scholarly journals INTEGRATION OF THE POLES INTO THE SOCIO-CULTURAL SPACE OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS (LATE 18TH – FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY)

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
С.Г. МИРЗОЕВА ◽  
Е.Х. АПАЖЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Radical Change ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Cultural Space ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
White Spots ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

С конца восемнадцатого столетия Российская империя постепенно усиливает свое присутствие на Северном Кавказе. В этой связи разные этнические группы, в том числе и поляки, все активней начинают появляться в этом регионе, поскольку он уже находится под контролем России. Источники проникновения на Кавказ были разные: во-первых, это российские служащие со своими семьями, попавшие в состав России после разделов Речи Посполитой и отправленные на службу на Северный Кавказ вследствие внутренних ротаций, и, во-вторых – ученые и коммивояжеры, увидевшие в этом крае безопасное и привлекательное место после начала освоения его Россией. Процесс переселения поляков в данный регион является актуальным вопросом и на сегодняшний день, так как его изучение дает возможность проследить слияние совершено разных культур и их благотворное влияние друг на друга. Культурно-просветительская деятельность поляков в северокавказском регионе в XIX в. проявилась в строительстве польских церквей – костелов, организации школ, благоустройстве городов и сел, открытии курортов. Просветительская деятельность, сохранение традиций, обычаев, менталитета, культуры народа были необходимы прежде всего самим полякам, так как они попали в совершенно новое культурное пространство. Since the end of the eighteenth century, the Russian Empire has gradually increased its presence in the North Caucasus. In this regard, different ethnic groups, including Poles, are increasingly beginning to appear in this region. They now do not perceive it as something terrible, since these territories since these territories are already under the control of Russia. The sources of their penetration into the Caucasus were different: firstly, these were Russian employees with their families who fell into Russia after the partitions of the Commonwealth and were sent to serve in the North Caucasus due to internal rotations, and secondly, scientists and traveling salesmen who saw in this region a safe and attractive place after the start of development by Russia. A radical change in the situation in Russia in terms of eliminating the “white spots” of history, the openness of archives, enable modern researchers to study moral, spiritual, social, cultural and national problems in Russia in general, and in the North Caucasus, in particular. The process of resettlement of Poles in this region is a topical issue today, since its study makes it possible to trace the merger of completely different cultures and their beneficial influence on each other. The cultural and educational activities of Poles in the North Caucasus region in the nineteenth century manifested itself in the construction of Polish churches - churches, the organization of schools, the improvement of cities and villages, the opening of resorts. Educational activities, preservation of traditions, customs, mentality, and culture of the people were necessary primarily for the Poles themselves, since they found themselves in a completely new cultural space.

scholarly journals RUSSIFICATION OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTEGRATIVE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XXth CENTURY.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
К.Р. Дзалаева
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
High Expectations ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Empire

В статье рассматривается проблема русификации народов Северного Кавказа в процессе их интеграции в российское государственное пространство во второй половине XIX начале XX вв. В центре внимания оказывается интеграционная политика Российской империи, направленная на формирование единой социальнокультурной, экономической, политической общероссийской идентичности и утверждение российской государственности в северокавказском регионе. На основе изучения ряда работ разных авторов предпринимается краткий анализ содержания понятия русификация , определяются основные факторы, векторы и показатели эффективности русификаторской деятельности властей. Определено, что важнейшим механизмом на пути русификации северокавказских горцев стала колонизация, которую Российская империя расценивала как наиболее эффективный способ утверждения своего присутствия в крае. Процесс заселения северокавказской территории казачеством и переселенцами из внутренних губерний России выступил не только условием, но и важным фактором русификации региона. Регулируя наполнение Северного Кавказа русским элементом , государство строило большие ожидания относительно русифицирующего влияния поселенцев, способных оказать культурное и идеологическое воздействие на местное население. Предполагалось, что, вступая во взаимодействие с русскими мигрантами, народы Северного Кавказа смогут увидеть для себя определенную практическую ценность такого взаимодействия и проявят интерес к русской культуре и русской модели общественного устройства с единым государственным центром. Установлено, что мощный русифицирующий потенциал содержали русский язык, образовательные и культурные учреждения, формирующие благоприятную для аккультурации северокавказского населения своеобразную культурноисторическую среду. Проведенное исследование позволило заключить, что интеграционная политика Российской империи, основанная на идее русификации, способствовала мощному цивилизационному импульсу в развитии экономической, социальнополитической и культурной сферах жизнедеятельности северокавказских народов и ускорила их успешное интегрирование в полиэтничный российский социум. The article considers the problem of Russification of the North Caucasian peoples in the process of their integration into the Russian state in the second half of the XIX early XXth centuries. In the centre of attention is the integration policy of the Russian Empire aimed at the formation of a single sociocultural, economic, political allRussian national identity and the assertion of Russian statehood in the North Caucasus region. The study of several works of different authors enables to makea brief analysis of the notion of Russification, identify the main factors, vectors and effectiveness of Russificationconducted by the authorities. It is determined that the most important mechanism on the way of Russification of the North Caucasian highlanders was colonization, which the Russian Empire regarded as the most effective way to assert its presence in the region. The process of settlement of the North Caucasian territory by Cossacks and immigrants from the inner provinces of Russia was not only a condition, but also an important factor in the Russification of the region. The state was regulating the influx of the Russian element into theNorth Caucasus and had high expectations of the russifying influence of the settlers, who could have a cultural and ideological impact on the local population. It was assumed that the peoples of the North Caucasus interacting with Russian settlers will be able to see for themselves some practical benefitof such cooperation and will be interested in Russian culture and Russian model of centralized social organization. It is established that the Russian language, educational and cultural institutions, forming a kind of cultural and historical environment favorable for acculturation of the North Caucasian population, contained a powerful potential. The study concluded that the integration policy of the Russian Empire, based on the idea of Russification, contributed to a powerful civilizational impulse in the development of economic, sociopolitical and cultural spheres of life of the North Caucasian peoples and accelerated their successful integration into the multiethnic Russian society.

scholarly journals “A JOURNEY TO ARMENIA, TURKEY AND CILICIA” BY THE BISHOP VARDAN ODZNETSI AS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS OF THE XVIII–XIX CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Shakhban M. Khapizov ◽  
Hayk E. Hakobyan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The paper analyses the content of some of the parts of the work of the Armenian author of the 19th century bishop Vardan Odznetsi, kept in Matenadaran – the Institute of Ancient Manuscripts of Armenia. The full text of the work has not yet been published. The text is unique, as it is one of the last sources, written in the style of the Armenian historical literature of the Middle Ages. In his work, Vardan Odznetsi tells in detail about the court of the Georgian king Heraclius II (1720–1798). It also provides information about the Talysh Khan Mustafa and the Avar Nutsal Ummah Khan, known in historiography under the distorted name of Omar Khan. Thus, the chronicle of Odznetsi covers the history of not only Transcaucasia, but also the North Caucasus. In addition, the author describes in sufficient detail the events of the Crimean War (1853–1856). The information, provided by Vardan Odznetsi, is quite important in the context of studies devoted to the anti-Ottoman and anti-Iranian wars of the peoples of the Caucasus. In his work, a special attention is drawn to the scrupulous description of the invasion of Tbilisi in the summer of 1795 by the Iranian shah Aga-Muhammad Khan Kajar. With deep regret he tells about the destruction of the city, believing that this is the fault of the Georgian king, who showed political shortsightedness. In the 1790s Avar nutsal Ummah Khan (1761-1801) started to play an important role in the military-political events taking place in the South Caucasus, which is also mentioned in the work under review. He describes the relations of Umma Khan and his son-in-law Ibrahim-khan of Karabakh, their joint military campaigns on adjacent lands. At the same time, the work under study is an important source describing the transition of the kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, and subsequently the entire Caucasus, under the protection of the Russian Empire. A study of this manuscript will serve as a more detailed source-study of the history of the Caucasus of the 18th – 19th centuries.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE ENTRY OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS INTO THE UNIFIED STATE AND LEGAL SPACE OF RUSSIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
M.M. Aibatov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

The article analyzes some features of the state-legal arrangement of the territories of the North Caucasus region after joining the Russian Empire, the difficulties and excesses made by the tsarist administration in the formation of a new administrative and legal system in the region, the specifics of military-people's management in some areas of the North Caucasus. The author emphasizes that the systemic combination of Russian state restrictions in the military-popular administration with guarantees of non-interference in internal Affairs indicates that the final stabilization was achieved not by suppression, as some researchers believe, but by a political compromise proposed to all mountaineers. Analyzing the interaction of Imperial and customary law in the formation of a single national legal space, the author stresses that in the field of civil rights the Russian authorities in all provinces including in the North Caucasus, avoiding sharp breaking, ignoring the legal traditions of the population, and left out in the effect on the controlled territory of traditional law. In order to ensure political and statelegal stability in the North Caucasus region, the tsarist administration in its activities combined the principle of restriction allowed by the military-people's administration with the principle of non-interference in the traditional way of life of the mountain population, especially in the sphere of civil and family-legal relations.

The “Armenian Question” in the ethno-confessional policy of late imperial Russia: strategies, compromises and ways of resolution (review of the North Caucasus)

2021 ◽  
pp. 193-202
Author(s):  
Olga B. Khalidova
Keyword(s):  
Self Awareness ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The North ◽  
International Diplomacy ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Revolutionary Situation ◽  
Armenian Population

The model of the late imperial development of relations between the state and the believer in Russia was considered in accordance with the legal confessional sequence. The peculiarity was that sometimes the privilege of one or another religion was determined by its national political significance. There were often correlations with foreign policy, in the course of which the national question acquired the importance of international diplomacy. Proceeding from this, the subject of the study is the “Armenian Question” in the political context and its influence on the internal governance of the Armenian population in the empire. In this regard, the we set the goal of ex-amining the features of the development of the symbiosis of ethno-confessional policy with for-eign policy relations between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire since the second half of the 19th century on the example of the North Caucasus region. The relevance of this study is dictated by the growing problem at the present stage of maintaining the unity and integrity of the country in the context of the post-Soviet surge of national self-awareness. As a method of scientific research, we consider it necessary to use the method of historical retrospection, which made it possible to plunge into the experience of the imperial predecessors, in their attempt to integrate microsociums into a single political and cultural field, to analyze and synthesize the results obtained. The result of this study is the opinion about the initial patronage of the Armenian population and the Armenian Gregorian Church, the purpose of which was to win them over as the Christian population, thereby causing competition with Turkey in the international arena. However, gradually this policy led to a cooling, one of the reasons for which was the implementation from the early 1880s course for the Russification of the outskirts, as well as the growth of the general revolutionary situation in the Caucasus.

Transformation of Adyghe Society in the 19th Century as Shown by the Subethnos of the Abadzekhs

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10 (108)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Anzhela Cheucheva
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Land Allocation ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article discusses the transformation of the life of Adyghe society throughout the 19th century. The object of the study is the Adyghe Abadzekhs, who lived in the historical region of the North-West Caucasus, called Abadzekhia. In the 19th century, these people turned to be at the center of the conquest policy of the Russian Empire. The publication attempts to analyze the changes that occurred with part of the Adyghe ethnic group — the Abadzekhs, as well as the influence of the Caucasian War. The research shows that constant military operations contributed to a change in the life of Adyghe society, having a destructive influence on it. At the end of the Caucasian War, part of the Adyghe population died, part emigrated, and the remaining part moved to other regions of the North Caucasus. The Russian administration established new rules and restrictions that related to the organization of management, land allocation. The introduction of new rules caused protests that were suppressed, which complicated the integration of part of the Adyghes into the Russian Empire. Gradually experience was developed that contributed to the regulation of the behavior of the Adyghes through the introduction of new rules and norms of life within the framework of the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Bailiffs’ Offices in the North Caucasus in the Last Third of the 18th — First Half of the 19th Centuries: Evolution of Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 287-300
Author(s):  
A. Kh. Abazov ◽  
I. R. Nakhusheva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
The Political ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Administrative Control ◽  
The North ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One

The article considers the evolution and suggests the periodization of the activities of local judicial and administrative control institutions in the North Caucasus in the last third of the 18th — first half of the 19th centuries on the example of bailiffs’ offices. Four stages are highlighted: 1) the establishment of the first private bailiff in Kabarda (1769) and the formation of the Main Caucasian bailiff’s office (1800); 2) its separation from the Main Kalmyk bailiff’s office structure (1801); 3) adoption of an Institution for the administration of the Caucasus region (1827); 4) reorganization of the Chechen bailiff (1852) and replacement of bailiffs by institutions of military popular administration (1858). The functions of the main and local bailiffs’ offices within the framework of the proposed periodization are considered. The features of administrative subordination of local and main bailiff offices and their staff structure are studied. Attention is drawn to the difficulties of organizing the activities of bailiffs’ offices related to their subordination, on the one hand, to the Board (Ministry) of Foreign Affairs, on the other — to the provincial or linear authorities. It is concluded that the proposed periodization allows to present the dynamics of the activity of the bailiffs in the North Caucasus in the last third of the 18th — first half of the 19th centuries as a complex phenomenon aimed at finding optimal forms of governance of the peoples included in the political and legal space of the Russian Empire.

From alans to ossetians. The ossetian factor in history north Caucasus and Georgia

ANCIENT LAND ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 23-47
Author(s):  
Ярослав Валентинович Пилипчук ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The South ◽  
Traditional Beliefs ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
The Social ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Mongol conquest and the invasion of Timur dealt a blow to the Alanian society and Christianity among the Alans. However, they launched the processes of Alans' eviction to the mountains and the ethnogenesis of Ossetians. Ossetians assimilated the Dvalians and a subethnos of Ossetians-Tuals was formed on the local soil in the XV-XVI centuries. Ossetians actively penetrated Georgia in the 16th-18th centuries. At the end of the 16th and 18th centuries. Kartli suffered from Ossetian raids on Georgian settlements. South Ossetians often did not pay their duties and robbed Georgians. The power of the Kartlian and Imeretian kings over the South Ossetians was relative, which did not exclude the granting of their lands to Machabeli and Eristavi. Also, the Ossetian peasants were under the rule of the state (king). With the arrival of Russian power in Georgia, the South Ossetians wanted to maintain their autonomy. It took the Russians a series of punitive expeditions in the 19th century to pacify the South Ossetians. They rebelled, responding to the calls of the Georgian princes. They opposed the Georgian Tavads, who were patronized by the Russian authorities. North Ossetian societies wanted to become Russian citizens in order to become independent from the Kabardian pshi. They wanted self-government and opposed imperial unification. The North Ossetians from the Tagauria and Kurtatia societies also rebelled against the Russians. Digoria and Alagiria became part of the Russian Empire voluntarily, but there were unrest among the Digorians. Before the arrival of the Russians, the Ossetian societies were in close cooperation with the Kabardian pshi. The ties between Digoria and Kabarda were especially close. Under Kabardian influence, feudalism developed in Digoria and Tagauria, and local Ossetians were vassals of Little and Greater Kabarda. Ossetians acted as allies of the Kabardians against the Crimean khans. The Ottomans and Qizilbashs came to the Ossetian lands sporadically and this was not accompanied by the subordination of the Ossetians to these Turkic states. Relations with the Nakhs were good neighborly. The Ingush and Chechens found shelter for the Ossetian nobility who fled from blood feud. A number of Ingush surnames were of Ossetian origin. Ossetian colonization led to the displacement of the Ossetian-Ingush border to the east. Relations between Ossetians and Balkars were good-neighborly. Ossetians were moved to Balkaria. We can only talk about a certain influence of Georgia in Ossetia in the 15th and 17th centuries. Some part of the Ossetian nobility joined the Imeretian and Kartlian aristocracy. Despite all the difficulties, Christianity in Ossetia was preserved and maintained thanks to contacts with Georgia. The Islamization of the Ossetians was superficial and mainly affected only the social top. The term syncretism is best suited to characterize the religion of the Ossetians, where Christianity and Islam were combined with traditional beliefs. Key words: Ossetians, Kabardians, Ingush, Kartli, Russians, Digoria, Alagiriya, Kurtatia, Tagauria

Migration History of Iranians in the North Caucasus

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Zalina T. Plieva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
The North ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Migration History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mass migration of the Persian population to the Russian Empire in the 19th-early 20th centuries, its North Caucasian features. Iranians who migrated to Russia, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. constituted an important part of the entire society in the North Caucasus. They participated in the development of industry and business life, in the revolutionary movement, preserving their own community, and interacted with Russian realities. The article analyzes the stages and characteristic features of the migration of the Persian population to the North Caucasus in the 19th century. after the conclusion of international treaties between Russia and Persia (Gulistan 1813, Turkmanchay 1828, Convention on the movement of subjects of both states in 1844). Taking into account the general determinants of migration, for the first time, the existing explanations for the emergence of migrant workers from Persia to the South of the Russian Empire in the English-language literature have been investigated. The origin of labor and social migration in Iran in the 19th century, its orientation towards the Caucasus and its broad consequences are considered in connection with social factors that arose under the influence of political events in Iran, which determined the historical conjuncture. In the study of the characteristics of the Persian resettlement and long-term residence in the settlements of the North Caucasus, the starting points, routes and accommodation of Iranian migrants in the Terek region are of great importance. The Terek region got into the migration history of Iranians as a result of the migration policy of Russia, its geographical location and the peculiarities of the developing economy, which provided more favorable and sparing working conditions. about a large number of Iranians who received passports at the consulates in Urmia and Tabriz. Unlike other movements of the Iranian population in the 19th century, the migration of Persians to Russia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries had its own differences: it was characterized by regularity, the involvement of a significant number of people of different ages and genders, and was mainly caused by economic reasons. Developing trade relations, economic decline in Persia became the reasons for the ever-increasing migration of the Persians to the Russian borders.

SCREENING OF WHEAT LR-GENES FOR RESISTANCE TO PUCCINIA TRITICINA IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS REGION CONDITIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
G. V. Volkova ◽  
O. A. Kudinova ◽  
O. F. Vaganova
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Lr Genes ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
The North ◽  
Wheat Rust

Currently, more than 70 wheat rust resistance genes are known, but few of them are effective. The purpose of this work is to screen lines of Lr gene carriers for resistance to leaf rust under conditions of the North Caucasus region. Investigations were carried out in 2016-2018 at the infectious site of VNIIBZR. Research material was 49 near isogenic lines of winter wheat cultivar Thatcher. Infectious material was the combined populations of P. triticina, obtained as a result of route surveys of industrial and breeding crops of winter wheat in the areas of the Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories and the Rostov Region, conducted in 2016-2018. According to the assessment, the genes are ranked as follows: - highly efficient genes (plants with no signs of damage): Lr9, Lr42, Lr43 + 24 and Lr50; effective (1R-5R) Lr genes: 19, 24, 29, 36, 37, 38, 45, 47; moderately effective (10MR-20MR) Lr genes: 17, 18, 21, 22a, 28, 32, 41, 52. The remaining Lr-lines were susceptible to P. triticina (25 MR - 90S) to varying degrees. Highly efficient and effective genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr29, Lr38, Lr42, Lr43 + 24, Lr47 and Lr50 showed resistance in the seedling phase and can be recommended for inclusion in breeding programs to protect wheat from leaf rust in different phases of plant ontogenesis in the North Caucasus region.

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