scholarly journals Sagunto y Numancia como exempla históricos en la oratoria parlamentaria de la España liberal (1868–1939)

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Pepa Castillo
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Glorious Revolution ◽  
Identidad Nacional ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
The Glorious Revolution ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Political Oratory ◽  
Remote Past

Resumen: En el s. XIX España necesitaba consolidar su identidad nacional y para ello era necesario fijar los rasgos que definían el carácter y temperamento de la raza española. En este contexto, personajes y gestas del pasado remoto de España eran los que mejor podían reflejar la idiosincrasia de la emergente nación. Una de esas gestas fue la que protagonizaron los habitantes de Sagunto y de Numancia, dos ciudades que simbolizaban la lucha heroica de todo un pueblo por su libertad e independencia. En este artículo se analiza el uso que se hace de Sagunto y Numancia en los discursos que se pronunciaron en el Congreso de los Diputados desde la Revolución de 1868 hasta el 2 de febrero de 1939, última reunión de las Cortes en territorio español.Palabras clave: Sagunto, Numancia, Oratoria política, Exempla históricos.Abstract: In the 19th century, Spain sought to consolidate its national identity. To bear this out, it had to fix the traits that defined the character and temperament of the Spanish people. In this context, what best reflected the idiosyncrasy of the emerging nation were the personalities and the heroic feats of the remote past of Spain. Such was the case of the deeds carried out by the inhabitants of Sagun tum and Numantia, two cities which symbolized the heroic struggle of a people for their freedom and independence. This paper analyses the use of Saguntum and Numantia as historic exempla in the speeches delivered to the Congress of Deputies between the Glorious Revolution of 1868 and 2 February 1939, the day the courts met in Spanish territory for the last time.Key words: Saguntum, Numantia, Political oratory, Historic exempla.

scholarly journals ¿Guerra anticolonial o guerra civil? Análisis historiográfico sobre el protagonismo étnico en la independencia del Ecuador según los textos escolares de Historia (1915-2015).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor H. Silva Guijarro
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Identidad Nacional ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Siglo Xx

El presente trabajo consiste en un análisis historiográfico sobre el protagonismo que tuvieron los distintos grupos étnicos en la Guerra de Independencia del Ecuador según los textos escolares de Historia publicados entre 1915 y 2015. Se han utilizado como fuentes historiográficas los textos escolares de Historia, debido a que desde el siglo XX las políticas educativas ecuatorianas los han utilizado como instrumentos ideológicos para llevar a cabo la construcción de una identidad nacional común cimentada a partir de los presupuestos de la Historia Patria del siglo XIX. El empleo de la enseñanza de la Historia a través de los textos escolares para consolidar esa identidad nacional del siglo XIX se hace patente en el análisis sobre el protagonismo étnico en la Independencia, donde dichos textos explican este acontecimiento como un proyecto de construcción nacional dirigido por las élites criollas cuyo supuesto objetivo principal era liberar a todos los “ecuatorianos” de una presunta opresión monárquica ejercida por un enemigo extranjero: el “español”. Pese a que hay autores que han manifestado que indígenas, negros, mestizos, zambos, pardos, mulatos, cholos, obtuvieron pocos beneficios de la Independencia, todos los textos escolares no dudan en confirmar que gracias a los esfuerzos de las élites criollas, héroes de la Patria a los que hay que venerar y ensalzar, la República del Ecuador pudo ser libre. The present work consists of a historiographic analysis of the protagonism that the different ethnic groups had in Ecuador's War of Independence according to the history textbooks published between 1915 and 2015. History school textbooks have been used as historiographic sources, because since the 20th century Ecuadorian educational policies have used them as ideological instruments to carry out the construction of a common national identity based on the assumptions of the 19th century Patriotic History. The use of the teaching of history through school texts to consolidate this 19th century national identity is evident in the analysis of the ethnic protagonism in the Independence, where these texts explain this event as a project of national construction directed by the Creole elites whose supposed main objective was to free all “Ecuadorians” from an alleged monarchical oppression exercised by a foreign enemy: the “Spanish”. Although some authors have stated that indigenous people, blacks, mestizos, zambos, pardos, mulatos and cholos obtained few benefits from Independence, all the school texts do not hesitate to confirm that thanks to the efforts of the Creole elites, heroes of the country who are to be venerated and praised, the Republic of Ecuador was able to be free.

Great Britain and France

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Matthew Kroenig
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Glorious Revolution ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
The Glorious Revolution ◽  
The 19Th Century

This chapter examines Great Britain’s rise to global ascendancy and its world-spanning rivalry with France. Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Britain adopted a more democratic form of government and this contributed to economic growth, including the industrial revolution, and diplomatic and military success. Its path to the top was not easy, however, as Britain confronted the challenge from autocratic France on the European continent. It fought major wars against Louis XIV and Napoleon, but emerged victorious in the end, setting the stage for Britain’s global empire and the Pax Britannica of the 19th century.

scholarly journals ZAINTERESOWANIA JĘZYKOZNAWCZE ZYGMUNTA KRASIŃSKIEGO

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
TADEUSZ LEWASZKIEWICZ
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Strong Attachment ◽  
The 19Th Century

Zygmunt Krasiński devoted much if his attention to the “philosophical” essence of the language and the origins of various tongues. His conjectures, based on speculative and mystic philosophy, are of no scientific importance; rather, they reflect the author’s strong attachment to religion. While not original, his views on the role of a mother tongue in preserving national identity are correct. The writer was interested in spelling and correct grammatical usage of the Polish language. He also focused on assessing the style of texts written in Polish and French. His views were hardly innovative, offering some value in comparison with the 19th century theory of style. Other language-related mentions: the sophistication of Juliusz Słowacki’s language and proposals of baby names based on “inspired” etymological ideas, are inconsequential.

Competing myths of Czech identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-204
Author(s):  
Radek Chlup
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
The West ◽  
National Sovereignty ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Democratic Discourse ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyses the current antagonism between the Czech pro-Western liberal democratic discourse and the discourse of national sovereignty from the perspective of long-term conceptions of Czech national identity and the mythical narratives through which they have been expressed. I identify two basic mythical perspectives that have been crucial for the Czechs since the 19th century: the ‘particularist’ and the ‘universalist’. The latter originally only existed as a complement of the former, and it was not until 1968 that it was clearly expressed on its own (in its pro-Western version) in opposition to the particularist myth, eventually becoming the dominant narrative of the 1990s with their ethos of returning to the West. Once the post-revolutionary enthusiasm evaporated, however, the subsequent disillusion again came to be expressed through the particularist myth. While at present the universalist myth might seem as superior to the particularist one, from the perspective of theories of nationalism, both have their bright and dark sides, and it is only due to their present-day opposition that the particularist myth has taken the illiberal turn. A critical reflection of the limitations of both myths might allow us to soften their antagonism.

COUNCIL OF UKRAINE IN THE VISION OF IVAN FRANKO

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
M. Ye. Moser
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The 19Th Century

The secret places of the native language is a powerful instrument of the Ukrainian state builder. According to Oleksandr Potebnia, the link between languages and ideas, between languages and the associative ideas as well as the culture of a people generates the striving toward a societal unification according to the feature of national identity. In the 19th century, Ukrainians in the Austrian (since 1867: Austro-Hungarian) and in the Russian Empires felt their closeness not only due to similar living conditions, but first and foremost due to their common native language, the language of their reasoning. They strove for unification while they found themselves in different state formations, as is reflected in literary sources as well as in the language of historical and scholarly sources written by eminent Ukrainian intellectuals. In this article, we attempt to demonstrate that this is also true for Ivan Franko’s texts, and we highlight his role for the process of the unification of all parts of Ukraine. Franko was a leading Ukrainian thinker who worked as a writer, journalist and editor of periodicals. He was also a talented organizer of cultural and educational societies, and he was active in politics. The liberation and the unification of the Ukrainian people was an essential part of his program in all these spheres. His ideas exerted great impact on Galician intellectuals and had a genuine effect on the unification of Ukraine and, particularly, on the «Act zluky» (the «Unification Act») of 22 January 1919.

scholarly journals Zakopane i Tatry fin de siècle. Jan Kasprowicz – podróże artysty

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 309-335
Author(s):  
Klaudiusz Święcicki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Tatra Mountains ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The article discusses the process of increased interest in Zakopane and Podhale culture in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Discusses the problem of highlanders acquiring national identity. Characterizes the environment of the intellectual and artistic elite of Zakopane. Attempts to analyse how fascination with the Tatra landscape and highlander culture influenced the formation of one of the myths that fund modern national identity. Tries to show how the artists influenced the development of Zakopane as a holiday spa. It also shows the impact of bohemia on the transformation of the culture of highlanders in the Podhale region. The second part of the article discusses the relationship of the poet Jan Kasprowicz with Podhale. His peregrinations to Zakopane and Poronin were presented. On the selected example from creativity, an attempt was made to analyse the poet’s fascination with the Tatra Mountains and highlander culture.

scholarly journals The Plowman and the Music as gender personifications of the Czech identity in culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 8-20
Author(s):  
Georgy P. Melnikov
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Consciousness ◽  
Sacred Place ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The People ◽  
National Theater ◽  
Female Image ◽  
Political Emancipation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The culture of the Czech National Revival produced a symbolic autoidentification in figures of the Plowman and the Music. The drawings of J. Mánes and the sculptures of J. Myslbek perpetuated these figures as gender symbols of the Czech identity. The figures of the Plowman and the Music are presented in the Mánes’ drawing “Domov”. The semantics of the drawing is versatile, which provides an impulse for its culturological interpretation. A symbolic figure of the Plowman in historical and cultural consciousness of Czechs has been associated with Přemysl the Ploughman — the legendary founder of the Přemyslid dynasty. According to the Czech legend told by Cosmas of Prague, Přemysl was elected the prince upon the request by the Czech ruler Libuše, who then married him. The title of the drawing refers to the song of J. K. Tyl, which had become somewhat of an unofficial Czech anthem of the 19th century. In the Mánes’ drawing Libuše is substituted by a symbolic figure of the Music as a personification of the national genius of Czechs. Historical-patriotic connotations generate the image of the Czech people, which formed in the epoch of the National Revival. Moreover, the Czech identity manifested itself in gender as a harmony of the male and female principles, work, and music. The idea of organic work as the basis of art is introduced into the drawing`s composition. A series of Mánes’ drawings “The Music” came to be a vivid embodiment of the national identity, showing the life of a peasant accompanied by music from birth till death. The Myslbek’s sculpture “The Music”, which became lobby`s centerpiece of a new Czech sacred place — The National Theater in Prague, is presented as a personification of the Czech identity in culture. A female image of the Music is identified with the soul of the people in a state of sociocultural and political emancipation.

scholarly journals Building national identity in opposition to otherness in liberal Age. Racial prejudices in trademark images in Central State Archives

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Domenico Francesco Antonio Elia
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Racial Stereotypes ◽  
Central State ◽  
Colonial Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trademark Images ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Racial Stereotyping

The paper analyses the origins of Italian national identity in opposition to the «otherness» of the African peoples subject to colonization between the end of the 19th century and the 1920s. The paper takes into consideration background studies in the history of pedagogy, among which, Gabrielli (2013, 2015) and colonial studies as Del Boca (1988) and Labanca (2002) in order to investigate the development of racial stereotypes outside the school. Racial stereotyping increased in advertising and emerged in trademark images of Italian companies so that it influenced the idea of otherness between 1890 – i.e. the conquest of Eritrea – and 1922 – i.e. the advent of Fascism.

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