽  
Mass Function ◽  
Probability Mass Function ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Probability Mass ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Independent And Identically Distributed

Suppose that there arenfamilies with children attending a certain school and that the number of children in these families are independent and identically distributed random variables, each with probability mass functionP{X=j} =pj,j≥ 1, with finite mean μ = [sum ]j≥1jpj. If a child is selected at random from the school andXIis the number of children in the family to which the child belongs, it is known that limn→∞P{XI=j} =jpj/μ,j≥ 1. Here, asymptotic expansions forP{XI=j} are developed under the conditionE|X|3< ∞.

scholarly journals Age of menarche in girls from the Lubusz Province with regard to the living environment, parents’ education, the number of children in the family and the standard of living

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-121
Author(s):  
Józef Tatarczuk ◽  
Ryszard Asienkiewicz ◽  
Artur Wandycz ◽  
Adam Hirko
Keyword(s):  
Small Towns ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Parents Education

The aim of this article is to assess the maturity level of girls in the Lubusz Voivodeship depending on the living environment, parents’ education, the number of children in the family and the standard of living. The material consists of the results of research conducted among 10–18 year-old girls (after menarcheal age) in 2015–2017 in selected primary, middle and upper secondary schools. A total of 3,525 girls were examined. The data were collected by means of a diagnostic survey, using the retrospective method, the research technique was a questionnaire, and the research tool was a questionnaire. Basic statistical characteristics for each variable, one-way analysis of variance, significance level of differences and a test of independence were calculated. The questionnaire was also validated with the reliability coefficient of 0.68, which qualifies it for use in cross-sectional studies. As a result of the analysis of the material, it was found that the following girls matured the earliest those from medium-size and small towns, daughters of fathers with higher or vocational education, daughters of mothers with higher education, girls growing up in families with one child, girls from the richest families.

scholarly journals The frequency of overweight and obesity occurrence among Polish children (age 6–7 years) in relation to the place of residence, the education level of parents and the number children in the family

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Markowska ◽  
Agnieszka Monika Przychodni ◽  
Grażyna Nowak-Starz ◽  
Elżbieta Cieśla
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Only Children ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Childhood Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Parental Level

AbstractThis study sought to evaluate the number of those overweight and the rate of obesity among 6- and 7-year-olds living in Poland with regard to their place of residence, the parental level of education and the number of children in the family. The analysis was based on a survey of 64 544 children (33 051 boys and 31 493 girls) living in Poland. Overweight and obesity were defined based on body mass index (BMI) using the IOTF cut-off points. To evaluate the rates of overweight and obesity occurrence in children with regard to family socio-economic status, parental level of education, the number of children in the family, and the place of residence (divided into city and village) was used. ‘Only children’ were the most likely group to be overweight or obese. These children were twice as likely to be obese as their peers living in families with four or more children. Overweight and obesity occurred more often amongst children living in cities rather than those living in rural areas. Moreover, these conditions were more frequent among children whose parents had higher levels of education. The most significant predictors of childhood overweight and obesity were the number of children in the family and the educational level of the mother

scholarly journals The key issues of rural multi-child families (on the example of Vilyuysky District of the Sakha Republic)

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Mariya Revor'evna Chemporova ◽  
Aiza Borisovna Neustroeva
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Sakha Republic ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of

The subject of this research is the problems of multi-child families in rural areas of Vilyuysky District of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The article explores the definition of multi-child family, as well as federal and regional measures of their social support. The authors describe in detail the key problems currently faced by multi-child families. Assessment is given to the state support of such families. The main research method is the interview with multi-child families residing in Vilyuysky District of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The selection of families for participation in the interview was based on the following criteria: number of children, age, level of education, and parents&rsquo; employment status. The main conclusions of the conducted research lie in the description of multi-child parenting from the perspective of rural multi-child families, and determination of trends of multi-child parenting in the region. The results of the research allow speaking of the fact that the dominant reproductive preference of the majority of women living in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) became the family model with three children. The percentage of children born in multi-child families among all children of the republic us 52.8%. The novelty consists in identification of the key problems experienced by multi-child families in the remote northern region. The authors thoroughly describe the financial, housing, pedagogical problems of such families.

scholarly journals Differentiation of Assessments of Significance of Measures of Assistance to Families with Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Valeriy Yelizarov ◽  
Vladimir Arkhangel’skiy ◽  
Natal’ya Dzhanayeva
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
The Impact

The Object of the Study - families with children.The Subject of the Study is the importance for families with children of various support measures.Purpose of the Study is studying of the significance of measures to help families with children, depending on the living standards and regional differences in the estimates.The Main Provisions of the Article. The problem of poverty of families with children remains relevant. Moreover, the situation has deteriorated in recent years. Thus, the proportion of children under 7 living in households with per capita incomes below the subsistence level increased from 15.6% in 2012 to 28.0% in 2017.Having children increases the risk of poverty for the family. Most families are interested in various support measures, primarily economic, financial. But how do families with children evaluate existing measures and proposed ones?The significance of assistance to families with children varies depending on different characteristics of the family, and above all, on the standard of living achieved. The differences can be considered both at the level of families with different incomes and different assessments of living standards as well as in inter-regional comparisons.Taking the differences into account is important for evaluating the effectiveness of existing measures and developing proposals for expanding family support measures.One of the largest, representative surveys allowing for inter-regional comparisons and containing information on assessing the significance of measures to help families with children is the 2015 microcensus of the Russian population. In the microcensus questionnaire there was a question about conditions that could contribute to the birth of the desired number of children. It was proposed on a five-point scale to assess the possible degree of influence of various measures of assistance to families with children, both existing and those that could possibly be introduced in the future. Of the current measures, the highest rating was given to federal maternal (family) capital. Women, on average, compared with men, rated the significance of almost all measures slightly higher. The estimates obtained differ between the subjects of Russiya. Thus, the importance of maternal capital turned out to be higher in those subjects of Russiya where the indicators of living standards and, above all, per capita incomes are lower.To analyze the impact of living standards on assessing the significance of measures to help families with children, correlation coefficients between assessing the significance of measures and available indicators of living standards (average per capita income, lack of available resources in low-income households, share of people with incomes below the subsistence level, etc.) were calculated.In conclusion, new measures to support families with children that were not there at the time of the survey in 2015 have been considered. It is being planned to further develop measures to reduce the poverty of families with children, both at the federal and regional levels. Additional sample studies are needed to answer the questions: how the measures already taken reduce the poverty of families with children, which prevents the implementation of existing measures with greater effectiveness, what kind of support measures do families with different numbers of children need to develop

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