About one rare directive formula in the text “Ustav voinskii” of 1716

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Tatyana S. Sadova ◽  
◽  
Elena V. Golovchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The article examines the features of the functioning of the structure of duty “povinen + infinitive” on examples of its use in the “Military Regulations” of 1716. In the function of expressing obligation and directiveness, the construction "povinen + infinitive”, according to a number of studies, was borrowed from the Polish language, through the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, at the beginning of the 18th century. Despite the rare use due to high competition with the primordially Russian formulas of the same semantic field, it is consistently used in the texts of the directive orientation of the 18th century, performing certain pragmatic tasks, one of which is the expression of the personal responsibility of the subject of “povinnost” in the military hierarchy having a lower status a modal action object. It is assumed that the extremely rare use of the formula “povinen + infinitive” can be explained by the significant influence of the original semantics of the ‘personal responsibility’ lexeme “povinen”, which depends on the deep content of the wordroot -vin- in Russian, which does not quite coincide with the strictly deontic meaning of ‘obliged, compelled’ contained in the borrowed formula. As a result, by the beginning of the 19th century in business texts the formula “povinen + infinitive” was displaced from use by other modal structures of this functional-semantic field.

scholarly journals Piśmiennictwo religijne Tatarów Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego jako oryginalne źródło do badań polszczyzny północnokresowej

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-110
Author(s):  
Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
The North ◽  
Religious Writings ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
The 19Th Century

The religious writings of the Tatars constitute a valuable source for philological research due to the presence of heretofore unexplored grammatical and lexical layers of the north borderland Polish language of the 16th-20th centuries and due to the interference-related and transfer-related processes in the context of Slavic languages and Slavic-Oriental contacts. Therefore the basis for linguistic analyses is constituted by one of the most valuable monuments of this body of writing – the first translation of the Quran into a Slavic language in the world (probably representing the north borderland Polish language), which assumed the form of a tefsir. The source of linguistic analyses is constituted by the Olita tefsir, which dates back to 1723 (supplemented and corrected in the 19th century). On the basis of the material that was excerpted from this work the author presents both borderland features described in the subject literature and tries to point the new or only sparsely confirmed facts in the history of the Polish language, including the formation of the north borderland Polish language on the Belarusian substrate. Research involves all levels of language – the phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and the lexical-semantic levels.

scholarly journals Gubernatorzy wojskowi w systemie polskiej administracji początków XIX w ieku

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-66
Author(s):  
Piotr Krzysztof Marszałek
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Administrative System ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
Model Set ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Military Law ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

In Polish literature on the subject, the military governor’s office is usually associated with the organisation of the administrative system that prevailed in the partitioning states (Poland’s Partitions 1791-1918). However, the governor’s office had already been known in Poland during the Duchy of Warsaw (1807-1815), when it was, like many other solutions of administrative and military law, imported directly from France. In the structure of Polish public organs, the office of governor was created for the first time during the Polish-Austrian war in 1809. Although no documents have survived from which we could learn of the competences of a Polish governor in those times, what is known is that the description of his authority followed closely the model set out by the French legislation. It was not before the Polish-Russian war in 1830-1831 that first attempts were made to independently set out the authority o f a governor of the Polish state, but even then, at least initially, the solutions set forth by the regime o f the Napoleonic decree were directly referred to and copied. In the second half of the 19th century, shortly before the collapse of the November Uprising, a draft describing the office and competences of a Polish governor was finally ready to be put forward for parliamentary discussion, but it was already too late for the Sejm to deal with it.

Sir G. B. Airy, F. R. S. and the Symptomatology of migraine

1975 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Visual Disturbance ◽  
Large Array ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Original Contribution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Medical Analysis

MIGRAINE (‘sick headache’) is a common malady, primarily comprising a characteristic visual disturbance (shimmering or scintillating zigzag ‘scotoma’) associated with headache and nausea. The condition is considered to be of very ancient origin, albeit the extreme vagueness of many of the claims for early accounts cited as indicative of migraine. By the 18th century, however, there appear descriptions connoting certain symptoms which undeniably can be construed as migraine, although it was not really until the 19th century that the disease received really serious scientific or medical analysis. The present century, particularly the past twenty-five years, has witnessed considerable research into migraine, and an impressive body of literature, which grows daily, exists on the subject (1). The primary purpose of the present paper is to draw attention to a historically important but overlooked original contribution to the study of migraine made over a century ago by Sir George B. Airy (1801-1892; F.R.S. 1836; P.R.S. 1871; R. S. Copley, and Royal, Medallist) as several of his observations have subsequently become well established clinical entities in the large array of symptoms now recognized as pathognomonic, or variants, of migraine.

scholarly journals Sources and methods of reconstruction of postal roads in the second half of the 18th century on the example of the former Lublin Voivodeship

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-242
Author(s):  
Mateusz Zawadzki
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Research Method ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Methods Of Reconstruction

Abstract The subject of the article is reconstructing the routes of postal roads within the borders of the Lublin Voivodeship in the second half of the 18th century. The author has attempted to reconstruct the routes of postal roads, using the retrogression method and a cartographic research method with the use of GIS tools. For this purpose, manuscript cartographic and descriptive sources from the late 18th and 19th centuries were used. Cartographic material from the end of the 18th century in connection with descriptive sources constituted the basis for determining the existence of a postal connection. However, maps from the beginning of the 19th century constituted the basis for the reconstruction of the routes of postal roads. The obtained results allowed for the determination of the role of the Lublin Voivodeship in the old Polish communication system. The research has made us aware of the need for further in-depth work on communication in the pre--partition era (before 1795).

The Chakma tribe of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the 18th Century

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Serajuddin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Local People ◽  
North India ◽  
Chittagong Hill Tracts ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Warrior Class

There has been much debate about the origin of the Chakma tribe of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Muslim names of the Chakma chiefs of the 18th century have added to it. According to the Chakmas their ancestors were kshatriyas of north Indian origin, who invaded Arakan towards the end of the 14th century, settled there and intermarried with the local people. But there is no credible evidence to corroborate this story and all the modern writers on the subject consider it to be a myth. Hutchinson points out that the Indian kshatriya link was forged during Kalindi Rani's time in the 19th century when Hindu influence was at its highest in her court and the worship of Śiva and Kali crept into their ritual. The Chakmas are not the only Arakanese tribe to claim descent from the ancient warrior class of north India. The accepted idea amongst the Maghs is that their ancestors were kshatriya princes of Magadha. The Burmese are undoubtedly a Mongolian race; yet their traditions hark back to India and not to China. “Their chronicles read as if they were descended from Buddha's clansmen and lived in Upper India”.

scholarly journals The emergence, development and demilitarization of the military border of the Austrian Monarchy

2008 ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
Masa Kulauzov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Administrative System ◽  
Primary Function ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Infections Diseases

Military border of the Austrian Monarchy was formed gradually in border areas for the purpose of defending the border from Turkish invasions. In time, as the international political circumstances have changed, the Border itself also modified its primary function. From the beginning of the 18th century soldiers of the Military Border together with the regular troops of Austrian army participate in all wars in which Austria took part. Thanks to those soldiers the military force of the Austrian Empire was significantly strengthened. Except for military tasks, the Military Border served to a great extent as a defensive corridor that stopped spreading infections diseases, invasions of robberies, smuggling goods from Turkey, as well as deserting and emigration to Turkish territory. Because of great importance that Military Border has had for the Austrian Monarchy, the author in this paper gives a summary review of its development in the military, territorial and administrative-political sense. Special attention was given to the administrative system that was introduced in Border in the second half of the 19th century.

scholarly journals The Sublime as a Response to Terror: A Study of Empiricism and Transcendence in Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer’s “El monte de las ánimas”

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan DeVirgilis
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

This paper studies the relationship between 18th century Enlightenment philosophy and 19th century Romantic expression by relating the Burkean and Kantian conceptualizations of the sublime to Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer’s leyenda, “El monte de las ánimas.” Although Burke opts for an empirical approach while Kant takes a transcendental approach, both theories highlight the contradictory philosophical platform of the Enlightenment: individual>society. The shift in focus from the social to the individual is evidenced in 19th century literary production through Bécquer’s treatment of the relationship between the subject and the empirical and metaphysical worlds. In this paper, this relationship is studied through the representations of objects and sounds that are all used to inspire one sensation: terror. These representations convey the menacing aspects of nature, break the boundaries of time and space, and juxtapose reality and unreality. In this way, the analysis suggests that the narrative and descriptive techniques used to represent the terror experienced by the characters aim to inspire a similar effect on the reader, while also indicating that the philosophy of the Enlightenment provides the theoretical underpinnings for Romantic expression in the 19th century.

“The Best Collected Library of other Guards Regiment” (About the Library of Officer Assembly of the Finnish Regiment Life Guards)

2010 ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Anatoliy M. Panchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Editorial Staff ◽  
Library Science ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Journal Publications ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The editorial staff of the journal “Library Science” has already addressed to the subject of officer libraries in the army of the first half of the 19th century [21]. The article is concerned with the history of creation and development of the library of officer assembly of the Finnish regiment Life-Guards. The work continues journal publications [11-14, 19, 20, 22] on the history of the military libraries of Russian army.

scholarly journals La controverse Doyère-Pouchet sur la reviviscence animale et ses échos dans L’Homme à l’oreille cassée d’Edmond About

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-90
Author(s):  
Marta Sukiennicka
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Scientific Controversy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Rotifers and tardigrades, microscopic animals discovered in the 18th century, have exceptional abilities to survive in hostile conditions. Exposing them to desiccation, extreme temperatures, and vacuum, scientists wanted to determine whether these animals die and revive, or whether they preserve a trace of life in these lethal conditions. The question of boundaries of life had been the subject of scientific controversy throughout the 19th century, an example of which was the debate between L. Doyère and F.-A. Pouchet in the late 1850s. Its echoes can be found in E. About’s science-fiction novel L’Homme à l’oreille cassée (1861), in which tardigrades’ ability to revive is extrapolated to humans.

scholarly journals Nie trwam o jedzę, kiedy dobrze siedzę. O jedzeniu i żarciu w paremiologii polskiej dawnej i współczesnej

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-115
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Skorupska-Raczyńska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Semantic Fields ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Social Behaviours

The analysis of 694 proverbs selected from widely accessible collections allows their classification into semantic fields ranging from names of foods, ways of eating, the necessity and urge to eat as well as the effects of eating, to the rules of eating and conduct during meals. Most of the proverbs analysed refer to actual situations (ca. 84%); the remaining (ca. 16%) include metaphors that illustrate or codify social behaviours and their consequences. Proverbs registered in the 19th century written Polish language constitute over a half (52,4%) of the data, while those from the 20th century amount to over one fourth (26,3%). The rest (26,3%) is dated as coming from the 15th–18th century. Over 72% of the proverbs analysed are syntactically complex with regular sound instrumentation and about 28% are syntactically simple. The analysis brings out a very important need to regulate the rules of the eating process and of conduct while eating, as well as the significance of healthy nutrition.

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