scholarly journals THE A Politics of Recognition: The Legislation of Zakat Law in a Transition of New Order and Reform Era

ULUMUNA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-347
Author(s):  
Ali Murtadho Emzaed ◽  
Kamsi Kamsi ◽  
Ali Akhbar Abaib Mas Rabbani Lubis

This article discusses Islamic civilians' struggles in gaining recognition of ‘positivization’ of Zakat Law No. 38/1999 and analyzes dynamics of relations between religion and the state in Indonesia. A period of democratic transition from Suharto to B.J. Habibie (Reform era 1998) marked an entry point for a new phase of state juridical recognition to Islamic law. In this paper, the dynamics of political recognition of zakat law are elucidated from a historical-critical analysis. The findings are twofold. Firstly, the zakat law was enacted during B.J. Habibie’s administration, where waves of democratization began. Secondly, the Islamic civilians played an important role in institutionalizing zakat and providing political support for the Ministry of Religion's efforts in proposing Zakat Management Bill (RUUPZ) to the House of Representatives. The state acknowledged multicultural society by adopting their living religious law whose application does not threaten the nation's unity.

Al-Ahkam ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Mohamad Abdun Nasir

<p>The discourses on the application of shari’a law through state enforcement have become public concerns in Indonesia and constituted a controversial issue. The idea of the application has been brought up by a number of Muslim politicians and Muslim groups and organizations that consider shari’a the best solution for the multi-dimension of socio-economic and political crisis upon the downfall of the New Order Regime in 1998. They believe that shari’a enforcement not only fits the spirit of democracy, assuming that the majority of population in the country is Muslims, but also offers a comprehensive solution to the crisis. Unfortunately, this idea is not grounded on a comprehensive apprehension to the nature of shari’a itself and pluralistic Indonesian society but more on political impetus, namely a strong plea to realize an Islamic state that integrates the state and religion and Islam and politics. By examining the <em>Kompilasi Hukum Islam</em>, as one example of shari’a legislation in Indonesia, this article demonstrates the problems of Islamic reform that most proponents of shari’a application have overlooked. It argues that application of religious law by the state must consider the methodology of the law and its impacts for broader society.</p><p>***</p><p class="IABSSS">Wacana tentang penerapan hukum Islam (syari’ah) melalui kekuasaan negara telah menjadi perhatian publik di Indonesia dan menimbulkan isu-isu kontroversial. Ide tentang penerapan itu telah dibawa oleh sejumlah politisi, kelompok, serta organisasi yang menganggap syari’ah sebagai solusi terbaik atas krisis multi dimensi, sosial, ekonomi, dan politik pasca jatuhnya rezim Orde Baru pada tahun 1998. Mereka percaya bahwa penegakan hukum Islam tidak hanya cocok dengan semangat demokratisasi, karena asumsi bahwa mayoritas penduduk di negara ini Muslim, namun juga me­nawarkan solusi yang komprehensif bagi krisis tersebut. Sayangnya, hal ini tidak didasarkan pada pembacaan yang komprehensif terhadap sifat syari’ah itu sendiri dan terhadap kondisi sosial masyarakat Indonesia yang majemuk, melainkan lebih pada dorongan politik, yaitu dorongan yang kuat untuk mewujudkan sebuah negara Islam yang mengintegrasikan negara dan agama serta Islam dan politik. Dengan menganalisis Kompilasi Hukum Islam, sebagai salah satu contoh produk hukum Islam di Indonesia, muncul argumentasi bahwa penerapan hukum agama oleh negara harus mem­pertimbangkan metodologi hukum dan dampaknya bagi masyarakat luas.</p><p class="IABSSS">***</p><div class="WordSection1"><p class="IAKEY" align="left">Keywords: <em class="IAKEY">Kompilasi Hukum Islam</em>, <em>shari’a, changes, response, Islam-state relations</em>, Indonesia</p></div>


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-122
Author(s):  
A. Malthuf Siroj

Indonesia as one of the most populated-by-Muslim country has a long historical experience in implementing Islamic law. In each era, the practice of Islamic law differs one another due to the legal politics which influence it. Prior to the Dutch colonialism, Islamic law was prevalent among Muslims with political support from the royal kingdom of Islam such as in Aceh, Palembang, Banjarmasin, Banten, Demak, Jepara, Tuban, Gersik, Ampel and Mataram. Islamic law grew and developed in the midst of society beside adat law. In the Dutch colonial era the policy of the colonial government against Islamic law had its ups and downs in line with the legal theory that emerged at the time. On the one hand, it tends to be accommodative, while confrontational on the other hand. In the era of independence the position of Islamic law became stronger with the enactment of the 1945 Constitution which guaranteed the right of every citizen to embrace religion and practise religious law. In the New Order era, several laws have been enacted, which strengthened the position of Islamic law, especially the Islamic civil law. This tends to develop in the Reform era, marked by strengthening Muslim aspirations and regional autonomy. Consequently, the Islamic law is increasingly practised, though still limited in the field of civil law and Islamic economics. The enforcement of Islamic criminal law in Indonesia still encounter many obstacles both conceptually and legally. This article will examine the existence and the prospect of Islamic law in Indonesia by observing its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-30
Author(s):  
Ratno Lukito

The distinction in the normative character of legal traditions will give an effect of the state different attitude to those traditions. In the case of Islamic law and adat law in Indonesia, we see that although having different basic character in terms of its foundation of legal creation, Islamic law can relatively be closer to the character of the state law, which is uniform and nationally effective. It is clear here that the nationalization of Islamic law built on the basis of its adherents, and not on the tribe, clan, language, or other local denominations, becomes an effective tool for its rapprochement with the state law, which is also nationalized on the basis of citizenship. Thus, although it is not possible to equalize Islamic law and state law due to the sacredness of the religious law, the scope in the efficacy of both laws can be an effective means of legal rapprochement. This is however not the case with adat law. The character of adat law as a local and heterogeneous legal tradition is intrinsically not in line with the philosophy of national law, which is anti-localism and homogeneous. It is just impossible to bring adat law to become an effective law for all Indonesian citizens. As a result, the rapprochement is difficult between adat law and state law.


Author(s):  
Achmad Al-Muhajir SAM

Indonesian is constitutionally as the state of Pancasila and not as a religious state, but the state is able to accommodate a number of religious norms in the formation of legislation. Indonesia, as the largest Muslim country in the world with a diversity of ethnic, religious and ethnic groups, has chosen the plural of legal system. This situation provides an opportunity to source a specific law affects the formation and preparation of the norms of national law. Islamic law has long been used in the community, even before the colonial period, has significant effect in certain customary law in society. This paper describes the existence of Islamic Law in the plurality of national law amidst the process of the tug of political struggle of national law in reform era. This discussion is focused on the following; first, the prospect legal institution of Islamic law in Indonesia; second, the resistance and constraint in course of legal institution of Islamic law in Indonesia. This paper was as a result of library research using legal normative status, historical, and sociological point of view.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Murdan Murdan

This paper will discuss the side of the interlegality and interlaw among customary law, religious law and state law in tribal societies in Indonesia, which is focused on the marriage of Sasak people. As an Indonesian local community, the Sasak community has their own local laws in undergoing interactions and social contracts between each other, especially in matters of marriage. Along with the embrace of Islam by the Sasak community, the Islamic law also contributes in decorate every process of the marriage. In addition to the existence of customary law and Islamic law that adorn the marriage of the Sasak community, there is also a modern legal tradition, namely state law. As part of the Indonesian society, the Sasak people cannot escape the great influx of modern legal tradition or national law positivism, which is directly echoed by the state. Departing from this illustration, the discussion in this paper includes: the interlegality between Sasak customary law and religious law (Islamic law); the interlegality between Sasak customary law and state law; and the last is the interlegality among Sasak customary law (local legal order), religious law (Islamic law/Islamic legal order), and state law (state legal order).Tulisan ini akan membahas sisiinterlegalistikantara hukum adat, hukum agama dan hukum negara pada masyarakat kesukuan di Indonesia, yang difokuskan pada perkawinan masyarakat suku Sasak. Sebagai masyarakat lokal Indonesia, masyarakat Sasak memiliki hukum lokal sendiri dalam menjalani intraksi dan kontrak sosial antara satu sama lain, khususnya dalam persoalan perkawinan. Seiring dengan dipeluknya agama Islam oleh masyarakat Sasak, maka hukum Islam pun memberi andil dalam menghiasi setiap proses-proses perkawinan itu. Selain keberadaan hukum adat dan hukum Islam yang menghiasi perkawinan masyarakat Sasak, terdapat juga tradisi hukum modern, yakni hukum negara. Sebagai bagian dari masyarakat Indonesia, masyarakat Sasak tidak bisa melepaskan diri dari arus besar legisme atau positifisme hukum nasional, yang secara langsung digaungkan oleh negara. Berangkat dari ilustasi ini, maka pembahasan dalam tulisan ini meliputi: interlegalistik antara hukum perkawinan adat Sasak dan hukum agama (Hukum Islam); interlegalistik antara hukum perkawinan adat Sasak dan hukum negara; dan terakhir adalah interlegalistik antara hukum perkawinan adat Sasak, hukum agama (hukum Islam), dan hukum negara.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-372
Author(s):  
Jufri Naldo ◽  
Azhari Akmal Tarigan ◽  
Faisal Riza

Abstract: The development of Islamic boarding schools and madrasas in Indonesia cannot be separated from the political education policy of the government that is currently in power. Through a literature study, this study intends to reveal how the form of education politics carried out by the government towards these two institutions. The theoretical debate on education politics during the Old Order begins the explanation of this study. Then, the debate during the New Order is discussed, and the debate related to the Reformation era is discussed after that. This study illustrates that despite the politicization of Islamic boarding schools and madrasas, these indigenous Indonesian educational institutions must be preserved and their development should be considered. Furthermore, Islamic boarding schools and madrasas are important indicators for the progress of the religion and the nation. By looking at the realities of advanced education today, Islamic boarding schools and madrasas are a reflection of the superiority of scientific, intellectual, and cultural achievements. The government as a policymaker should provide full political support so that Islamic boarding schools and madrasas can compete at the world level.الملخص: لا يمكن فصل تطوير المدارس الداخلية الإسلامية والمدارس الدينية في إندونيسيا عن سياسة التعليم السياسي للحكومة التي تتولى السلطة حاليًا. تهدف هذه الدراسة ، من خلال دراسة أدبية ، إلى الكشف عن شكل السياسة التربوية التي تنفذها الحكومة تجاه هاتين المؤسستين. سيبدأ النقاش النظري حول سياسات التعليم في عهد النظام القديم في شرح هذه الدراسة ، ثم يتبعها في عهد النظام الجديد ، وينتهي خلال فترة الإصلاح. توضح هذه الدراسة أنه على الرغم من تسييس المدارس الداخلية الإسلامية والمدارس الدينية ، يجب الحفاظ على هذه المؤسسات التعليمية الإندونيسية الأصلية والنظر في تطويرها. علاوة على ذلك ، فإن المدارس الداخلية الإسلامية هي مؤشرات مهمة لتقدم الدين والأمة. بالنظر إلى واقع التعليم المتقدم حاليًا ، فإن المدارس الداخلية الإسلامية والمدارس الإسلامية هي انعكاس لتفوق الإنجازات العلمية والفكرية والثقافية. يجب على الحكومة كصانع للسياسة أن تقدم الدعم السياسي الكامل حتى تتمكن المدارس الداخلية الإسلامية والمدارس الإسلامية من المنافسة على المستوى العالمي.Abstrak: Perkembangan Pesantren dan madrasah di Indonesia tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kebijakan politik pendidikan pemerintah yang sedang berkuasa. Melalui studi literatur, kajian ini hendak mengungkap bagaimana bentuk politik pendidikan yang dijalankan oleh pemerintah terhadap kedua lembaga tersebut. Perdebatan teoritis politik pendidikan pada masa Orde Lama akan mengawali penjelasan kajian ini, kemudian disusul pada masa Orde Baru, dan diakhiri pada masa Reformasi. Kajian ini memberikan gambaran bahwa sekalipun terjadi politisasi terhadap pesantren dan madrasah, akan tetapi lembaga pendidikan asli Indonesia ini harus tetap dilestarikan dan diperhatikan perkembangannya. Selanjutnya, pesantren dan madrasah merupakan salah satu indikator penting untuk kemajuan agama dan bangsa. Dengan melihat realitas pendidikan yang sudah maju saat ini, pesantren dan madrasah adalah cerminan dari keunggulan capaian keilmuan, intelektual dan kultural. Pemerintah sebagai pemangku kebijakans udah sepatutnya memberikan dukungan penuh secara politik agar pesantren dan madrasah bisa bersaing di tingkat dunia.


2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 849
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fadlil Sumadi

Law in this discussion is the law that is deliberately formed (by designed) by  the state, not the law that occurs naturally in the society, which constitute the crystallization of human interaction within the society as the subject of law.  Law is known as the common law or customary law and the second is the religious law, in particular, Islam with its Islamic law. The process of formation of common law or customary law is from the bottom upward (bottom-up process) while the establishment of islamic law is from top to bottom (top-down). The same as the nature of the process of formation of Islamic law is the in question in this discussion, which is the law called state legislation, or which is also usually known as laws and regulations. The only difference is, Islamic law is made by God, Allah SWT,  while the maker of statutory laws is a state institution of which the major function is to make laws (legislative power). Legislation is interrelated to with humanity and justice, both in the establishment, implementation, and enforcement. This can be proven by tracing since the establishment of the state, particularly Indonesia, because the law is one of the implementation of state functions. State is established on the basis of motivation associated with humanity and justice, so that the objectives and the foundations are also related to humanity and justice. The State and the law is  an instrument of humanity and justice, therefore, state and law must be related to humanity and justice, and thus, also would not be enough in the instrumental perspective, the state and the law itself without humanity and justice in serving the society.


2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-246
Author(s):  
Mara Sutan Rambe

Abstract: The process of accommodation of Islamic law into the National Criminal Law. The process of accommodation of Islamic law into the national criminal law, actually has been running since the days of the empire, the Dutch colonial era, the era of independence, the days of the old order, up to the current reform era. But its existence continues to be fought by most Muslims in Indonesia, including in the field of criminal law. It is based on the assumption that with the enforcement of the Islamic penal code, the crime that is increasingly spread in the midst of society can gradually be reduced. Accommodation of the Islamic criminal law in the reform era has entered a new era that, with the implementation of caning in Aceh. It is inseparable from the role of politicalparties / member of the House of Representatives. Therefore, need to carefully look at the stage where ideas and materials of Islamic criminal law began to be accommodated into the "Draft Criminal Code" to be formed, because the bill which will be transformed into law in force and binding, after it was enacted.  Abstrak: Proses Akomodasi Hukum Islam ke Dalam Hukum Pidan Nasional. Proses akomodasi hukum Islam kedalam hukum pidana nasional, sebenarnya telah berjalan sejak jaman kesultanan, jaman kolonial Belanda, jaman kemerdekaan, jaman orde lama, sampai dengan jaman reformasi saat ini. Namun eksistensinya terus diperjuangkan oleh sebagian umat Islam Indonesia, termasuk dalam bidang hukum pidana. Hal ini didasari oleh anggapan bahwa dengan diberlakukannya hukum pidana Islam, maka tindak pidana yang semakin hari semakin merebak di tengah-tengah masyarakat sedikit demi sedikit dapat terkurangi. Pengakomodasian hukum pidana Islam pada era reformasi telah memasuki era baru yaitu, dengan diterapkannya hukuman cambuk di Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari peran partai politik/anggota DPR RI. Karenanya, perlu disimak pada tahapan mana ide dan materi hukum pidana Islam mulai terakomodasi ke dalam “RUU KUHP” yangakan dibentuk, karena RUU tersebut yang akan menjelma menjadi undangundang yang berlaku dan mengikat setelah disahkan.  DOI: 10.15408/jch.v2i1.1846


2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Yushadeni Yushadeni

Social movement from classic to modern demands changes included in the law. The law will not be progress if it was not changed and modernized. One law that is expected to contribute greatly to the reform laws in Indonesia is Islamic law. Islamic law is expected to give contribution in the reform of the current law, included in the family law of Islam. Actually , Islam gave a valuable contribution to reform of Islamic law in Indonesia with changing provisions of irrelevant islamic law. Nevertheless, the reforms caused controversy among Indonesia's Muslim community. The controversy about marriage ACT has happened since the time of colonization until this time and has resulted two groups, namely (1) female/feminist activist stronghold; and (2) the priest. During the new order period, negative feedback from the community of Muslims against the proposed legislation had to do with the Netherlands East Indies Government discretion castrate Islamic law. Although the Netherlands Indies Invaders have been expelled from Indonesia physically, but its concepts still entrenched in Indonesia. Meanwhile, in the reform era, is a symptom of religious fundamentalism is getting stronger. [Perkembangan sosial dari klasik hingga modern menuntut adanya perubahan termasuk dalam bidang hukum. Hukum tidak akan berkembang apabila hukum itu tidak diubah dan dimodernisasi. Salah satu hukum yang diharapkan memberikan kontribusi besar terhadap pembaruan hukum di Indonesia adalah hukum Islam. Hukum Islam diharapkan memberikan kontribusi dalam reformasi hukum saat ini, termasuk hukum keluarga Islam. Sebenarnya, Islam telah memberikan sumbangan berharga bagi perkembangan hukum Islam di Indonesia dengan mengubah ketentuan-ketentuan hukum yang tidak relevan. Meskipun demikian, pembaruan tersebut menimbulkan kontroversi di kalangan masyarakat Muslim Indonesia. Kontroversi UU perkawinan terjadi sejak masa penjajahan sampai saat ini dan menghasilkan dua kubu, yaitu (1) kubu aktivis perempuan/ feminis; dan (2) kubu agamawan. Pada masa orde baru, tanggapan negatif dari masyarakat muslim terhadap RUU ada kaitanya dengan kebijaksanaan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda yang mengebiri hukum Islam. Meskipun Penjajah Hindia Belanda telah diusir dari Indonesia secara fisik, tetapi konsep-konsepnya masih mengakar di Indonesia. Sementara itu, di era reformasi, gejala fundamentalisme agama semakin kuat.]


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Fikry Zahria Emeraldien

<p>Abstract - The present study examines the construction of global to the local content in Indonesian newspapers after New Order Era, Indonesia former President Suharto’s regime that was ended in 1998. In the so-called Reform Era, Indonesia entered a new phase of democratization which brings democracy towards newspapers and other media. Compared to the New Order Era, Indonesian newspapers currently have more variation in term of content, especially for entertainment. After employing a content analysis, Indonesian newspapers, which are Kompas and Jawa Pos, through their cross-cultural news in the entertainment section, are proved become more open to the other cultures. They have transformed from dominantly homogeneous -in 2004- to hybrid -in 2014- within glocalization, a perspective that can see micro-sociological phenomenon. This notion proves that glocalization does proceed, rather than keep constant, depending on the different cultural systems and structures, as well as the degree of local perception of glocalization.</p><p><br />Keywords: Glocalization, globalization, pop culture, Indonesia Reform Era, crossculture</p>


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