scholarly journals Language Competence, School Performance and Social Class: Introduction to the Theory of Language Codes by Basil Bernstein

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-112
Author(s):  
N.I. Lobanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
Basil Bernstein ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Presented is an attempt to comprehend the theory of language codes by Basil Bernstein. The main aspects of this concept are analyzed, namely: the difference between the subcultures of the middle and lower (working) classes, the social differentiation of the language, and the influence of learned language codes on school performance. It is shown that the theory of B. Bernstein not only allows us to establish a link between school performance and social origin: it helps to clarify the mechanism by which the relationship between a successful educational career, on the one hand, and belonging to a social class, on the other. This tool is the language codes that are internalized in the course of socialization, along with other elements (value orientations, patterns of perception, thinking and behavior) that are characteristic of the subculture of their class (their social environment); the degree of discrepancy between the linguistic (and, in general, cultural) attitudes and communication practices learned in early childhood, and those that operate in the school space and at all levels of the education system (taking into account the privileged, legitimate, position of the latter and the stigmatization of the former), determines the measure of educational failures. The concept of B. Bernstein is considered as a heuristic tool that contributes not only to expanding the horizons of existing ways of posing educational problems, but also to opening up new perspectives in their understanding.

The Rise and Decline of Village Reading Rooms

Rural History ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROLE KING
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fund Raising ◽  
Ordnance Survey ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Public House ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Village Life

AbstractThis article describes the development of the reading room, from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. Reading rooms were originally imposed upon the working classes by the upper classes, mainly the church and local landowners. Their establishment reflected contemporary attitudes to philanthropy, recreation and self-help and confirmed the great class divide. Little research has been carried out on this subject, and this article focuses particularly on rural Norfolk, explaining the distribution of the one hundred and sixty village reading rooms identified, their varying location and architectural styles, membership profile and differing methods of financing, including fund-raising social events. The article uses local and national archives and contemporary Ordnance Survey maps, as well as information from many local people. Reading rooms offered a much needed alternative to the public house for the working classes, although they tended to appeal more to the lower middle classes, and membership was mostly restricted to males. The difference between reading rooms in ‘open’ and ‘closed’ parishes is discussed. In the twentieth century, as other diversions appeared and the countryside became more democratised, reading rooms gradually declined. They were an important part of village life and have left interesting evidence of former lifestyles and attitudes.

The Child and Family Eight Years after Undesired Conception

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Rantakallio ◽  
Antero Myhrman
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Postal Questionnaire ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Upward Social Mobility ◽  
The Difference

This survey is a follow-up study, up to the age of 8 years of children reported to have been born from pregnancies not desired by the mother, in Northern Finland in 1966. The data were collected by means of a postal questionnaire sent separately to families and school teachers. Each child was assigned a control, born from a desired pregnancy and similar at the time of birth as regards mother's marital status, parity, and place of residence and also the social class of the father. No difference between the groups was found in the emotional development of the children. School performance was poorer among the unwanted children, but the difference was statistically significant only in respect of the need for additional instruction in writing. Evidence was also found that the parents in the control families worried more about the health of their children than did those of the unwanted children. Even when the social standing of the families was matched as regards time of birth, the families with unwanted children showed more downward and less upward social mobility during the intervening 8 years than did the control families, and there were also indications of differences in lifestyle preference between the families. The conclusion was therefore drawn that undesired conception selects a subgroup of less capable families from each social class, and that the differences found in the children can also be explained by differences in social and economic standing between these two groups of families.

scholarly journals Convention of Generations in the New World of Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
A. A. Fedorov ◽  
E. Yu. Ilaltdinova ◽  
S. V. Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Conventional Approach ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Changing World

The article addresses the issues of intergenerational interaction of subjects of educational space in conditions of the modern changing world. The authors propose and substantiate a conventional approach to determine the nature of interaction between a Teacher and a Student. An empirical basis for developing this approach was an analysis of the theories of generations and the age structure of the pedagogical community of the Russian Federation. The study presents statistical data on the characteristics of the age structure of the pedagogical community at the federal, regional and institutional levels. The specifics of the perception by the teachers and students of the role of modern student youth in the life of the university, the difference in value orientations in the changing world of education are indicated. The authors emphasize the significance of the problem posed by the interaction of generations in the educational organization. The fundamental principle of interaction between the Student and the Teacher within the framework of the conventional approach viewed as a new methodological approach is the principle of the convention of generations. This approach is presented in comparison with the existing modern approaches to the organization of interaction between the subjects of educational space (event, subject-subject, environmental) as a new conceptual framework that defines the goals, principles, methods and results of the interaction between all subjects of the educational space. These subjects are considered as representatives of different but equal generations in the context of the space of continuous education of each of them, the result of which is cooperative educational effect achievement. The article dwells on the characteristics of the “convention of generations” as a multi-vector interaction of generations that overcomes the shortcomings of one-way interaction of generations as a transfer of experience and knowledge from older to younger. The one-way interaction strategy forms the so-called “presumption of incompetence” of the younger generation that generates excessive custody that goes to the authoritarianism and does not promote the development of such qualities in the younger generation as independence, responsibility, initiative, creativity.

Use of a Lyophilized Reference Plasma to Compare Coagulation Test Procedures

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 426-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kahan ◽  
I Nohén
Keyword(s):  
Oral Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Coagulation Activity ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Measured Activity ◽  
Test Materials ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One

SummaryIn 4 collaborative trials, involving a varying number of hospital laboratories in the Stockholm area, the coagulation activity of different test materials was estimated with the one-stage prothrombin tests routinely used in the laboratories, viz. Normotest, Simplastin-A and Thrombotest. The test materials included different batches of a lyophilized reference plasma, deep-frozen specimens of diluted and undiluted normal plasmas, and fresh and deep-frozen specimens from patients on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy.Although a close relationship was found between different methods, Simplastin-A gave consistently lower values than Normotest, the difference being proportional to the estimated activity. The discrepancy was of about the same magnitude on all the test materials, and was probably due to a divergence between the manufacturers’ procedures used to set “normal percentage activity”, as well as to a varying ratio of measured activity to plasma concentration. The extent of discrepancy may vary with the batch-to-batch variation of thromboplastin reagents.The close agreement between results obtained on different test materials suggests that the investigated reference plasma could be used to calibrate the examined thromboplastin reagents, and to compare the degree of hypocoagulability estimated by the examined PIVKA-insensitive thromboplastin reagents.The assigned coagulation activity of different batches of the reference plasma agreed closely with experimentally obtained values. The stability of supplied batches was satisfactory as judged from the reproducibility of repeated measurements. The variability of test procedures was approximately the same on different test materials.

The Demand For Money in Pakistan: Reply (Notes and Comments)

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-375
Author(s):  
M. A. Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Demand For Money ◽  
Weak Support ◽  
Complementarity Hypothesis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

I am grateful to Abe, Fry, Min, Vongvipanond, and Yu (hereafter re¬ferred to as AFMVY) [1] for obliging me to reconsider my article [2] on the demand for money in Pakistan. Upon careful examination, I find that the AFMVY results are, in parts, misleading and that, on the whole, they add very little to those provided in my study. Nevertheless, the present exercise as well as the one by AFMVY is useful in that it furnishes us with an opportunity to view some of the fundamental problems involved in an empi¬rical analysis of the demand for money function in Pakistan. Based on their elaborate critique, AFMVY reformulate the two hypo¬theses—the substitution hypothesis and the complementarity hypothesis— underlying my study and provide us with some alternative estimates of the demand for money in Pakistan. Briefly their results, like those in my study, indicate that income and interest rates are important in deter¬mining the demand for money. However, unlike my results, they also suggest that the price variable is a highly significant determinant of the money demand function. Furthermore, while I found only a weak support for the complementarity between money demand and physical capital, the results obtained by AFMVY appear to yield a strong support for that rela¬tionship.1 The difference in results is only a natural consequence of alter¬native specifications of the theory and, therefore, I propose to devote most of this reply to the criticisms raised by AFMVY and the resulting reformulation of the two mypotheses.

Effect of leakage and blockage on the acoustic behavior of particle filters

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-492
Author(s):  
Seonghyeon Baek ◽  
Iljae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Matrix ◽  
Particle Filters ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Transmission Loss ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Filter System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Good Agreement

The effects of leakage and blockage on the acoustic performance of particle filters have been examined by using one-dimensional acoustic analysis and experimental methods. First, the transfer matrix of a filter system connected to inlet and outlet pipes with conical sections is measured using a two-load method. Then, the transfer matrix of a particle filter only is extracted from the experiments by applying inverse matrices of the conical sections. In the analytical approaches, the one-dimensional acoustic model for the leakage between the filter and the housing is developed. The predicted transmission loss shows a good agreement with the experimental results. Compared to the baseline, the leakage between the filter and housing increases transmission loss at a certain frequency and its harmonics. In addition, the transmission loss for the system with a partially blocked filter is measured. The blockage of the filter also increases the transmission loss at higher frequencies. For the simplicity of experiments to identify the leakage and blockage, the reflection coefficients at the inlet of the filter system have been measured using two different downstream conditions: open pipe and highly absorptive terminations. The experiments show that with highly absorptive terminations, it is easier to see the difference between the baseline and the defects.

Development and Validation of Spectrophotometric and Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Estimation of Tigecycline in Injections

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 5148-5154
Author(s):  
Sagar Suman Panda ◽  
Ravi Kumar B.V.V.
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Equal Concentration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Method ◽  
Array Detection ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Three new analytical methods were optimized and validated for the estimation of tigecycline (TGN) in its injection formulation. A difference UV spectroscopic, an area under the curve (AUC), and an ultrafast liquid chromatographic (UFLC) method were optimized for this purpose. The difference spectrophotometric method relied on the measurement of amplitude when equal concentration solutions of TGN in HCl are scanned against TGN in NaOH as reference. The measurements were done at 340 nm (maxima) and 410nm (minima). Further, the AUC under both the maxima and minima were measured at 335-345nm and 405-415nm, respectively. The liquid chromatographic method utilized a reversed-phase column (150mm×4.6mm, 5µm) with a mobile phase of methanol: 0.01M KH2PO4 buffer pH 3.5 (using orthophosphoric acid) in the ratio 80:20 %, v/v. The flow rate was 1.0ml/min, and diode array detection was done at 349nm. TGN eluted at 1.656min. All the methods were validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, and robustness. The developed methods produced validation results within the satisfactory limits of ICH guidance. Further, these methods were applied to estimate the amount of TGN present in commercial lyophilized injection formulations, and the results were compared using the One-Way ANOVA test. Overall, the methods are rapid, simple, and reliable for routine quality control of TGN in the bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. 

Managing the Era of Multi-Cultural Leadership

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rahul ◽  
R. Ganesan
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Cross Culture ◽  
Cultural Leadership ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Diverse Workforce ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Global Arena

Leaders in the global arena are the one who face the challenges never seen before, while coordinating work and managing relationship between team members coming from varied ethnic groups. Globalization has undoubtedly opened up endless growth opportunities for both, businesses and individuals, by collaborating with each other, but with certain inherent challenges. These challenges are the difference in the cultural background of the team members, which gets predominantly reflected in their behavior at workplace too. The cultural differences exist primarily due to differences in shared values, which form the basis for difference in perception and practices of decision making by an individual (Hofstede, 1980). Juana Bordas has rightly described that any business that fails to adapt their leadership style aligning with multi-cultural approach will find it difficult to thrive in a more colorful world. Leadership style has witnessed various facets of changing work environment that has demanded from leaders to modify their approach to adapt along and be effective and survive in the ever-changing environment of business (Bordas,2007).A cross-culture leader plays a significant role in knitting the diverse workforce into an efficient team; which requires a leader to very well understand the various dimensions of culture. This understanding of the leader enables him to learn about blending of leadership styles to address the challenges of such work environment. This paper is an extended work on 'Leadership in Cross-Cultural Environment – A Comparison of Asian and Non-Asian Managers' (Rahul and Ganesan, 2015). The extended research study has identified that enhanced work experience of cross-culture leaders enables them in effective team management, than the rise in designation, as it results in creation of hierarchical distance between the leaders and subordinates.

Defending the Difference

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Natural Entities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodological Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Dreyfus argues that there is a basic methodological difference between the natural sciences and the social sciences, a difference that derives from the different goals and practices of each. He goes on to argue that being a realist about natural entities is compatible with pluralism or, as he calls it, “plural realism.” If intelligibility is always grounded in our practices, Dreyfus points out, then there is no point of view from which one can ask about or provide an answer to the one true nature of ultimate reality. But that is consistent with believing that the natural sciences can still reveal the way the world is independent of our theories and practices.

scholarly journals Migrant Labour during the Pandemic: A Political Economy Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 001946622110212
Author(s):  
Deepak K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
Migrant Labour ◽  
Cheap Labour ◽  
The One

This article aims to analyse the plight of the migrant workers in India during the Covid 19 pandemic from a political economy perspective. While taking note of the disruptions and uncertainties during the drastic lockdown that was announced suddenly, it is argued that the vulnerabilities of the migrant labour force are deeply embedded in the long-term changes in the political economy of development in India. These changes, on the one hand, have resulted in the gradual weakening of state support to the working classes, and on the other, have resulted in the normalisation of ‘cheap labour’ as a legitimate objective of neoliberal capitalist development. Locating the conditions of the migrant working class on the specificities of the manifold restructuring of the Indian economy under neoliberal globalisation, the study attempts to emphasise the structural dimensions of the current crisis faced by the migrant labourers. JEL Codes: J46, J61, O15, O17, P16

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