Salmonella enterica in imported and domestic day-old turkey poults in Egypt: repertoire of virulence genes and their antimicrobial resistance profiles

Virulent and multi drug resistant (MDR) Salmonellaenterica is a foremost cause of foodborne diseases and had serious public health concern globally. The present study was undertaken to identify the pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of Salmonellaenterica serovars recovered from chicken at wet markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 870 cecal contents of broiler, sonali, and native chickens were collected from 29 wet markets. The overall prevalence of S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and untyped Salmonella spp., were found to be 3.67%, 0.57%, and 1.95% respectively. All isolates were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for eight virulence genes, namely invA, agfA, IpfA, hilA, sivH, sefA, sopE, and spvC. S. Enteritidis isolates carried all virulence genes whilst S. Typhimurium isolates carried six virulence genes except sefA and spvC. A diverse phenotypic and genotypic AMR pattern was found. Harmonic descending trends of resistance patterns were observed among the broiler, sonali, and native chickens. Interestingly, virulent and MDR Salmonella enterica serovars were found in native chicken, although antimicrobials were not used in their production cycle. The research findings anticipate that virulent and MDR Salmonella enterica are roaming in the wet markets which can easily anchor to the vendor, consumers, and in the food chain.

Download Full-text

Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Incompatibility Group FIB Positive Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolates from Food Animal Sources

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes11111307 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1307

Author(s):

Nesreen H. Aljahdali ◽

Bijay K. Khajanchi ◽

Kennedi Weston ◽

Joanna Deck ◽

Justin Cox ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium ◽

Incompatibility Group ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Food Animal ◽

Animal Populations ◽

Plasmid Replicon ◽

Serovar Typhimurium

Salmonella enterica is one of the most common bacterial foodborne pathogens in the United States, causing illnesses that range from self-limiting gastroenteritis to more severe, life threatening invasive disease. Many Salmonella strains contain plasmids that carry virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and/or transfer genes which allow them to adapt to diverse environments, and these can include incompatibility group (Inc) FIB plasmids. This study was undertaken to evaluate the genomic and phenotypic characteristics of IncFIB-positive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates from food animal sources, to identify their plasmid content, assess antimicrobial resistance and virulence properties, and compare their genotypic isolates with more recently isolated S. Typhimurium isolates from food animal sources. Methods: We identified 71 S. Typhimurium isolates that carried IncFIB plasmids. These isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing and evaluated for bacteriocin production, antimicrobial susceptibility, the ability to transfer resistance plasmids, and a subset was evaluated for their ability to invade and persist in intestinal human epithelial cells. Results: Approximately 30% of isolates (n = 21) displayed bacteriocin inhibition of Escherichia coli strain J53. Bioinformatic analyses using PlasmidFinder software confirmed that all isolates contained IncFIB plasmids along with multiple other plasmid replicon types. Comparative analyses showed that all strains carried multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors including iron acquisition genes, such as iucABCD (75%), iutA (94%), sitABCD (76%) and sitAB (100%). In 17 cases (71%), IncFIB plasmids, along with other plasmid replicon types, were able to conjugally transfer antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes to the susceptible recipient strain. For ten strains, persistence cell counts (27%) were noted to be significantly higher than invasion bacterial cell counts. When the genome sequences of the study isolates collected from 1998–2003 were compared to those published from subsequent years (2005–2018), overlapping genotypes were found, indicating the perseverance of IncFIB positive strains in food animal populations. This study confirms that IncFIB plasmids can play a potential role in disseminating antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes amongst bacteria from several food animal species.

Download Full-text

Investigation of Virulence Genes Detected in Antimicrobial-Resistance Pathogens Isolates for Five Countries across the World

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8121589 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1589

Author(s):

Kevin Cui ◽

Iris Gong ◽

Alvin Dong ◽

Jacob Yan ◽

Max Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Pathogen Detection ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Principal Component ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

E Coli ◽

The Us ◽

The World ◽

The Uk

A large portion of annual deaths worldwide are due to infections caused by disease-causing pathogens. These pathogens contain virulence genes, which encode mechanisms that facilitate infection and microbial survival in hosts. More recently, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, also found in these pathogens, have become an increasingly large issue. While the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser (NPDIB) database has been compiling genes involved in microbial virulence and antimicrobial resistance through isolate samples, few studies have identified the genes primarily responsible for virulence and compared them to those responsible for AMR. This study performed the first multivariate statistical analysis of the multidimensional NPDIB data to identify the major virulence genes from historical pathogen isolates for Australia, China, South Africa, UK, and US—the largely populated countries from five of the six major continents. The important virulence genes were then compared with the AMR genes to study whether there is correlation between their occurrences. Among the significant genes and pathogens associated with virulence, it was found that the genes fdeC, iha, iss, iutA, lpfA, sslE, ybtP, and ybtQ are shared amongst all five countries. The pathogens E. coli and Shigella, Salmonella enterica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae mostly contained these genes and were common among four of the five studied countries. Additionally, the trend of virulence was investigated by plotting historical occurrences of gene and pathogen frequency in the annual samples. These plots showed that the trends of E. coli and Shigella and Salmonella enterica were similar to the trends of certain virulence genes, confirming the two pathogens do indeed carry important virulence genes. While the virulence genes in the five countries are not significantly different, the US and the UK share the largest amount of important virulence genes. The plots from principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering show that the important virulence and AMR genes were not significantly correlated, with only few genes from both types of genes clustered into the same groups.

Download Full-text

Distribution of Six Effector Protein Virulence Genes Among Salmonella enterica enterica Serovars Isolated from Children and their Correlation with Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance

Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy ◽

10.1007/s40291-013-0039-2 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 311-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Ioannidis ◽

K. Papavasileiou ◽

E. Papavasileiou ◽

S. Bersimis ◽

S. Chatzipanagiotou

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Effector Protein

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and genetic relatedness of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis isolates recovered from human gastroenteritis in Tehran, Iran

Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

10.1016/j.jgar.2017.10.005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 220-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Fatemeh Fardsanei ◽

Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal ◽

Masoumeh Douraghi ◽

Hamed Memariani ◽

Bita Bakhshi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Genetic Relatedness ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serotype Enteritidis

Download Full-text

Molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica from poultry farms in Ilorin, north-central Nigeria

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.4314/sokjvs.v19i3.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 197-207

Author(s):

I.A. Raufu ◽

O.A. Ahmed ◽

A. Aremu ◽

J.A. Ameh ◽

A. Ambali

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Occurrence Rate ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Potential Health ◽

North Central ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Poultry Farms ◽

Sequence Types

Poultry salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica is one of the most important bacterial diseases posing serious challenges to poultry production and human health worldwide. This study investigated the occurrence, serotypes, multilocus sequence types (MLSTs), antimicrobial resistance, plasmids, and 12 selected virulence genes of non-typhoidal Salmonella from poultry layer farms using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) methods. Two hundred cloaca swab samples were aseptically collected from four commercial poultry farms (layers) and transferred in sterile universal bottles on ice to the laboratory for analysis. Presumptive Salmonella isolates were detected with selective media and conventional biochemical tests. Serovars were confirmed by serotyping using the slide agglutination and Seqsero methods. Seven samples were positive for Salmonella consisting of Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) (n = 4), S. Albany (n = 2), and S. Agama with an occurrence rate of 3.5 % (7/200). Overall, 3 isolates showed the parC mutation expected not to cause resistance. Similarly, one S. Typhimurium isolate carried plasmid replicons of IncFIB(S)/IncFII(S) type without antimicrobial resistance genes. Three sequence types (STs); 19 (S. Typhimurium), 5317 (S. Albany), and 467 (S. Agama) were obtained. Salmonella Agama harboured 12 virulence genes, while S. Typhimurium and S. Albany harboured 11 virulence genes each. This study highlights the importance of S. Typhimurium, S. Albany, and S. Agama as major pathogens associated with poultry farms in Ilorin, north-central Nigeria. It equally provided baseline information on the serovar distribution, STs, resistance and the virulence gene profiles of all the serovars. Therefore, chickens can serve as a potential source of Salmonella transmission to humans, and this constitutes a potential health risk to the human population. Hence, there is a need for a specific Salmonella control program to be instituted as part of a national food safety strategy.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates in The Gambia and Senegal

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.1512 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 765-775 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Michel M Dione ◽

Usman Ikumapayi ◽

Debasish Saha ◽

Nuredin Ibrahim Mohammed ◽

Richard A Adegbola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

West Africa ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Food Products ◽

The Gambia ◽

Pathogenicity Islands ◽

Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands

Introduction: The prevalence of virulence genes in non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and its association with commonly used antibiotics in West Africa is unknown. Methodology: We tested 185 NTS isolates from children, animals, and food products for the presence of twelve virulence genes by PCR. Ten of the virulence genes tested belonged to the five Salmonella pathogenicity islands implicated in its pathogenesis. Results: Ten of twelve virulence genes except sopE and pefA were present in at least 70% of the isolates tested; sopE and pefA were observed in 33% and 44% of the isolates, respectively. The most prevalent gene was invA (99.5%), which is an invasion gene conserved within the Salmonella enterica. pipD and sopB genes, which were associated with serovar Enteritidis, were detected in 92.4% and 94.1% of isolates respectively. S. Istanbul and S. Javiana, which were isolated from chicken-serving restaurants, carried all the virulence genes of the five pathogenicity islands. There was significant association between sopB, sitC, orfLC, pipD and pefA virulence genes and resistance to commonly used antibiotics in Senegal and The Gambia, namely amoxicillin, ticarcillin, trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, trimethoprim, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides and nitrofurantoin. Conclusions: This study shows that virulence genes are present in NTS strains isolated from various sources. The significant association between some virulence genes and antibiotic resistance may have important implications with regard to the spread and persistence of resistance and virulence genes in Salmonella and to the prudent use of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals in West Africa.

Download Full-text

IncA/C plasmids mediate antimicrobial resistance linked to virulence genes in the Spanish clone of the emerging Salmonella enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:−

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/dkq481 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 543-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Patricia García ◽

Beatriz Guerra ◽

Margarita Bances ◽

M. Carmen Mendoza ◽

M. Rosario Rodicio

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Virulence Genes

Download Full-text

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistances of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Wild Boars in Liguria Region, Italy

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10050568 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 568

Author(s):

Elisabetta Razzuoli ◽

Valeria Listorti ◽

Isabella Martini ◽

Laura Migone ◽

Lucia Decastelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Wild Boar ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Wild Boar Population ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Wild Boars ◽

In The Wild

Salmonella spp. is an important zoonotic agent. Wild boars might host this pathogen in the intestinal tract and might represent a risk for Salmonella spp. transmission to humans. Wild boars are widely spread in Liguria, due to the environmental characteristics of the region. The aim of the study was the isolation, typing, and investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated strains of Salmonella spp. During the 2013–2017 hunting seasons, 4335 livers of wild boars were collected and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. A total of 260 strains of Salmonella spp. were isolated and characterized, with a prevalence of 6%. The isolated strains belonged to all six Salmonella enterica subspecies. Most of them were identified as Salmonella enterica subs. enterica of which 31 different serotypes were identified. The dominating serotype identified was S. Enteritidis. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolated strains were analyzed against sixteen molecules. Of the isolated strains, 94.6% were resistant to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. This study showed the circulation of resistant Salmonella spp. strains in the wild boar population living in this area of Italy, underling the potential risk for these animals to disseminate this pathogen and its antimicrobial resistances.

Download Full-text