The Ready Made Garments (RMD) Workers’ Gender Ratio in Bangladesh

It has been widely acknowledged that female workers account for 80% of the Ready Made Garments (RMG) industry’s workforce in Bangladesh but a number of studies estimated different male to female workers’ ratios ranging from 35: 65 to 55:45. To contribute to such debate, this paper leverage the data of the ‘Mapped in Bangladesh’ (MiB) project. While the objective of the MiB project is to enable transparency and accountability in the RMG sector by providing the industry stakeholders accurate, updated and authentic factory data collected through the factory census method and published in a digital map; this paper aims to shed light on the male to female ratio of workers employed in the RMG factories of Bangladesh is not 20:80, but it is 42:58 according to the findings from MiB data. Presenting such data, the study seeks to discuss how factory issues can influence the gender composition of RMG Workers. These issues such as factory locations, factory type, factory size and production sections are important to understand the challenges of future research addressing the gender composition of RMG workers in Bangladesh.

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Research Issues Involving the Biology of Autism

Autism and Developmental Disorders ◽

10.17759/autdd.2019170102 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 4-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S.M. Edelson

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Sensory Processing ◽

Research Community ◽

Future Research ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Research Issues ◽

Medical Comorbidities ◽

Autism Research ◽

And Behavior ◽

Male To Female

This article provides an overview and discussion on many of the major topics currently discussed in the autism research community. These topics include: prevalence, male-to-female ratio, diagnosis, genetics, environmental factors, neurology, medical comorbidities, sensory processing, and behavior. The article concludes with a discussion of future research in the field of autism.

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A Framework for Addressing Gender Imbalance in the Game Industry through Outreach

Gender Considerations and Influence in the Digital Media and Gaming Industry - Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-6142-4.ch010 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 186-205

Author(s):

Monica M. McGill ◽

Adrienne Decker ◽

Amber Settle

Keyword(s):

Female Students ◽

Gender Composition ◽

Future Research ◽

Gender Imbalance ◽

Post Secondary ◽

Game Industry ◽

Key Aspects ◽

Male To Female

Though the lack of diversity in the game industry workforce has received a great deal of attention recently, few initiatives have been implemented to address it. In particular, gender composition in the game industry workforce and among students studying games at post-secondary institutions is highly imbalanced, with an approximate 9 to 1 ratio of male to female students. This chapter considers three key aspects: 1) the current demographics of the game industry, 2) the effects of gender imbalance on the game industry and one of its current pipelines, and 3) a potential framework to address the imbalance. The proposed outreach strategy is informed by a discussion of established frameworks for initiating change in related fields. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research to address the gender imbalance in the game industry and its pipeline.

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Disparities between IgG4-related kidney disease and extrarenal IgG4-related disease in a case–control study based on 450 patients

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-89844-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Qiaozhu Zeng ◽

Jingyuan Gao ◽

Xinyu Zhang ◽

Aichun Liu ◽

Zhenfan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kidney Disease ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Imaging Finding ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Related Disease ◽

Igg4 Related Disease ◽

Peking University ◽

Chinese Cohort ◽

Male To Female

AbstractWe aimed to compare the demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics between IgG4-related kidney disease (IgG4-RKD+) and extrarenal IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RKD−) in a large Chinese cohort, as well as describing the radiological and pathological features of IgG4-RKD+. We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 470 IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) patients at Peking University People’s Hospital from January 2004 to January 2020. The demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological and pathological characteristics between IgG4-RKD+ and IgG4-RKD− were compared. Twenty IgG4-RD patients who had definite etiology of renal impairment including diabetes, hypertension and etc. were excluded. Among the remained 450 IgG4-RD patients, 53 were diagnosed with IgG4-RKD+ . IgG4-RKD+ patients had older age at onset and at diagnosis. Male to female ratio of IgG4-RKD+ patients is significantly higher. In the IgG4-RKD+ group, the most commonly involved organs were salivary gland, lymph nodes and pancreas. It was found that renal function was impaired in approximately 40% of IgG4-RKD+ patients. The most common imaging finding is multiple, often bilateral, hypodense lesions. Male sex, more than three organs involved, and low serum C3 level were risk factors for IgG4-RKD+ in IgG4-RD patients. These findings indicate potential differences in pathogenesis of these two phenotypes.

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P129 The utility of routine operative swab culture in uncomplicated peri-anal abscesses

BJS Open ◽

10.1093/bjsopen/zrab032.128 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Apoorva Khajuria ◽

Tuba Rahim ◽

Mariam Baig ◽

Kai Leong ◽

Apoorva Khajuria

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Perianal Abscess ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Incision And Drainage ◽

Common Presentation ◽

History Of ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Operative Findings ◽

The Cost ◽

Male To Female

Abstract Introduction Despite perianal abscess being a common presentation, certain aspects of its management remain controversial, especially the routine use of intra-operative swab cultures. Methods A retrospective review of patients that underwent incision and drainage procedures for a perianal abscess over a six-month period was undertaken. Results Over 6 months, 50 patients were identified. The male to female ratio was 3:1 and median ASA score was 1. Only 6/50 patients presented with recurrent abscess and 1 patient had history of inflammatory bowel disease. On the basis of operative findings, 39 patients (78%) had uncomplicated abscess (not associated with cellulitis, sinus or fistula); swab cultures were performed in 26 (67%) of these patients. All patients were discharged on the same day; microbiology reports did not impact the treatment and no patients were followed up in clinic post-operatively or presented with recurrence. The number of unnecessary microbiology swabs undertaken in this cohort equates to approximately 52 unnecessary swabs a year. The cost of one swab is £10.10p, which means £520 could potentially be saved annually. Conclusion Routine intra-operative swab cultures do not impact management decisions, add to unnecessary costs and therefore should not be undertaken in uncomplicated or first presentation of peri-anal abscesses.

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High rates of gastroesophageal cancers in patients with dyspepsia undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Uganda

Endoscopy International Open ◽

10.1055/a-1480-7231 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 09 (07) ◽

pp. E997-E1000

Author(s):

Ronald Mbiine ◽

Cephas Nakanwagi ◽

Olivia Kituuka

Keyword(s):

Positive Association ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Mulago Hospital ◽

Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Mulago National Referral Hospital ◽

Male To Female ◽

Upper Gastrointestinal ◽

National Referral Hospital

Abstract Background and study aims Dyspepsia is the most common presenting symptom in the gastrointestinal clinic of Mulago National Referral hospital. The etiology is essentially not fully described in our patient population. This study was therefore conducted to establish the causes of dyspepsia based on endoscopic diagnosis among patients with dyspepsia seeking care at the National Referral hospital of Uganda. Patients and methods This retrospective study conducted in the endoscopy unit of Mulago hospital reviewed 356 patient endoscopy reports spanning January 2018 to July 2020 with a focus on those with a referral indication of dyspepsia. Age and sex were the independent variables of interest while the endoscopy findings as reported by the endoscopist were the outcome variable of interest. Results Of the 356 endoscopy reports reviewed, 159 met the inclusion criterion of dyspepsia as the indication. Participant mean age was 47.7 years (± 16.53) with the majority (25.79 %) in the fifth decade while the male to female ratio was 1. The majority of patients had organic dyspepsia (90.57 %) while the commonest finding was gastritis 69 (43.4 %). Gastroesophageal cancers represented (18) 11.32 % of all findings. There was a positive association between age > 50 years with gastroesophageal cancers (7.639) as well as age < 50 years and functional dyspepsia (2.794); however, all these were not statistically significant (P = 0.006 and (P = 0.095, respectively). Conclusions Organic/structural dyspepsia comprises over 90 % of investigated dyspepsia with 11 % comprising cancer among patients seeking endoscopy at the National Referral Hospital of Uganda.

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Application of Biomimetics to Architectural and Urban Design: A Review across Scales

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12239813 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 9813 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuta Uchiyama ◽

Eduardo Blanco ◽

Ryo Kohsaka

Keyword(s):

Urban Design ◽

Architectural Design ◽

Evolutionary Process ◽

Future Research ◽

Conceptual Level ◽

Sustainable Society ◽

Types Of Knowledge ◽

The Social ◽

Different Types ◽

Shed Light

Application of biomimetics has expanded progressively to other fields in recent years, including urban and architectural design, scaling up from materials to a larger scale. Besides its contribution to design and functionality through a long evolutionary process, the philosophy of biomimetics contributes to a sustainable society at the conceptual level. The aim of this review is to shed light on trends in the application of biomimetics to architectural and urban design, in order to identify potential issues and successes resulting from implementation. In the application of biomimetics to architectural design, parts of individual “organisms”, including their form and surface structure, are frequently mimicked, whereas in urban design, on a larger scale, biomimetics is applied to mimic whole ecosystems. The overall trends of the reviewed research indicate future research necessity in the field of on biomimetic application in architectural and urban design, including Biophilia and Material. As for the scale of the applications, the urban-scale research is limited and it is a promising research which can facilitate the social implementation of biomimetics. As for facilitating methods of applications, it is instrumental to utilize different types of knowledge, such as traditional knowledge, and providing scientific clarification of functions and systems based on reviews. Thus, interdisciplinary research is required additionally to reach such goals.

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Astrocytomas of the spinal cord in children and adolescents

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1985.63.5.0669 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 63 (5) ◽

pp. 669-675 ◽

Cited By ~ 135

Author(s):

Ronald Reimer ◽

Burton M. Onofrio

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Histological Grade ◽

Extended Period ◽

Spinal Deformities ◽

Duration Of Symptoms ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Content Type ◽

Orthopedic Procedure ◽

Male To Female ◽

Fine Print

✓ The authors review 32 cases of spinal cord astrocytoma in patients under 20 years of age who were treated at the Mayo Clinic between 1955 and 1980. There was a 1.3:1 male to female ratio. Twenty patients were between 6 and 15 years of age at the time of diagnosis. The duration of symptoms prior to definitive diagnosis varied from 5 days to 9 years, with an average of 24 months. The most common symptoms were pain (62.5%), gait disturbance (43.7%), numbness (18.8%), and sphincteric dysfunction (18.8%). The most common neurological findings were a Babinski response (50.0%), posterior column sensory dysfunction (40.6%), and paraparesis (37.5%). A median follow-up period of 8.6 years (range 0.8 to 25.5 years) revealed that the survival time diminished with increased histological grade of the astrocytoma (p < 0.001). The development of postlaminectomy spinal deformities represented a serious postoperative complication. This occurred in 13 patients and was first recognized between 8 and 90 months postoperatively. Six deformities occurred following cervical laminectomy, and eight patients required at least one orthopedic procedure. It is crucial to follow these patients for an extended period of time to watch for postoperative spinal deformities.

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Clinicohematological Study of Thrombocytosis in Children

ISRN Hematology ◽

10.1155/2014/389257 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Nathiya Subramaniam ◽

Suneel Mundkur ◽

Pushpa Kini ◽

Nalini Bhaskaranand ◽

Shrikiran Aroor

Keyword(s):

Platelet Count ◽

Myeloid Leukemia ◽

Prospective Observational Study ◽

Myelogenous Leukemia ◽

Distribution Width ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Reactive Thrombocytosis ◽

Acute Myelogenous ◽

Male To Female ◽

Primary Thrombocytosis

Introduction. Primary thrombocytosis is very rare in children; reactive thrombocytosis is frequently observed in children with infections, anemia, and many other causes. Aims and Objectives. To identify the etiology of thrombocytosis in children and to analyze platelet indices (MPV, PDW, and PCT) in children with thrombocytosis. Study Design. A prospective observational study. Material and Methods. A total of 1000 patients with thrombocytosis (platelet > 400×109/L) were studied over a period of 2 years. Platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), and plateletcrit (PCT) were noted. Results. Of 1000 patients, 99.8% had secondary thrombocytosis and only two children had primary thrombocytosis (chronic myeloid leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia, M7). The majority of the children belonged to the age group of 1month to 2 years (39.7%) and male to female ratio was 1.6 : 1. Infection with anemia (48.3%) was the most common cause of secondary thrombocytosis followed by iron deficiency alone (17.2%) and infection alone (16.2%). Respiratory infection (28.3%) was the predominant infectious cause observed. Thrombocytosis was commonly associated with IDA among all causes of anemia and severity of thrombocytosis increased with severity of anemia (P=0.021). With increasing platelet count, there was a decrease in MPV (<0.001). Platelet count and mean PDW among children with infection and anemia were significantly higher than those among children with infection alone and anemia alone. None were observed to have thromboembolic manifestations. Conclusions. Primary thrombocytosis is extremely rare in children than secondary thrombocytosis. Infections in association with anemia are most commonly associated with reactive thrombocytosis and severity of thrombocytosis increases with severity of anemia.

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Follow-up of the air pollution and the human male-to-female ratio analysis in São Paulo, Brazil: a times series study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002552 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (7) ◽

pp. e002552 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia ◽

Mariana Matera Veras ◽

Luis Fernando Amato-Lourenço ◽

Fernando Rodrigues-Silva ◽

Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Ratio Analysis ◽

São Paulo ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Times Series ◽

Human Male ◽

Male To Female ◽

Series Study

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DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF ACUTE FEBRILE ENCEPHALOPATHY CASES IN PEDIATRIC AGE GROUP PATIENTS: A STUDY FROM WESTERN RAJASTHAN

10.36106/ijsr/1302690 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 72-73

Author(s):

Laxmi Rathore ◽

P. K. Khatri ◽

Saroj K. Meena ◽

Archana Bora ◽

Suneel Bhooshan

Keyword(s):

Lower Class ◽

Mental States ◽

Clinical Feature ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Pediatric Age Group ◽

History Of ◽

Laboratory Investigations ◽

Demographic Distribution ◽

Viral Etiologies ◽

Male To Female

Acute Febrile Encephalopathy is a clinical term used to describe patients presenting with short febrile illnesses with altered mental states. Demographic distribution plays an essential role in the diagnosis of viral etiologies. One hundred ve suspected AFE cases were enrolled in the study. A detailed history by predesigned performa and laboratory investigations was obtained for data collection. Viral etiology was diagnosed in 32 (30.48%) cases. The male to female ratio was 1.39:1. Total 56.25% of positive cases were from the lower class, 28.13% from the middle class, and 15.63% from the upper class. 24 (75%) cases from rural, while only 8 (25%) of the urban population showed viral etiologies. In 19 (59.4%) cases were either history of incomplete vaccination or not vaccinated, 13 (40.6%) cases had a history of complete immunization among positive cases. The predominant clinical feature was fever (100%) followed by seizures 66(62.86%), vomiting 37(35.24%), headache 14(13.33%), paresis in 16(15.24%) and altered sensorium in 29(27.62%), respectively. To conclude, the etiologic panorama of AFE varies with several factors such as time and demographical location, age, and immunization status. There is an urgent need to conduct more studies to prole the viral etiologies according to their prevalence in geographical areas so the treatment can be tailored accordingly and prophylaxis treatment or immunization can be boosted in the population at risk of getting the disease.

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