Piecework forms of hiring workers in the landowner’s household of the Tambov Governorate at the late 19th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Ruslan M. Zhitin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Absolute Majority ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Real Payments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mutual Agreement

We describe the working conditions of piecework workers of landowner’s household of Tambov Governorate at the late 19th century. We analyze the specifics of early forms of employment, the amount of wages, and the relationship between the employee and the employer. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to fill the historiographical gap in the study of working conditions of piecework workers, its significance for the development of the landowner’s household after the abolition of serfdom. The novelty of the work is determined by a comprehen-sive study of agricultural hiring in landowner’s economies, consideration of both collective and individual forms of employment of piecework workers. The source for this work was the materials describing large Tambov estates, collections of statistical data on the Tambov Governorate. It is shown that piecework workers received money for performing a strictly defined task by mutual agreement with the landowner. Such workers could be employed in different areas of the lan-downer’s household. At the same time, it is established that the economic format of the absolute majority of piecework workers in Tambov economies was associated with the procedure of returning the debt to the landowner. This allowed to reduce the amount of real payments to piecework workers. Based on the study of workers’ labor, it is revealed that in addition to the monetary form of advance hiring for field work, the region also widely practiced the in-kind form of payment, secured by lease agreements for the sublease of land. It was found that the winter hiring of workers and the reduction of wages created the ground for abuse of hired workers.

The United States and China: Into the Twenty-First Century (Third Edition). By Michael Schaller. [New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 242 pp. Hard cover $45.00, ISBN 0-19-513758-2; paperback $23.95, ISBN 0-19-513759-0.]

2003 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 523-525
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hard Cover

This useful textbook provides an overview of US–China relations between the late 19th century and the beginning of the 21st. It gives a clear chronology of events and covers the main events and issues in the relationship. It also embeds the description of these events and issues in the larger international and domestic contexts, allowing it to mesh easily with other textbooks that focus either on China's foreign relations in general or on its domestic developments.

POLICING THE COUNTRYSIDE: GENDARMES OF THE LATE 19TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1876–1908)

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadir Özbek
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Administrative Practices ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of

This article lays groundwork for a more systematic history of the Ottoman gendarmerie (jandarma), here with special emphasis on the men in the corps and their working conditions. The gendarmerie, which before 1879 reform the Ottomans called asakir-i zabtiye, was a provincial paramilitary police organization established by bureaucrats of the Tanzimat state during the 1840s on an ad hoc basis. This force later acquired a more uniform and centralized character, becoming the empire's principal internal security organization. Through this paramilitary police institution, 19th-century Ottoman bureaucrats aimed to extend their authority into the provinces, which at that time could be described as only marginally under Ottoman sovereignty according to contemporary definitions of the term. From the late 18th century on, extending state sovereignty to recognized territorial boundaries emerged as a vital need for most European states as well as the Ottoman Empire. Along with other modern military and civil institutions and modern administrative practices, introducing various types of paramilitary provincial police forces enabled governments in Europe to enhance and extend their authority over territories in which it had been limited. The gendarmerie thus emerged in both Europe and in the Ottoman Empire as integral to modern state formation and its technologies of government. Although acknowledging the Pan-European context of the gendarmerie's emergence and its theoretical ramifications, the present article is concerned more with the Ottoman context within which this police corps was established, evolved, and took on a uniquely Ottoman form.

Bhakti and Equality in Marathi Print, 1854–1950

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-100
Author(s):  
Jon Keune
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter charts the establishment of equality language in colonial and postcolonial Marathi publications about Vārkarī literature and traditions and recovers earlier Vārkarī ways of envisioning the relationship between bhakti and caste. Liberal and some nationalist authors between roughly 1854 and 1930 mined sectarian literatures and stories to construct a non-sectarian sense of regional identity. This held special importance because of how vital Marathi literary history has been for imagining the region’s social history. More critical views were voiced by low-caste authors and secular rationalists in the late 19th century, and later by Marxist historians. Food featured prominently in pivotal events in many of these proponents’ and critics’ lives. Having described the formation of modern discourse around bhakti and equality, the chapter starts recovering the earlier devotional and nondualist Marathi terms that modern equality language displaced.

scholarly journals The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-103
Author(s):  
Shinji Ido
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Relationship

The present article describes the vowel chain shift that occurred in the variety of Tajik spoken by Jewish residents in Bukhara. It identifies the chain shift as constituting of an intermediate stage of the Northern Tajik chain shift and accordingly tentatively concludes that in the Northern Tajik chain shift Early New Persian ā shifted before ō did, shedding light on the process whereby the present-day Tajik vowel system was established. The article is divided into three parts. The first provides an explanation of the variety of Tajik spoken by Jewish inhabitants of Bukhara. The second section explains the relationship between this particular variety and other varieties that have been used by Jews in Central Asia. The third section deals specifically with the vowel system of the variety and the changes that it has undergone since the late 19th century.

BETWEEN CIVIC AND ISLAMIC OTTOMANISM: JEWISH IMPERIAL CITIZENSHIP IN THE HAMIDIAN ERA

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Phillips Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Imperial Citizenship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ability And Willingness

AbstractThis article explores the responses of Sephardi Jews to two moments of heightened tension and politicized violence in the Ottoman Empire during the late 19th century—the massacres of Armenians in Istanbul in 1896 and the Greco–Ottoman War of 1897. It argues that many of the strategies of representation that Jewish elites employed during these moments speak to their ability and willingness to work within a framework of Islamic Ottomanism. Recognizing this pattern complicates scholarly assumptions about the relationship of religious minorities to the deployment of state religion in general and about the responses of non-Muslims to the Hamidian regime's mobilization of Islam more specifically. Identifying the pattern is not to celebrate it, however. Sephardi Jews' relationship with Islamic Ottomanism was in many cases deeply ambivalent. Finding themselves torn between civic and Islamic forms of imperial identification during this period, Ottoman Jews soon learned that both positions could entail uncomfortable choices and disturbing consequences.

Adhering to the Ways of Our Western Brothers

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Turki A Al-Sudairi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Diaspora ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper attempts to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Chinese Salafism. The paper traces, on the basis of a historical approach, the ways in which Wahhabi influences – doctrinal, ritual, and financial - have been transmitted into China since the late 19th century. It focuses specifically on the channels that had emerged following the 1970s and which have facilitated the spread of these influences including the Hajj, the impact of the Saudi-Chinese diaspora, the work of Saudi organizations and preachers operating within China, and study opportunities in the Kingdom. The paper argues that these influences have led to the strengthening of Salafisation tendencies within Muslim Chinese society on the one hand, and intensifying fragmentary pressures within Chinese Salafism on the other.

scholarly journals When the Magic of Numbers Does Not Work...: A Review of B. N. Mironov, Upravlenie etnicheskim mnogoobraziem Rossiyskoy imperii [Managing the Ethnic Diversity of the Russian Empire

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (48) ◽  
pp. 213-226
Author(s):  
Yakov Lazarev ◽  
Marina Nakishova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
National Narrative ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Relationship

The reviewed book of the famous Russian historian B. N. Mironov focuses on the problems of ethno-confessional policy in Russia of the 18th to early 20th centuries. The primary aim of the monograph is to analyze the influence and role of geographical factors on the history of Russia as a whole, as well as to reconstruct and evaluate the principles and methods of ethno-confessional policy aimed at the inclusion and integration of ethnic diversity in the general imperial space. The review highlights the issue of the impossibility of reconstructing the Russian policy on ethnic diversity through the prism of statistics of the late 19th century, and the relationship between the abstract “state” and abstract “local elites”. The example of the policy towards Ukrainian territories shows the controversial conceptual constructions of Mironov, which reproduced the discussion provisions of the Ukrainian national narrative.

scholarly journals POLICING THE COUNTRYSIDE: GENDARMES OF THE LATE 19TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1876–1908)

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 67a-67a
Author(s):  
Nadir Özbek
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Administrative Practices ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of

This article lays the groundwork for a more systematic history of the Ottoman gendarmerie (jandarma), with special emphasis on the men in the corps and their working conditions. Through this paramilitary police institution, 19th-century Ottoman bureaucrats aimed to extend their authority into the provinces, which at that time could be described as only marginally under Ottoman sovereignty according to contemporary definitions of the term. From the late 18th century on, extending state sovereignty to recognized territorial boundaries emerged as a vital need for most European states as well as the Ottoman Empire. Along with other modern military and civil institutions and modern administrative practices, introducing various types of paramilitary provincial police forces enabled governments in Europe to enhance and extend their authority over territories where it had been limited. The gendarmerie thus emerged in both Europe and the Ottoman Empire as integral to modern state formation and its technologies of government. While acknowledging the Pan-European context of the gendarmerie's emergence and its theoretical ramifications, the present article is concerned more with the Ottoman context within which this police corps was established, evolved, and took on a uniquely Ottoman form.

scholarly journals Echoes of the artist novels in Black out by María Moreno

Anclajes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Julieta Viú Adagio ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Going beyond an autobiographical reading of María Moreno’s Black out (2016), this article analyzes its intertextualities with late 19th century modernist novels. Moreno’s novel, set in the late 20th century, reveals thematic and formal resonances with narratives that novelized the life and times of the artist. This reading of Black out as an artist novel is based on the relationship it establishes with the modernist archive (constant similarities and also important differences), such as the newspaper form, the defense of a particular aesthetics, and the definitions and positions toward literary labor.

scholarly journals Commercial sex and its consequences: historical excursion of the problem

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
A. V. Zuyev ◽  
G. V. Zakharova ◽  
Ye. A. Kruk
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The State ◽  
Commercial Sex ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

Data on syphilis and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in Tomsk starting from the late 19th century are presented. The state of medical inspection of prostitution and organization of hospitals for STD patients are reviewed in the historic aspect. Statistical data on the current situation with STD and results of questionnaire survey of sex workers in Tomsk are presented.

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