The “Armenian Question” in the ethno-confessional policy of late imperial Russia: strategies, compromises and ways of resolution (review of the North Caucasus)

Tambov University Review Series Humanities ◽

10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-191-193-202 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 193-202

Author(s):

Olga B. Khalidova

Keyword(s):

Self Awareness ◽

North Caucasus ◽

Late Imperial ◽

Caucasus Region ◽

Imperial Russia ◽

The North ◽

International Diplomacy ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

Revolutionary Situation ◽

Armenian Population

The model of the late imperial development of relations between the state and the believer in Russia was considered in accordance with the legal confessional sequence. The peculiarity was that sometimes the privilege of one or another religion was determined by its national political significance. There were often correlations with foreign policy, in the course of which the national question acquired the importance of international diplomacy. Proceeding from this, the subject of the study is the “Armenian Question” in the political context and its influence on the internal governance of the Armenian population in the empire. In this regard, the we set the goal of ex-amining the features of the development of the symbiosis of ethno-confessional policy with for-eign policy relations between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire since the second half of the 19th century on the example of the North Caucasus region. The relevance of this study is dictated by the growing problem at the present stage of maintaining the unity and integrity of the country in the context of the post-Soviet surge of national self-awareness. As a method of scientific research, we consider it necessary to use the method of historical retrospection, which made it possible to plunge into the experience of the imperial predecessors, in their attempt to integrate microsociums into a single political and cultural field, to analyze and synthesize the results obtained. The result of this study is the opinion about the initial patronage of the Armenian population and the Armenian Gregorian Church, the purpose of which was to win them over as the Christian population, thereby causing competition with Turkey in the international arena. However, gradually this policy led to a cooling, one of the reasons for which was the implementation from the early 1880s course for the Russification of the outskirts, as well as the growth of the general revolutionary situation in the Caucasus.

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INTEGRATION OF THE POLES INTO THE SOCIO-CULTURAL SPACE OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS (LATE 18TH – FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY)

Известия СОИГСИ ◽

10.46698/vnc.2021.80.41.003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 37-44

Author(s):

С.Г. МИРЗОЕВА ◽

Е.Х. АПАЖЕВА

Keyword(s):

Radical Change ◽

North Caucasus ◽

Educational Activities ◽

Cultural Space ◽

Caucasus Region ◽

The North ◽

The People ◽

White Spots ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The 19Th Century

С конца восемнадцатого столетия Российская империя постепенно усиливает свое присутствие на Северном Кавказе. В этой связи разные этнические группы, в том числе и поляки, все активней начинают появляться в этом регионе, поскольку он уже находится под контролем России. Источники проникновения на Кавказ были разные: во-первых, это российские служащие со своими семьями, попавшие в состав России после разделов Речи Посполитой и отправленные на службу на Северный Кавказ вследствие внутренних ротаций, и, во-вторых – ученые и коммивояжеры, увидевшие в этом крае безопасное и привлекательное место после начала освоения его Россией. Процесс переселения поляков в данный регион является актуальным вопросом и на сегодняшний день, так как его изучение дает возможность проследить слияние совершено разных культур и их благотворное влияние друг на друга. Культурно-просветительская деятельность поляков в северокавказском регионе в XIX в. проявилась в строительстве польских церквей – костелов, организации школ, благоустройстве городов и сел, открытии курортов. Просветительская деятельность, сохранение традиций, обычаев, менталитета, культуры народа были необходимы прежде всего самим полякам, так как они попали в совершенно новое культурное пространство. Since the end of the eighteenth century, the Russian Empire has gradually increased its presence in the North Caucasus. In this regard, different ethnic groups, including Poles, are increasingly beginning to appear in this region. They now do not perceive it as something terrible, since these territories since these territories are already under the control of Russia. The sources of their penetration into the Caucasus were different: firstly, these were Russian employees with their families who fell into Russia after the partitions of the Commonwealth and were sent to serve in the North Caucasus due to internal rotations, and secondly, scientists and traveling salesmen who saw in this region a safe and attractive place after the start of development by Russia. A radical change in the situation in Russia in terms of eliminating the “white spots” of history, the openness of archives, enable modern researchers to study moral, spiritual, social, cultural and national problems in Russia in general, and in the North Caucasus, in particular. The process of resettlement of Poles in this region is a topical issue today, since its study makes it possible to trace the merger of completely different cultures and their beneficial influence on each other. The cultural and educational activities of Poles in the North Caucasus region in the nineteenth century manifested itself in the construction of Polish churches - churches, the organization of schools, the improvement of cities and villages, the opening of resorts. Educational activities, preservation of traditions, customs, mentality, and culture of the people were necessary primarily for the Poles themselves, since they found themselves in a completely new cultural space.

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RUSSIFICATION OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTEGRATIVE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XXth CENTURY.

Известия СОИГСИ ◽

10.23671/vnc.2019.72.35257 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

К.Р. Дзалаева

Keyword(s):

Local Population ◽

Russian Empire ◽

Russian Language ◽

Russian Society ◽

Integration Policy ◽

North Caucasus ◽

High Expectations ◽

Caucasus Region ◽

The North ◽

The Russian Empire

В статье рассматривается проблема русификации народов Северного Кавказа в процессе их интеграции в российское государственное пространство во второй половине XIX начале XX вв. В центре внимания оказывается интеграционная политика Российской империи, направленная на формирование единой социальнокультурной, экономической, политической общероссийской идентичности и утверждение российской государственности в северокавказском регионе. На основе изучения ряда работ разных авторов предпринимается краткий анализ содержания понятия русификация , определяются основные факторы, векторы и показатели эффективности русификаторской деятельности властей. Определено, что важнейшим механизмом на пути русификации северокавказских горцев стала колонизация, которую Российская империя расценивала как наиболее эффективный способ утверждения своего присутствия в крае. Процесс заселения северокавказской территории казачеством и переселенцами из внутренних губерний России выступил не только условием, но и важным фактором русификации региона. Регулируя наполнение Северного Кавказа русским элементом , государство строило большие ожидания относительно русифицирующего влияния поселенцев, способных оказать культурное и идеологическое воздействие на местное население. Предполагалось, что, вступая во взаимодействие с русскими мигрантами, народы Северного Кавказа смогут увидеть для себя определенную практическую ценность такого взаимодействия и проявят интерес к русской культуре и русской модели общественного устройства с единым государственным центром. Установлено, что мощный русифицирующий потенциал содержали русский язык, образовательные и культурные учреждения, формирующие благоприятную для аккультурации северокавказского населения своеобразную культурноисторическую среду. Проведенное исследование позволило заключить, что интеграционная политика Российской империи, основанная на идее русификации, способствовала мощному цивилизационному импульсу в развитии экономической, социальнополитической и культурной сферах жизнедеятельности северокавказских народов и ускорила их успешное интегрирование в полиэтничный российский социум. The article considers the problem of Russification of the North Caucasian peoples in the process of their integration into the Russian state in the second half of the XIX early XXth centuries. In the centre of attention is the integration policy of the Russian Empire aimed at the formation of a single sociocultural, economic, political allRussian national identity and the assertion of Russian statehood in the North Caucasus region. The study of several works of different authors enables to makea brief analysis of the notion of Russification, identify the main factors, vectors and effectiveness of Russificationconducted by the authorities. It is determined that the most important mechanism on the way of Russification of the North Caucasian highlanders was colonization, which the Russian Empire regarded as the most effective way to assert its presence in the region. The process of settlement of the North Caucasian territory by Cossacks and immigrants from the inner provinces of Russia was not only a condition, but also an important factor in the Russification of the region. The state was regulating the influx of the Russian element into theNorth Caucasus and had high expectations of the russifying influence of the settlers, who could have a cultural and ideological impact on the local population. It was assumed that the peoples of the North Caucasus interacting with Russian settlers will be able to see for themselves some practical benefitof such cooperation and will be interested in Russian culture and Russian model of centralized social organization. It is established that the Russian language, educational and cultural institutions, forming a kind of cultural and historical environment favorable for acculturation of the North Caucasian population, contained a powerful potential. The study concluded that the integration policy of the Russian Empire, based on the idea of Russification, contributed to a powerful civilizational impulse in the development of economic, sociopolitical and cultural spheres of life of the North Caucasian peoples and accelerated their successful integration into the multiethnic Russian society.

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FEATURES OF THE ENTRY OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS INTO THE UNIFIED STATE AND LEGAL SPACE OF RUSSIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

Law Нerald of Dagestan State University ◽

10.21779/2224-0241-2021-37-1-14-18 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 14-18

Author(s):

M.M. Aibatov ◽

Keyword(s):

Civil Rights ◽

Customary Law ◽

North Caucasus ◽

Caucasus Region ◽

Legal Traditions ◽

The North ◽

Russian State ◽

Legal Space ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The Military

The article analyzes some features of the state-legal arrangement of the territories of the North Caucasus region after joining the Russian Empire, the difficulties and excesses made by the tsarist administration in the formation of a new administrative and legal system in the region, the specifics of military-people's management in some areas of the North Caucasus. The author emphasizes that the systemic combination of Russian state restrictions in the military-popular administration with guarantees of non-interference in internal Affairs indicates that the final stabilization was achieved not by suppression, as some researchers believe, but by a political compromise proposed to all mountaineers. Analyzing the interaction of Imperial and customary law in the formation of a single national legal space, the author stresses that in the field of civil rights the Russian authorities in all provinces including in the North Caucasus, avoiding sharp breaking, ignoring the legal traditions of the population, and left out in the effect on the controlled territory of traditional law. In order to ensure political and statelegal stability in the North Caucasus region, the tsarist administration in its activities combined the principle of restriction allowed by the military-people's administration with the principle of non-interference in the traditional way of life of the mountain population, especially in the sphere of civil and family-legal relations.

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HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE OF THE URBAN ESTATES FORMATION IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS: PHILISTINES IN THE LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY

Известия СОИГСИ ◽

10.23671/vnc.2018.67.15192 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Э.Ш. ГУТИЕВА ◽

Б.В. ТУАЕВА

Keyword(s):

Social Activity ◽

Urban Society ◽

North Caucasus ◽

Central State ◽

Late Imperial ◽

Political Processes ◽

Political Transformations ◽

The North ◽

The Republic ◽

The Russian Empire

В статье исследуется мещанское сословие Северного Кавказа в контексте экономических, хозяйственных и социально-политических процессов. Рассматриваются особенно- сти формирования и развития мещанского сословия в городах Северного Кавказа; анализируются правовые, социальные и экономические аспекты. Созданная для удовлетворения государственных нужд, мещанская община внедрялась и утверждалась в среде горожан на протяжении позднеимперского периода российского государства. Постепенно, став неотъемлемой частью городского общества, мещане стали участвовать в формировании городских бюджетов, в их расходной части. Денежные суммы, собранные с мещан, расходовались на содержание учреждений, полиции, городские службы, на благоустройство дорог и пр. Государство стремилось регламентировать их занятия, участие в управлении, контролировало поступление и выход из сословия. Принадлежность к мещанству во многом определяла статус и материальное положение горожан. Анализ источников, в частности, Первой Всеобщей переписи населения Российской империи за 1897 г. по Терской и Кубанской областям и Ставропольской губернии, а также материалов Центрального государственного архива Республики Северная Осетия-Алания, позволил воссоздать картину происходивших в Терской области социально-экономических и политических преобразований и выявить место мещанского сословия в этих процессах. Исследование жизнедеятельности мещанского сословия позволяет сделать вывод о том, что мещане северокавказских городов отличались социальной активностью, и, в отличие от мещан крупных российских городов, они принимали более активное участие в формировании дум, в собраниях городского общества. Однако эта особенность не могла повлиять на общую тенденцию нивелирования сословий как страт трансформирующегося общества. The article explores the philistine class of the North Caucasus in the context of economic and socio-political processes. The peculiarities of formation and development of the philistine class in the cities of the North Caucasus are considered; its legal, social and economic aspects are analyzed. Created to meet state needs, the philistine community was introduced and affirmed among the citizens during the late imperial period of the Russian state. Gradually, becoming an integral part of the urban society, the middle class began to participate in the formation of city budgets, in their expenditure part. The money collected from the townspeople was spent on the maintenance of institutions, police, city services, improvement, improvement of state roads, etc. The state sought to regulate their employment, participate in the administration, monitor the entry and exit from the estate. Belonging to philistinism in many ways determined the status and financial situation of the townspeople. The analysis of the sources, in particular, of the First General Census of the Russian Empire for 1897 in the Terek and the Kuban Regions and the Stavropol Gubernia, as well as the materials of the Central State Archives of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, made it possible to recreate the picture of socioeconomic and political transformations taking place in the Terek region and to reveal the place of the philistine class in these processes. The study of the activity of the philistine class allows us to conclude that the burghers of the North Caucasian cities were notable for their social activity, and unlike the townspeople of the large Russian cities, they took more active part in the formation of city assemblies, in the meetings of the urban society. However, this feature could not affect the general trend of leveling the estates as stratum of a transforming society.

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ON THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE NOGAIS OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS (XVII–XX CENTURIES)

History Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus ◽

10.32653/ch161145-156 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 145-156

Author(s):

Madina B. Gimbatova ◽

Zaida Z. Zineeva

Keyword(s):

Public Education ◽

Literary Form ◽

Self Awareness ◽

North Caucasus ◽

Education Development ◽

The North ◽

Archival Documents ◽

Qualitative Level ◽

Historical Comparative ◽

The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to one of the poorly studied issues in historical science – the formation and development of education among Nogais. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of education as a basic component of the spiritual culture of an ethnic group, the focus of the research outcome on promoting the cultural growth of the modern Nogais, preserving their ethnocultural identity, and strengthening ethnic self-awareness. The methodological and theoretical basis of the study lies in the principle of historicism, as well as historical-comparative and historical-typological methods. Based on the new archival documents and field material, the stages of public education of the Nogais have been identified as follows: pre-revolutionary (pre-Soviet), Soviet and post-Soviet. With the adoption of Islam by the Nogais around 1254–1256, a whole network of maktabs and madrasas emerged in the Nogai steppe, in which students studied the foundations of Islam, Arabic script and literature, works of advanced scientific thought and Oriental literature. After the inclusion of territories with the Nogai population into the Russian Empire, secular schools and colleges were opened, in which, thanks to the influence of progressive Russian culture, Nogai learned the achievements of world culture and joined the all-Russian cultural field. In the XIX century, the Nogai education produced literary men, enlighteners and public figures, who were notable not only in Russia but also in the countries of the Middle East. With the establishment of Soviet rule in the country, illiteracy among the Nogais was eliminated. The emergence of national schools and teachers of the native language served the formation of the Soviet Nogai intelligentsia. Its most important merit was the creation of a new Nogai written language, its modern literary form, educational and reference literature in the Nogai language. In the conclusion, the Nogai public education, having passed certain stages in its formation and development, has reached a new qualitative level that meets the requirements of the Russian educational system.

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Bailiffs’ Offices in the North Caucasus in the Last Third of the 18th — First Half of the 19th Centuries: Evolution of Activity

Nauchnyy dialog ◽

10.24224/2227-1295-2020-8-287-300 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (8) ◽

pp. 287-300

Author(s):

A. Kh. Abazov ◽

I. R. Nakhusheva

Keyword(s):

Foreign Affairs ◽

The Political ◽

North Caucasus ◽

The Caucasus ◽

Caucasus Region ◽

Administrative Control ◽

The North ◽

Legal Space ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The One

The article considers the evolution and suggests the periodization of the activities of local judicial and administrative control institutions in the North Caucasus in the last third of the 18th — first half of the 19th centuries on the example of bailiffs’ offices. Four stages are highlighted: 1) the establishment of the first private bailiff in Kabarda (1769) and the formation of the Main Caucasian bailiff’s office (1800); 2) its separation from the Main Kalmyk bailiff’s office structure (1801); 3) adoption of an Institution for the administration of the Caucasus region (1827); 4) reorganization of the Chechen bailiff (1852) and replacement of bailiffs by institutions of military popular administration (1858). The functions of the main and local bailiffs’ offices within the framework of the proposed periodization are considered. The features of administrative subordination of local and main bailiff offices and their staff structure are studied. Attention is drawn to the difficulties of organizing the activities of bailiffs’ offices related to their subordination, on the one hand, to the Board (Ministry) of Foreign Affairs, on the other — to the provincial or linear authorities. It is concluded that the proposed periodization allows to present the dynamics of the activity of the bailiffs in the North Caucasus in the last third of the 18th — first half of the 19th centuries as a complex phenomenon aimed at finding optimal forms of governance of the peoples included in the political and legal space of the Russian Empire.

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SCREENING OF WHEAT LR-GENES FOR RESISTANCE TO PUCCINIA TRITICINA IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS REGION CONDITIONS

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2019/5/54-56 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 54-56

Author(s):

G. V. Volkova ◽

O. A. Kudinova ◽

O. F. Vaganova

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Leaf Rust ◽

Puccinia Triticina ◽

North Caucasus ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Lr Genes ◽

Caucasus Region ◽

Highly Efficient ◽

The North ◽

Wheat Rust

Currently, more than 70 wheat rust resistance genes are known, but few of them are effective. The purpose of this work is to screen lines of Lr gene carriers for resistance to leaf rust under conditions of the North Caucasus region. Investigations were carried out in 2016-2018 at the infectious site of VNIIBZR. Research material was 49 near isogenic lines of winter wheat cultivar Thatcher. Infectious material was the combined populations of P. triticina, obtained as a result of route surveys of industrial and breeding crops of winter wheat in the areas of the Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories and the Rostov Region, conducted in 2016-2018. According to the assessment, the genes are ranked as follows: - highly efficient genes (plants with no signs of damage): Lr9, Lr42, Lr43 + 24 and Lr50; effective (1R-5R) Lr genes: 19, 24, 29, 36, 37, 38, 45, 47; moderately effective (10MR-20MR) Lr genes: 17, 18, 21, 22a, 28, 32, 41, 52. The remaining Lr-lines were susceptible to P. triticina (25 MR - 90S) to varying degrees. Highly efficient and effective genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr29, Lr38, Lr42, Lr43 + 24, Lr47 and Lr50 showed resistance in the seedling phase and can be recommended for inclusion in breeding programs to protect wheat from leaf rust in different phases of plant ontogenesis in the North Caucasus region.

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