Cyber crime, computer crime or cyber offense? The analysis of the features of a terminology application

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
R. Baranenko
Keyword(s):  
Computer Networks ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Computer Crime ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The Law

Today cybercrime and computer terrorism are identified as one of the threats to Ukraine’s national security in the information sphere. Cybersecurity measures include achieving and maintaining security features in the resources of an institution or users, aimed at preventing relevant cyber threats. Cybercrime is a set of criminal offenses committed in cyberspace by computer systems or by using computer networks and other means of access to cyberspace, within computer systems or networks, as well as against computer systems, computer networks and computer data, has been widely developed. The paper considers such terms as «computer crime», «information crime», «crime in the field of computer information», «crimes in the field of information technology». Scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers on the issues of countering cybercrime are analyzed. The connection of the concept of «cybersecurity» with the terms «cybercrime», «computer crime» and «cybercrime» the concepts of «cybercrime» was given. The difference in the interpretation of the concepts «cybersecurity» and «information security» was considered. The definitions of «cybercrime», «computer crime» and «cyber offense» were given for comparison. Their main features were considered. The concept of «computer victimhood» and its components were considered. With the introduction of the institute of criminal offenses in the national criminal law, the terms «cybercrime» and «computer crime» should lose their relevance, as evidenced by the change of title of Chapter XVI of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to «Criminal offenses in the use of electronic computing machines (computers), systems and computer networks and telecommunications networks». Therefore, instead, we can recommend the use of the term «cyber offense», which we propose to understand as «socially dangerous criminal act in cyberspace and/or using it, liability for which is provided by the law of Ukraine on criminal liability and/or which is recognized as a criminal offense by international treaties of Ukraine, and cybercrime is a set of cyber offences». It is clear that this will require the introduction of appropriate terminological changes in the Law of Ukraine «On the Basic Principles of Cyber Security of Ukraine» and other regulations.

scholarly journals . Problems of legal regulation of combatinig terrorism and prevention of terrorist acts

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Samofalov L.P. ◽  
◽  
Samofalov O.L. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
European Convention ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Terrorist Financing ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
The Law ◽  
Terrorist Acts

The article addresses to the study of problematic issues of legal regulation of combating terrorism and the prevention of terrorist acts. The current state of crime prevention by terrorist groups is comprehensively analyzed. It is established that the range of subjects of anti-terrorist activity is not provided by the current legislation and the corresponding shortcomings that arise during the combating terrorism. It is established that the legal basis for the fight against terrorism is the Constitution of Ukraine, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On Combating Terrorism", other laws of Ukraine, the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism of 1977 year, the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings of 1997 year, the International Convention on the Fight against Terrorist Financing in 1999 year, other international treaties of Ukraine approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, decrees of the President of Ukraine, resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, as well as other regulations adopted to implement the laws of Ukraine. Among the normative legal acts regulating relations in the field of counter-terrorism, one of the prominent places has the Law of Ukraine "On Prevention and Counteraction to Legalization (Laundering) of the Proceeds of Crime, Terrorist Financing and Financial Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction" dated 14 October, 2014. It is proved that among the factors that negatively affect the effectiveness of the investigation of terrorist crimes, the leading place is taken by insufficiently balanced and unfounded state criminal law policy, which over the past few years has gradually lost its state character, becoming hostage to permanent political confrontation. There are many cases of unsystematic and scientifically unsubstantiated changes in certain provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Key words: terrorism, terrorist act, terrorist operation, crimes, subjects, criminal liability.

scholarly journals Relations of crimes of different gravity degree in the Criminal code of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-157
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Skok ◽  
Inna Shylo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Special Part ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact

The article deals with the classification of criminal offenses in the current Criminal Code of Ukraine. All the crimes, the responsibility for which are established in the Special part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, are analyzed and on the basis of this detailed description of crimes of small gravity, crimes of moderate gravity, serious and especially serious crimes is carried out. According to Art. 12 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, depending on the severity of the crimes are divided into crimes of small severity, moderate, serious and especially serious. The legislative classification of crimes was made taking into account the type of punishment (fine and imprisonment), as well as the amount of punishment. This is the norm of the current Criminal Code acquired in accordance with the Law «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Humanization of Liability for Offenses in the Field of Economic Activity» of November 15, 2011 No. 4025-VI. The percentage of different categories of crimes has been analyzed and the impact of the severity of crimes on some criminal liability issues has been determined. A study of the ratio of minor crimes to other categories of crimes showed that minor crimes constitute a fairly significant category of crimes, compared to others, namely 24.9%. In the Special Part of the Criminal Code, there is a «sharp jump» from the category of minor crimes to the category of especially serious crimes, which is connected with the occurrence of especially grave consequences in the qualified criminal offenses.

scholarly journals Retrospective of normative application of the concept of bribery to describe corruption criminal offenses

2020 ◽  
pp. 373-377
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Mykhailov
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Retrospective Review ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The Law ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Made In

The article presents the chronology of the introduction of the concept of bribery into the national criminal legislation as the mainelement of the legislative description of corruption. The concept of corrupt bribery is crucial for research on criminal liability for corruption.A retrospective analysis of the application of the concept of bribery to the legislative description of corruption criminal offenseswill help to determine the etymology of the concept of corruption bribery.Based on the results of the retrospective review of the normative application of the concept of bribery, a number of conclusionshave been made, in particular, that this concept is not completely new in modern national legislation. Its use in the formulation of crimi -nal law has usually been associated with the description of how to commit a non-corruption crime, and since 2001, in connection withthe adoption of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine, and with the description of one of the methods of incitement as complicity.Beginning in 2009, the concept of bribery was gradually introduced into criminal law precisely to denote the form of action inthe formulation of dispositions of articles that provided for liability for corruption offenses. This concept became widespread in thenorms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in 2011 with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Actsof Ukraine on Liability for Corruption Offenses.” Later, its use by the legislator to describe acts of corruption only increased and todayit is more associated with corruption offenses, although it is used in the Code and in other cases. Thus, at present, the Criminal Code, using the concept of bribery, uses it in two guises: the first does not etymologically link thisconcept with corruption; the second variant of using the concept of bribery is substantively related to the concept of corruption and isin fact its textual embodiment in criminal law.

Killing through negligence and its distinction with other kinds of murder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Myslivyy ◽  
Angelina Mykyta
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The State ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The Common

Problem setting. According to Art. 27 of the Constitution of Ukraine, everyone has an inalienable right to life, no one can be arbitrarily deprived of life, and the state, in turn, is obliged to protect human life. Protection of a person’s life, as a duty of the state, is manifested in the establishment of criminal liability, enshrined in Section II “Criminal offenses against life and health of a person” of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, who commit socially dangerous acts. whether there are criminal offenses and what punishments they should be committed. The distinction between crimes such as premeditated murder and negligent deprivation of another’s life is important, as criminal law theory still does not have sufficient information on this issue and does not have a complete list of features of the above crimes, but we tried to identify them in our article. Target of research. Deepening their knowledge on the caution of a person’s life due to inconsistency and drawing the line between possible offenses and conditional authority, clarifying the special characteristics of the perpetrator and the victim, outlining the essential features of the perpetrator and the victim, and researching the regulation of negligent proposal of a new version of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The theoretical basis for the study of the problem of murder through negligence are the works of legal scholars, in particular, M. Bazhanov, V. Borisov, S. Borodin, V. Glushkov, O. Gorokhovskaya, I. Zinchenko , V. Tyutyugin, O. Us, E. Kisilyuk, V. Kuts, M. Yefimov, S. Likhova, V. Stashis, V. Shablisty and others. Article’s main body. According to Art. 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine, man, his life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security are recognized in Ukraine as the highest social value. Given this constitutional provision, the legislator should pay special attention to the criminal law protection of human life and health as the most important public relations. So it is no coincidence that considering such encroachments as one of the most dangerous in the criminal law dimension, the legislator established criminal liability for their commission in Section II “Criminal offenses against life and health” of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Due to the high public danger and the high prevalence of criminal offenses against human life and health, criminal law theory and law enforcement practice are under increasing scrutiny. Thus, the analysis of judicial practice in recent years shows that, for example, among all murders (Articles 117-119 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) the number of persons convicted of deprivation of life due to negligence is about 15 percent annually. In our opinion, it is also advisable to analyze the concept of “murder” by comparing the common and distinctive features of the offenses referred to in Art. Art. 115 and 119 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. According to scientific results, we can conclude that these offenses have many common features. It is possible to understand the common features and preconditions for the spread of these types of offenses. Conclusions and prospects for the development. A study of issues related to the criminal law analysis of murder through negligence and its difference from other types of murder, shows that these acts encroach on the identical object, which is “human life as a set of social relations.” Unfortunately, nowadays the dynamics of offenses committed in Art. Art. 115 and 119 is intensifying, so consideration of their delimitation and characterization of their features is very important. The study examines the main features of these types of crimes, as well as analyzes some provisions of national law and proposes some adjustments to them.

PROBLEM ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR RAPE IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGES TO ART. 152 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stepan Burda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
National Security ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Sexual Freedom ◽  
Normal Life ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Criminal Offenses

The article describes the criminal liability for rape in the context of amendments to Art. 152 of the Criminal code of Ukraine. It is noted that sexual freedom and sexual integrity are among the most important personal human rights. It is regulated by the Basic Law of our state and no wonder the legislator placed this object of encroachment in the first sections of the Criminal Code of Ukraine after such as the basics of national security, life and health, will, honor and dignity of the person. Violation of these rights is reflected in the mental state of the victim, has a direct impact on the health, normal life of the person. It is established that the separation of Section IV "Criminal offenses against sexual freedom and sexual integrity of a person" in the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine means increasing the state's attention to the state of sexual relations in Ukraine. Sexual freedom and inviolability are among the most important personal human rights. It is regulated by the Basic Law of our state and not without reason the legislator placed this object of encroachment in the first sections of the Criminal Code of Ukraine after such as the basics of national security, life and health, will, honor and dignity of the person. Violation of these rights is reflected in the mental state of the victim, has a direct impact on the health, normal life of the person. It should be noted that criminal offenses against the life and health of a person, criminal offenses against the honor of freedom and dignity of a person, criminal offenses against sexual freedom and sexual integrity of a person are the most serious and terrible of all existing in the modern Criminal Code of Ukraine. these crimes, in addition to severe physical trauma, leave in the minds of the victim, his relatives and friends great and horrible memories that last a lifetime, traumatize the psyche and often lead to suicide of victims who can not be rehabilitated. The opinion is expressed that in the disposition of Article 152 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine there is a certain uncertainty in the question of which

scholarly journals MEDICAL WORKERS' LIABILITY FOR CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF TRAFFICKING OF NARCOTIC PRODUCTS UNDER ARTICLE 320 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
R. Grinyuk ◽  
B. Kindyuk
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Psychotropic Substances ◽  
Health Care Institutions ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Narcotic Drugs

The article considers the peculiarities of criminal liability of employees of health care institutions for violation of the provisions of Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which consists of two parts, which differ in the ways (forms) of committing criminal offenses and limits of liability. The methodological basis of the study includes logical-semantic method, by which the types of methods (forms) of committing criminal offenses under Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are studied; a systematic approach, on the basis of which the author analyses the sequence of actions of employees of investigative bodies in the investigation of crimes on the grounds of criminal activity provided for in the provisions of this article. It is established that Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine consists of two parts and provides for a wide range of criminal offenses, in particular the cultivation of sleeping poppy or hemp; violation of the rules of production, manufacture, storage, accounting, release, distribution, trade, transportation, shipment or use of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors intended for the production or manufacture of these drugs or substances; theft, misappropriation, extortion of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors, or their acquisition by fraud or abuse of office by an official, etc. It is shown that the disposition of Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine has a blanket nature, which requires specification of its provisions in other regulations, including orders, instructions, rules. It is emphasized that employees of medical institutions and health care institutions must clearly know the content of the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers № 770 "On approval of the list of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors" from 06.06.2000, the order of the Ministry of Health № 188 "On approval of tables of small, large and especially large amounts of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors that are in illicit traffic" from 01.08.2000, which will significantly help them to avoid offenses related to drug trafficking. Special attention should by paid to compliance with the rules of storage, transfer, accounting, release, distribution, trade, transportation, as well as the introduction of drug logs. The article also shows the sequence of actions of employees of investigative bodies during crime investigation on grounds of the criminal activity provided by Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.

scholarly journals JUDGE'S JUDGMENT ON CRIMINAL OFFENSE AGAINST PERPETRATORS OF CRIMINAL EXTORTION WITH THE VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHER PEOPLE'S MOTORCYCLES (Verdict Study Number: 237/Pid. B/2018/PN Kla)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Oktasari Putri Pramisela ◽  
Yulia Hesti
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
District Court ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Violent Criminal ◽  
The Law

A crime or criminal act, usually perpetrators of criminals because of an encouragement based on the importance of fulfilling the necessities of life that is relatively difficult to fulfill. In principle the crime problem does not stand alone, but it relates to other issues such as social, economic, political and cultural which is as a phenomenon that affects each other. To tackle crimes and criminal acts such a thorough enforcement and anticipation policy is required. One of the most common criminal acts in the community is the violence of violent blackmail. Perpetrators can be assessed by the community, therefore it is necessary to be handled by the law enforcement officers intensively with the severity of the criminal that was dropped. The problem in this study is how the judge's consideration in dropping a criminal against perpetrators of criminal offenses with violence against motorcycles belonging to others, what are some factors causing perpetrators of criminal extortion with violence. The method of study used is the normative juridical approach and empirical approach obtained directly at the District Court of Kls II Kalianda, state Attorney of South Lampung. Based on the results of the study can be concluded that the judge's judgment in the criminal offence against the perpetrator of violent criminal offence is in accordance with the element contained in article 368 paragraph (1) of the criminal CODE and was sentenced to 2 years imprisonment. Factors affecting the cause of perpetrators of criminal extortion in violence are environmental factors, economic factors on society, the law enforcement. The advice given is to be expected to the Tribunal, the attorney general and the police in providing or establishing the article can be in accordance with its elements and actions, to the rationing punishment against the defendant is considered fair and give a deterrent effect so that the defendant can not repeat it again. There is cooperation between law enforcement and the community in minimizing the crimes that occurred.

scholarly journals Penegakan Hukum Pidana Terhadap Anak Yang Terjerat Perkara Pidana Melalui Diversi (Studi Di Polrestabes Medan)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
Akalafikta Jaya ◽  
Triono Eddy ◽  
Alpi Sahari
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Juvenile Justice System ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Case ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Criminal Convictions ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The Law

In the past, the punishment of children was the same as the punishment of adults. This causes the psychological condition of children ranging from investigation, investigation and trial to be disturbed because it is often intimidated by law enforcement agencies. Under these conditions, Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Justice System was born. One of the reforms in the Child Criminal Justice System Law requires the settlement of a child criminal case by diversion. Based on the results of research that the conception of criminal offenses against children in conflict with the law in Indonesia is different from criminal convictions to adults. Children are given the lightest possible punishment and half of the criminal convictions of adult criminal offenses. That criminal liability for children who are ensnared in a criminal case according to the Law on the Criminal Justice System for Children is still carried out but with different legal sanctions from adults. Criminal imprisonment against children is an ultimumremedium effort, meaning that criminal imprisonment against children is the last legal remedy after there are no other legal remedies that benefit the child. That the concept of enforcement of criminal law against children caught in criminal cases through diversion is in fact not all have applied it. Some criminal cases involving children as the culprit, in court proceedings there are still judges who impose prison sentences on children who are dealing with the law.

scholarly journals Guilt in compositions of crimes against bases of national safety of Ukraine: problem questions of theory and fixing in a law on criminal responsibility

2019 ◽  
pp. 136-150
Author(s):  
R. Chorniy
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Special Part ◽  
Direct Indication ◽  
General Part ◽  
The Law ◽  
Transfer Of Information

The article is devoted to the investigation of forms and types of guilt in the composition of crimes against the basics of national security of Ukraine. The presence of a number of unresolved issues at the theoretical and legal level on this issue actualizes the need for its scientific elaboration and formulation of proposals to improve the provisions of the law on criminal liability. The purpose of the article is to investigate the problematic issues of forms and types of guilt in crimes against the bases of national security of Ukraine, ways of fixing them in the articles of Section I of the Special part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and to develop sound proposals for their solution based on the provisions of the doctrine of criminal law. The article presents the existing approaches of doctrinal interpretation by scientists of the provisions on wine, its forms and types, through which the research of this feature in the crimes under Art. Art. 109 - 114-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is proved that the most reasonable is the psychological concept of guilt, which promotes the insertion of forms and types of guilt in crimes against the basics of national security with a formal composition, the elucidation of forms of guilt in the warehouses of crimes provided by articles of section I of the Special part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, in which the legislator directly does not say that it is one of the preconditions for the proper qualification of the act committed by the person. It is proved that the basis for the conclusion about the intentional form of guilt is based on: 1) a direct indication of it in the norm of the law (Part 1 of Article 110 and Part 1 of Article 111 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine); 2) indication of the specific purpose or motives of the criminal behavior (Part 1 of Article 109, Note 1, Part 1 and Part 2 of Article 110-2, Article 113, Part 1 of Article 114 and Article 112 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) ; 3) combination of the above mentioned features in one norm (Part 1 of Article 110 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine); 4) interpretation of terms used in the dispositions of certain articles and / or through the description in the law of the features of the crime (Part 1 of Article 110, Part 2 of Article 109, Part 1 of Article 110, Part 1 of Article 111, Article 112, Article 113, Part 1 of Article 114 and Part 1 of Article 114-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine); 5) interpretation of terms used in other articles of the Special (espionage as a part of state treason) or articles of the General part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (conspiracy to commit the actions provided for in part 1 of Article 109 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (Article 26 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), attempted murder state or public figure (Article 112 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) (part 1 of Article 15 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine); 6) the orientation of socially dangerous acts. The specifics of constructing all these norms testify to the direct intent of the person who committed the respective crime. On this basis it is substantiated that the lack of specification of intent in part 1 of Art. 111 and Part 1 of Art. 110 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine does not contribute to the clarity of the provisions of the Criminal Code in the specified part, and the direct intent in the composition of these crimes is evidenced by: 1) special purpose (Part 1 of Article 110 of the Criminal Code); 2) the terms used in the dispositions of the said articles (“violation of the order… established by the Constitution of Ukraine” (part 1 of Article 110), “transfer of information…, transition to the enemy's side, rendering… assistance in carrying out subversive activities against Ukraine”) ( Part 1 of Article 111); 3) the focus of socially dangerous action. In order to eliminate the ambiguous interpretation of the provisions of Part 1 of Art. 110 and Part 1 of Art. 111 of the Criminal Code it is proposed to amend them accordingly. The forms and type of guilt in the warehouses of crimes with material composition (Part 3 of Article 110, Part 3 and 4 of Article 110-2, Part 2 of Article 114-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) were not clearly reflected in the relevant rules of the law. It is substantiated that the subject's attitude to socially dangerous consequences (deaths of people (h. 3 Art. 110, h. 2 Art. 114-1), other grave consequences (h. 3 Art. 110, h. 4 Art. 110- 2, Part 2 of Article 114-1) Causing considerable property damage (Part 3 of Article 110-2) can be intentional or negligent.

scholarly journals Criminal Liability of Legal Entities under the Laws of the Republic of Slovenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Fedorov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Conditional Sentence ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Legal Entities

The article is dedicated to review of the laws of the Republic of Slovenia on the criminal liability of legal entities; the main acts are the Special Law on the Liability of Legal Entities for Criminal Offenses of 1999 and the Criminal Code of the Republic of Slovenia. The article reviews statutory resolutions making it possible to review a legal entity as a criminal liability subject; gives a number of persons, which can be brought to criminal liability; focuses on the fact that legal entities can be brought to criminal liability in the Republic of Slovenia for a limited number of acts (crimes) defined by the law; considers criminal sanctions applicable to legal entities: fi ne, forfeiture of property, legal entity liquidation, prohibition to place securities held by a legal entity; reviews the possibility of imposition of a conditional sentence on a legal entity and the security measures applicable to legal entities, including: sentence publication and prohibition to engage in specific commercial activities.

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