Saliva Leptin Levels in Tooth Movement during Initial Stage of Orthodontic Alignment: A Pilot Study

Introduction: During orthodontic tooth movement, the early response of periodontal tissues to mechanical stress is an acute inflammatory reaction. Mechanical stress from orthodontic appliances is believed to induce cells in the periodontal ligament (PDL) to form biologically active substances, such as enzymes and cytokines, responsible for connective tissue remodeling (Nishijima Y et al 2006). Leptin, a polypeptide hormone has been classified as a cytokine (Zhang et al 1994). Earlier findings concluded that leptin at high local concentrations protects the host from inflammation and infection as well as maintaining bone levels. It has been also suggested that leptin plays a significant role in bone formation by its direct effect on osteoblasts (Alparslan et al 2010). This pilot study aimed to study leptin in saliva and its association with tooth movement during initial orthodontic alignment. Objectives: To determine if there are any differences in saliva leptin level before and after orthodontic alignment. Material and methods: Ten orthodontic patients (7 girls and 3 boys; mean age, 16.76 ± 1.1 years) with crowding (up to 5mm) that required orthodontic fixed appliances, on a non-extraction basis as part of the treatment plan, were recruited in this longitudinal study. Orthodontic study models were constructed at baseline and at 6- weeks after orthodontic treatment commenced. Full fixed orthodontic appliances with initial 0.014” Nickel Titanium archwire placed. The amount of crowding was measured, before and after initial alignment with an electronic digital caliper (Max-Cal, Japan Micrometer Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) with an accuracy of up to 0.01mm. Unstimulated morning saliva sample were collected at all visits, after at least an 8-hour period of fasting and no-toothbrushing. After centrifugation (4000x g;10min), the samples were stored at -25C and tested using Leptin Abnova LEP Human ELISA kit (KA3080) which was subsequently analyzed. Subjects’ periodontal health status was also monitored throughout the study. Ethical approval (ID IREC 262) was received on 7th April 2014 from International Islamic University Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (IREC). Results: Leptin concentration in saliva was significantly decreased in a time-dependant manner (t(9)=8.60, p<0.001), from before orthodontic treatment (7016.45± 425.15 pg/mL) and 6 weeks after bond-up (4901.92± 238.64 pg/mL). Conclusion: Leptin concentration in saliva is decreased during orthodontic tooth movement in initial alignment stage.

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ASSESSMENT OF LEPTIN CONCENTRATION IN GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID (GCF) DURING ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i11.712 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Samir Jain ◽

Dr. Abhishek Sinha ◽

Dr. Anurag Rai ◽

Dr. Sapna Jain

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Stress ◽

Cellular Response ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Keywords Leptin ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Crevicular Fluid

The numbers of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment have increased spectacularly from past several decades. During orthodontic tooth movement the early response of periodontal tissues to mechanical stress is an acute inflammatory reaction. Mechanical stress from orthodontic appliances is believed to induce cells in the periodontal ligament (PDL) to form biologically active substances, such as enzymes and cytokines, responsible for connective tissue remodeling. Biochemical analysis of the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) has provided a non-invasive model for investigating the cellular response of the underlying PDL during orthodontic tooth movement in vivo. In GCF, several substances such as interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, leptin, osteoprotegerin and alkaline phosphatase have been found to be significantly elevated in teeth under orthodontic forces compared with untreated control teeth. [14] Hence due to the above relevance the present study was planned for Assessment of Leptin Concentration in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) during Orthodontic Tooth Movement. The present study was planned in Department of Private Practioner, Swastik Dental Clinic and Orthodontic Centre Gaya. Total 10 cases of orthodontic of age 13 – 15 years were evaluated in the present study. For each subject, a maxillary cuspid undergoing distal orthodontic tooth movement was used as an experimental tooth, and the contralateral cuspids served as control tooth. Orthodontic brackets were placed on the canines. Experimental canines were moved in the distal direction through an archwire by use of an elastic chain exerting an initial force of 250 g. The amount of tooth movement for each tooth was measured with digimaticcalipers. At the distal aspect of experimental and control teeth, GCF was collected for subsequent analysis and the following examinations of the periodontium were conducted: Probing depth, presence or absence of plaque, and bleeding on probing. The collection and examinations were conducted immediately before activation and at 1 hr, 1 day, and 7days after the initiation of tooth movement. The data generated from the present study concludes that concentration of leptin in the GCF is decreased by orthodontic tooth movement. Leptin may be one of the mediators associated with orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic tooth movement can be carried out without any significant destructive changes in investing tissues of the teeth provided oral hygiene is properly maintained. Keywords: Leptin Gingival crevicular fluid, GCF, orthodontic, etc.

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Biomarkers of Periodontal Tissue Remodeling during Orthodontic Tooth Movement inMice and Men: Overview and Clinical Relevance

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2013/105873 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Fabrizia d'Apuzzo ◽

Salvatore Cappabianca ◽

Domenico Ciavarella ◽

Angela Monsurrò ◽

Armando Silvestrini-Biavati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tooth Movement ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Mechanical Stimuli ◽

Simultaneous Treatment ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Orthodontic Movement ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Biologically active substances are expressed by cells within the periodontium in response to mechanical stimuli from orthodontic appliances. Several possible biomarkers representing biological modifications during specific phenomena as simile-inflammatory process, bone resorption and formation, periodontal ligament changes, and vascular and neural responses are proposed. Citations to potentially published trials were conducted by searching PubMed, Cochrane databases, and scientific textbooks. Additionally, hand searching and contact with experts in the area were undertaken to identify potentially relevant published and unpublished studies. Selection criteria were as follows: animal models involving only mice and rats undergoing orthodontic treatment; collection of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as a noninvasively procedure for humans; no other simultaneous treatment that could affect experimental orthodontic movement. The data suggest that knowledge of the remodeling process occurring in periodontal tissues during orthodontic and orthopedic therapies may be a clinical usefulness procedure leading to proper choice of mechanical stress to improve and to shorten the period of treatment, avoiding adverse consequences. The relevance for clinicians of evaluating the rate of some substances as valid biomarkers of periodontal effects during orthodontic movement, by means of two models of study,mice and men, is underlined.

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Evaluation of IL1β and IL6 Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels during the Early Phase of Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Adolescents and Young Adults

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11020521 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 521

Author(s):

Simina Chelărescu ◽

Petra Șurlin ◽

Mioara Decusară ◽

Mădălina Oprică ◽

Eugen Bud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Early Stage ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Background: The crevicular fluid analysis represents a useful diagnosis tool, with the help of which noninvasive cellular metabolic activity can be analyzed. The aim of the study is to investigate comparatively IL1β and IL6 in the gingival crevicular fluid of clinically healthy adolescents and young adults during the acute phase of orthodontic treatment. Methods: Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from 20 patients (aged between 11 and 28) undergoing orthodontic treatment. Measurements were taken before (T0) and after 24 h after distalization forces were activated (T1). IL1β and IL 6 were analyzed using Elisa tests. The statistical tests used were two-sided t tests. Results: Between the two time periods there was a significant raise both in the crevicular fluid rate (0.57 µL at T0 vs. 0.95 µL at T1, p = 0.001) and in IL1β levels (15.67 pg/µL at T0 vs. 27.94 pg/µL at T1, p = 0.009). We were able to identify IL6 only in a third of the sites. There is a significantly increased level of ILβ at T1 in adolescents, more than in young adults (42.96 pg/µL vs. 17.93 pg/µL, p = 0.006). Conclusions: In the early stage of orthodontic treatment, the periodontal tissues of adolescents are more responsive to orthodontic forces than those of young adults.

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Changes of Periodontal Tissues Because of Orthodontic Treatment: A Retrospective Study

Journal of Advanced Oral Research ◽

10.1177/23202068211003416 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 232020682110034

Author(s):

Hamad Alzoman ◽

Khalid Alamoud ◽

Waad K. Alomran ◽

Abdullazez Almudhi ◽

Naif A. Bindayel

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Gingival Recession ◽

Confounding Factors ◽

Crown Height ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Before And After

Aim: To evaluate the periodontal status before and after orthodontic treatment and to analyze the confounding factors associated with it. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study analyzed pre- and posttreatment records of a total of 60 patients. Intraoral digital photographs before and after the orthodontic treatment were used to measure the following three periodontal variables: (a) width of the keratinized gingiva, (b) gingival recession, and (c) the status of interdental papilla. The ImageJ 46 software imaging program was used to perform the required measurements. The clinical data were then analyzed in an association with the participants’ demographic data, the type of orthodontic tooth movement, and other confounding factors. The data obtained were manually entered into the statistical package and analyzed using a significance level set at P < .05. Descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, and Pearson’s correlation analysis were used to identify differences among the studied variables. Results: Among the 60 patients, the majority (66.7%) were females. Most cases of the treated malocclusion were Class II, and most patients underwent intrusion and retrusion movements. The width of keratinized gingiva increased for most sites of upper teeth. In contrast, the lower teeth showed a mix of improvement and compromised width of keratinized gingiva. As a measure of gingival recession, the difference of clinical crown height revealed the tendency toward a reduced clinical crown height for most sites. Upper left lateral incisors and canines showed significant values with regard to keratinized gingival width measurements and tooth movements such as extrusion and intrusion movements. Likewise, with regard to the clinical crown height, upper right central incisors showed significant differences when correlated with the interincisal angle, lower incisors to the mandibular plane, and upper incisors to the NA line. The upper lateral incisors also showed significant correlations to certain cephalometric measurements. Conclusions: The orthodontic treatment was found to exert a significantly positive impact on the surrounding periodontium, particularly in the upper canine areas. Likewise, various types of tooth movement were found to positively affect the periodontium.

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Ultrasonographic evaluation of periodontal changes during orthodontic tooth movement - work in progress

Medicine and Pharmacy Reports ◽

10.15386/cjmed-663 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 90 (1) ◽

pp. 93-98

Author(s):

Adela Zimbran ◽

Diana Dudea ◽

Cristina Gasparik ◽

Sorin Dudea

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Bone Apposition ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Canine Retraction ◽

High Resolution Ultrasonography

Background and aim. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a process whereby the application of a force induces bone resorption on the pressure side and bone apposition on the tension side of the lamina dura. However, only limited data are available on the in vivo behavior of the periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to assess the changes of periodontal tissues, induced by the orthodontic canine retraction, using 40 MHz ultrasonography.Methods. Ultrasonographic evaluation of periodontal tissues was conducted in 5 patients with indication for orthodontic treatment. The upper first premolars were extracted bilaterally due to severe crowding, and the canines were distalized using elastomeric chain with a net force of 100 cN. Ultrasonographic scans (US scans) were performed before, during and after retraction, in three distinct areas of the canines buccal surface: mesial, middle and distal. The reference point was the bracket, which appeared hyperechoic on the US scan. Four different dimensions were obtained: D1 (depth of the sulcus), D2 (thickness of the gingiva), D3 (length of the supracrestal fibers), D4 (width of periodontal space).Results. An increase of D1 was observed in all three areas of the periodontium, during orthodontic treatment. D3 was strongly correlated before and immediately after force delivery only for the mesial area (r=0.828, p<0.05). In total, 228 variables were statistically analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients, in order to demonstrate the relationship between periodontal findings during orthodontic tooth movement.Conclusions. High-resolution ultrasonography has the capability to obviate changes in periodontal ligament space and free gingiva during orthodontic tooth movement.

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Impact of Obesity on Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Adolescents: A Prospective Clinical Cohort Study

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/0022034516688448 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 96 (5) ◽

pp. 547-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

H.F. Saloom ◽

S.N. Papageorgiou ◽

G.H. Carpenter ◽

M.T. Cobourne

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Inflammatory Disorder ◽

Obese Patients ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Clinical Cohort ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

Obesity is a widespread chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by an increased overall disease burden and significant association with periodontitis. The aim of this prospective clinical cohort study was to investigate the effect of obesity on orthodontic tooth movement. Fifty-five adolescent patients (27 males, 28 females) with a mean (SD) age of 15.1 (1.7) years and mean (SD) body mass index (BMI) of 30.2 (3.5) kg/m2 in obese and 19.4 (2.2) kg/m2 in normal-weight groups were followed from start of treatment to completion of tooth alignment with fixed orthodontic appliances. Primary outcome was time taken to complete tooth alignment, while secondary outcomes included rate of tooth movement and change in clinical parameters (plaque/gingival indices, unstimulated whole-mouth salivary flow rate, gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers). Data collection took place at baseline (start of treatment: appliance placement), 1 h and 1 wk following appliance placement, and completion of alignment. Results were analyzed by descriptive statistics followed by generalized estimating equation regression modeling. There were no significant differences between groups in time taken to achieve tooth alignment (mean [SD] 158.7 [75.3] d; P = 0.486). However, at 1 wk, initial tooth displacement was significantly increased in the obese group ( P < 0.001), and after adjusting for confounders, obese patients had a significantly higher rate of tooth movement compared with normal-weight patients (+0.017 mm/d; 95% confidence interval, 0.008–0.025; P < 0.001) over the period of alignment. Explorative analyses indicated that levels of the adipokines leptin and resistin, the inflammatory marker myeloperoxidase (MPO), and the cytokine receptor for nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) were significantly different between obese- and normal-weight patients and associated with observed rates of tooth movement. This represents the first prospective data demonstrating a different response in obese patients compared with normal-weight patients during early orthodontic treatment. These differences in the response of periodontal tissues to orthodontic force in the presence of obesity have potential short- and long-term clinical implications.

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Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

Disease Markers ◽

10.1155/2014/597892 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sevil Sema Atuğ Özcan ◽

İsmail Ceylan ◽

Erkan Özcan ◽

Nezahat Kurt ◽

İlhan Metin Dağsuyu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Physiological Limits ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Materials Used

Aim.The aim of this study was to examine the changes in the levels of interleukine-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in saliva and IL-1β, TNF-α, and NO in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.Material and Method.The subject population consisted of 50 volunteers who were in need of orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. GCF and saliva samples were obtained from all individuals before treatment, at 1st month of treatment and at 6th month of treatment. Periodontal clinical parameters were measured. Samples were investigated to detect IL-1β, TNF-α, and 8-OHdG levels using ELISA method and NO and MDA levels using spectrophotometric method.Results.Since IL-1βlevel detected in GCF at the 6th month of orthodontic treatment is statistically significant according to baseline (P<0.05), all other biochemical parameters detected both in saliva and in GCF did not show any significant change at any measurement periods.Conclusion.Orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontic materials used in orthodontic treatment do not lead to a change above the physiological limits that is suggestive of oxidative damage in both GCF and saliva.

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Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO) vs Osteoperforations (A Review on Periodontal Reactions to Orthodontic Tooth Movement)

Academic Journal of Research and Scientific Publishing ◽

10.52132/ajrsp.e.2021.32.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (32) ◽

pp. 36-51

Author(s):

Miral Agrawal ◽

◽

Shefali Sharma ◽

Parmeshwari Rathod ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Invasive Procedure ◽

Adult Patients ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Mini Implants ◽

Adults And Children ◽

Regional Acceleratory Phenomenon

A high number of adult patients are undertaking orthodontic treatment now because of the newer methods, technology, and innovations available in the market. Orthodontic profession is continually looking for new ways to perform treatment effectively for such patients, as there are many differences in the biology, motivation, and treatment objectives between adults and children. Aligner therapy and mini-implants are some of the ways of managing orthodontic treatment for adult patients. Treatment time is a concern for adult patients and methods to accelerate the orthodontic tooth movement have been a focus in the orthodontic field. Periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) is a surgical procedure that is performed with a combination of alveolar corticotomy, bone grafting, followed by orthodontic treatment. This procedure uses the principle of regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP). Another procedure commonly used for accelerated orthodontic tooth movement is osteoperforations. This is a minimally invasive procedure, which does not include a flap surgery. The purpose of this article is to describe the differences between adult and children periodontal tissues, the use of different appliances for adult treatment, how orthodontic treatment has been modified for adult patients, and the detailed explanation of procedures for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement such as PAOO and osteoperforations and the potential complications

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Relapse and retention after orthodontic treatment

Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.24198/pjd.vol27no3.13547 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Elih E.

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Treatment Results ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Wide Range

Orthodontic treatment results are potentially unstable that has a tendency to return to the former position. This is the so called relapses and therefore retention is necessary because the gingival and periodontal tissues are affected by orthodontic tooth movement and required time for reorganization when the appliances are removed. Retention is the prolonged dental detention that is done at the end of an orthodontic treatment with use of appliances designed for dental stabilization. The purpose of this paper is to explain the cause of relapse and a wide range to prevent relapse. The method used is based on literature. The conclusion is stabilizing treatment results with the retention procedure is an important part in orthodontic treatment. The patient must be given information about the implications of relapse and how to use the retainer, so that the patient can take responsibility for retention phase of treatment.

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Salivary Metalloproteinase-8 and Metalloproteinase-9 Evaluation in Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment before and after Periodontal Therapy

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041583 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1583

Author(s):

Ioana-Andreea Sioustis ◽

Maria-Alexandra Martu ◽

Liana Aminov ◽

Mariana Pavel ◽

Petru Cianga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Tissue Reaction ◽

Periodontal Treatment ◽

Gingival Inflammation ◽

Orthodontic Appliance ◽

Periodontal Status ◽

Before And After ◽

Metalloproteinase 9

(1) Background: Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are members of a family of proteases of major importance during orthodontic tooth movement. Their levels increase during orthodontic therapy and in periodontally affected tissues. Orthodontic fixed appliances retain dental plaque and can cause gingival inflammation. When gingival inflammation is present, the forces produced during orthodontic tooth movement can aggravate tissue reaction and cause the destruction of supportive periodontal tissue. This study aimed to identify biomarkers that facilitate the assessment of periodontal status during orthodontic treatment. (2) Methods: Our study was conducted on 111 patients who were about to receive fixed orthodontic treatment. We determined the salivary levels of MMP-8 and MMP-9 and bleeding on probing (BOP) before applying the orthodontic fixed appliance (T1), one week after appliance placement (T2), and during orthodontic treatment, one month after non-surgical periodontal treatment (T3). (3) Results: Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment show a significant increase in BOP, MMP-8, and MMP-9 levels one week after orthodontic appliance placement (T2) and a decrease in these parameters one month after periodontal treatment (T3). Statistically significant correlations were found between MMP-8 levels and BOP values at T1, T2, and T3. (4) Conclusion: In our study patients undergoing orthodontic treatment show a significant increase in BOP, MMP-8, and MMP-9 levels one week after orthodontic appliance placement and a decrease in these parameters one month after periodontal treatment. Strong positive statistically significant correlations were found between MMP-8 levels and BOP and medium positive statistically significant correlations between MMP-9 and BOP values before and after orthodontic treatment and periodontal treatment. MMP-8, MMP-9, and BOP could be used to assess the periodontal status of orthodontic patients.

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