scholarly journals Under-reporting of Adverse Events in the Biomedical Literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald N. Kostoff
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scientometric Analysis ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Causes Of Disease ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Almost All

AbstractPurposeTo address the under-reporting of research results, with emphasis on the under-reporting/distorted reporting of adverse events in the biomedical research literature.Design/methodology/approachA four-step approach is used: (1) To identify the characteristics of literature that make it adequate to support policy; (2) to show how each of these characteristics becomes degraded to make inadequate literature; (3) to identify incentives to prevent inadequate literature; and (4) to show policy implications of inadequate literature.FindingsThis review has provided reasons for, and examples of, adverse health effects of myriad substances (1) being under-reported in the premiere biomedical literature, or (2) entering this literature in distorted form. Since there is no way to gauge the extent of this under/distorted-reporting, the quality and credibility of the ‘premiere’ biomedical literature is unknown. Therefore, any types of meta-analyses or scientometric analyses of this literature will have unknown quality and credibility. The most sophisticated scientometric analysis cannot compensate for a highly flawed database.Research limitationsThe main limitation is in identifying examples of under-reporting. There are many incentives for under-reporting and few dis-incentives.Practical implicationsAlmost all research publications, addressing causes of disease, treatments for disease, diagnoses for disease, scientometrics of disease and health issues, and other aspects of healthcare, build upon previous healthcare-related research published. Many researchers will not have laboratories or other capabilities to replicate or validate the published research, and depend almost completely on the integrity of this literature. If the literature is distorted, then future research can be misguided, and health policy recommendations can be ineffective or worse.Originality/valueThis review has examined a much wider range of technical and non-technical causes for under-reporting of adverse events in the biomedical literature than previous studies.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 244-260
Author(s):  
Stefanie Walter ◽  
Ari Ray ◽  
Nils Redeker
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implications ◽  
European Council ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
European Level ◽  
Eurozone Crisis ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Core ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Almost All

The concluding chapter begins by summarizing and discussing the insights that this book has generated. It has addressed three aspects that have received scant attention in existing research: The importance of analyzing the Eurozone crisis in comparative perspective, the importance of examining the whole range of policy options, including the ones not chosen, and the importance of analyzing crisis politics not just in deficit-debtor, but also in surplus-creditor countries. Because the bulk of the book’s analyses have focused on domestic distributive struggles, the concluding chapter turns to the question to what extent the book’s approach is useful for understanding the distributive struggles on the European level as well. For this purpose, the chapter examines how surplus and deficit states positioned themselves with regard to the core EMU-related issues and reforms that were discussed in the European Council during the Eurozone crisis. The analysis shows that on policy issues related to questions of adjustment and financing, deficit and surplus countries aligned in opposing camps. Moreover, creditor-surplus countries managed to secure policy decisions in line with their preferences on almost all adjustment-related policy issues. This meant that deficit countries had to carry the bulk of the adjustment burden. In contrast, surplus countries showed more willingness to compromise on issues related to financing. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the findings and offers an agenda for future research.

scholarly journals Risk Perception of Air Pollution: A Systematic Review Focused on Particulate Matter Exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Cori ◽  
Gabriele Donzelli ◽  
Francesca Gorini ◽  
Fabrizio Bianchi ◽  
Olivia Curzio
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Time Series Studies ◽  
Meta Analyses

The adverse health effects of exposure to air pollutants, notably to particulate matter (PM), are well-known, as well as the association with measured or estimated concentration levels. The role of perception can be relevant in exploring effects and pollution control actions. The purpose of this study was to explore studies that analyse people’s perception, together with the measurement of air pollution, in order to elucidate the relationship between them. We conducted a systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. In March 2020, PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were explored in an attempt to search for studies published from 2000 to 2020. The review included 38 studies, most of which were conducted in China (n = 13) and the United States (n = 11) and published over the last four years (n = 26). Three studies were multicenter investigations, while five articles were based on a national-level survey. The air quality (AQ) was assessed by monitoring stations (n = 24) or dispersion models (n = 7). Many studies were population questionnaire-based, air monitoring and time-series studies, and web-based investigations. A direct association between exposure and perception emerged in 20 studies. This systematic review has shown that most of the studies establish a relationship between risk perception measurement. A broad spectrum of concepts and notions related to perception also emerged, which is undoubtedly an indicator of the wealth of available knowledge and is promising for future research.

Mathematical Persistence Among Four African American Male Graduate Students: A Critical Race Analysis of Their Experiences

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Jett
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Male ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Racial Microaggressions ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mathematics Students ◽  
Critical Race

The stories of high-achieving African American mathematics students are gaining prominence in the research literature. In this multiple case study, I use a critical race theoretical frame to document and analyze the experiences of 4 mathematically persistent African American male students who earned undergraduate degrees in mathematics and subsequently enrolled in mathematics or mathematics education graduate programs. The findings reveal that these African American men drew from internal factors to influence their mathematical persistence and identified how racial microaggressions manifest themselves in postundergraduate contexts. Recommendations for practice, policy implications, and future research directions that emerged from this study are discussed to better understand African American men's mathematics experiences.

Unearthing the response pattern of COVID-19 research in social sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibhav Singh ◽  
Surabhi Verma
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Almost All

PurposeThe sudden onset of COVID-19 has brought about a watershed moment in the current research across all disciplines. As it has impacted almost all aspects of human existence, academicians are aggressively trying to understand the phenomenon from multidisciplinary perspectives. In this regard, the present study attempts to provide an in-depth understanding of academia's response pattern in the field of social sciences using a grounded theory literature review and bibliometric analysis.Design/methodology/approachThe present study analyzed 395 research articles on the pandemic phenomenon, yielding five main themes and 11 sub-themes.FindingsThe emergent research themes are global impact on public health, the influence of COVID-19 on workplace functioning, global governance in COVID-19, research ethics in scholarly works and the influence of COVID-19 on demography.Originality/valueDrawing from these themes, the authors provide propositions, policy implications and future research directions.

A narrative review of the literature about people with intellectual disability who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex or questioning

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J Wilson ◽  
Jemima Macdonald ◽  
Brenda Hayman ◽  
Alexandra M Bright ◽  
Patsie Frawley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Social Interventions ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Almost All

This narrative review of the research literature presents a summary about the key issues facing people with intellectual disability (ID) who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex or questioning (LGBTIQ). The aim of this review was to consolidate research of the topic; to identify whether any pilot studies reporting social/sexual/educational interventions had been published; and to offer some perspective on the type of future research required to better inform policy, practice and theory that may lead to better outcomes for people with ID who identify as LGBTIQ. Almost all of the research literature on the topic is either exploratory or descriptive which serves to outline the range of issues faced by people with ID who identify as LGBTIQ. Urgently needed as the next step, however, is a concerted effort to conduct a range of innovative educational and social interventions with collection of targeted and appropriate outcomes data.

Treatment Modalities

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Martin Kivlighan III ◽  
Dennis M. Kivlighan
Keyword(s):  
Research Literature ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Helpful Events ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Therapeutic Processes ◽  
Outcome Differences ◽  
New Research ◽  
Meta Analyses

In the first part of this chapter the focus is on research comparing the effectiveness (i.e., psychotherapy outcomes) of various treatment modalities: individual, group, couple, and family therapies. In the second section the discussion shifts to focus on research that examines therapy process similarities and differences across the various treatment modalities. The chapter includes a review of the research literature comparing individual, group, couple, and family treatments. Although there are numerous studies comparing treatment approaches (e.g., cognitive behavior therapy vs. psychodynamic therapy), far fewer studies have compared treatment modalities. For treatment outcome differences, a number of meta-analyses examining similarities and differences across treatment modalities are reviewed, summarized, and critiqued. Exploring differences in therapeutic processes involved reviewing, summarizing, and critiquing studies that examined similarities and differences in the character of the therapeutic alliance, helpful events, and therapist behaviors and techniques. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research. Two major approaches to new research are recommended: focus on treatment goals and systemic processes and an increased focus on the therapeutic processes that cut across and differentiate the treatment modalities

How Scary Are Threat Appeals? Evaluating the Intensity of Fear in Experimental Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
James Price Dillard ◽  
Shu Scott Li
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Real World ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Linear Association ◽  
Threat Appeals ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract One long-standing concern holds that much is unknown about the operation of threat appeals because practical and ethical matters preclude the use of seriously frightening messages. This project compared the intensity of fear produced by experimental messages with that produced by adverse events, such as wars and hurricanes. Results showed that threat appeals (k = 80; N = 6,738; Δ = 2.15) have been effective at inducing levels of fear that are on par with the fear induced by real-world occurrences (k = 19, N = 4,928, Δ = 2.01). Thus, the positive, linear association between threat (X) and persuasion (Y) observed in previous meta-analyses is probably an accurate characterization of the X-Y association: a finding that is inconsistent with inverted-U theories. The distribution of fear values produced by the experimental messages provides empirical benchmarks for future research.

Physical and Psychological Benefits of Written Emotional Expression

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Kállay
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Expressive Writing ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract. The last several decades have witnessed a substantial increase in the number of individuals suffering from both diagnosable and subsyndromal mental health problems. Consequently, the development of cost-effective treatment methods, accessible to large populations suffering from different forms of mental health problems, became imperative. A very promising intervention is the method of expressive writing (EW), which may be used in both clinically diagnosable cases and subthreshold symptomatology. This method, in which people express their feelings and thoughts related to stressful situations in writing, has been found to improve participants’ long-term psychological, physiological, behavioral, and social functioning. Based on a thorough analysis and synthesis of the published literature (also including most recent meta-analyses), the present paper presents the expressive writing method, its short- and long-term, intra-and interpersonal effects, different situations and conditions in which it has been proven to be effective, the most important mechanisms implied in the process of recovery, advantages, disadvantages, and possible pitfalls of the method, as well as variants of the original technique and future research directions.

Roles of externalisation activities in the design process

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Maral Babapour Chafi
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Design Processes ◽  
Digital Modelling

Designers engage in various activities, dealing with different materials and media to externalise and represent their form ideas. This paper presents a review of design research literature regarding externalisation activities in design process: sketching, building physical models and digital modelling. The aim has been to review research on the roles of media and representations in design processes, and highlight knowledge gaps and questions for future research.

Adverse Effects of Natural Products: A Brief Pre-Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Pires ◽  
Ana Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Adverse Event ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background: Natural products are commonly used for treating health problems. These products may be associated with adverse events, which are defined as "noxious and unintended response to a medicinal product" by the European Medicine Agency. Objectives: To identify studies describing at least one adverse event (or with potential to promote an adverse event) related to the use of natural products, as well as to describe the involved product(s) and adverse event(s). Methods: A pre-systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria. Keywords: "natural product(s)" and ["adverse drug reaction(s)" or "adverse effect(s)"]. Screened databases: PubMed, SciELO, DOAJ and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria: papers describing at least one adverse event associated with the use of natural products and published between 2017 and 2019. Exclusion criteria: Repeated studies, reviews and papers written in other languages than English, Portuguese, French or Spanish. Results: 104 studies were identified (20 PubMed; 0 SciELO; 2 DOAJ; 82 Google Scholar), but only 10 were selected (4 PubMed and 6 Google Scholar): 1 in-vitro study; 2 non-clinical studies, 1 study reporting in-vitro and clinical data and 5 studies were cases reports. Globally, 997 reports of adverse drug reactions with natural products were identified, mainly non-severe cases. Conclusion: Since a limited number of studies was found, we conclude that adverse events due to natural products may be underreported, or natural products may have a good safety profile. This review contributes for assuring the safety of natural products consumers, by evaluating the knowledge/information on the potential adverse events and interactions of these products.

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