DESTRUCTION MECHANISMS OF CU-ETP COPPER GUIDES FOR SECTIONAL INSULATORS OF RAILWAY TRACTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 101-113
Author(s):  
Jarosław KONIECZNY
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Current Collector ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Plate ◽  
Railway Traction ◽  
Layer Characteristic ◽  
Scanning Electron

This article presents the results of a research on the operational damage to sectional insulator guides made of hard electrolytic copper Cu-ETP (Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper). The guides were used on various rail routes, in real conditions, on which the trains ran at maximum speeds between 40 and 120 km/h for periods of 6 or 12 months. The microstructure of the surface, the working layer of the guide, which contacts the graphite plate of the current collector and the cross-section of the guide in the place where it was damaged was examined using the Olympus light microscope. The analysis of the chemical composition in the EDS micro-regions was performed using the Zeiss Supra 53 scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the qualitative X-ray phase analysis was performed with the use of the Panalytical X'Pert diffractometer. Scratches and deformations of the surface layer characteristic of the phenomenon of friction caused by the current collector were observed in the microstructure of the damaged parts of the guides of section insulators. The effect of a very intense oxidation process was also observed, as well as the effects of an electric arc, which according to the author, is the factor that has the most destructive effect on the condition of the guides.

scholarly journals Effect of CNT Contents on the Microstructure and Properties of CNT/TiMg Composites

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1620
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Yuan ◽  
Haonan Zhu ◽  
Huiling Ji ◽  
Yiwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Solution Phase ◽  
Solid Solution Phase ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Microstructure Observation ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Scanning Electron

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), dispersed in absolute ethanol, were evenly mixed into Ti/MgH2 powders by wet milling. Then, we applied the vacuum hot-pressed sinteringmethod to the CNTs/TiMg composite materials. An optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) were used for the microstructure observation and phase analysis of samples. The mechanical properties were measured via the micro-vickers hardness. The results show that the main phases in the composites were Ti, Mg and C. Meanwhile, a small amount of Ti-Mg solid solution phase was also found. The cross-section morphology of the composites shows that the melted magnesium fills the grain interface during extrusion and that the composites have a better compactness.The microstructures of the composites have been greatly refined as the CNT contents increased. The structure of the composites was further refined when 0.5 wt.% CNTs were added. The fracture surface is obviously a ductile fracture. The microhardness increases obviously with the CNT content increasing. When the content of the CNTs is 1.0 wt.%, the microhardness of the composites reaches 232 HV, which is 24% higher than that of the matrix.

Electrodeposition of Aluminum on 316L Stainless Steel from Molten Salts Based on Chlorides

2008 ◽  
Vol 373-374 ◽  
pp. 273-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Jiang Wang ◽  
Xin Xin Ma ◽  
Guang Wei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Aluminum Layer ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Purity Aluminum ◽  
Scanning Electron

The electrodeposition of aluminum on 316L stainless steel from a molten salts based on chloride has been studied. The surface morphology of the aluminum layer has been examined through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the structure of the aluminum layer has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thickness of the deposited aluminum layer has been measured by the method of cross-section scan. It has been suggested that a white, smooth, non-porous and a high purity aluminum layer can be obtained on 316L stainless steel from the ternary chloride molten salts (AlCl3 – NaCl - KCl). And the structure of the aluminum layer was single-phase.

Effects of Pd and Ni Metals Electrolessly Deposited on Si Nanowires on Properties of Photoelectrochemical Solar Cell

2011 ◽  
Vol 415-417 ◽  
pp. 686-689
Author(s):  
Wei Long Liu ◽  
Yu Lun Hsieh ◽  
Shu Huei Hsieh ◽  
Wen Jauh Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Simulated Sunlight ◽  
Si Nanowires ◽  
Etching Solution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Si Nanowire ◽  
Photoelectrochemical Solar Cell ◽  
Scanning Electron

A photoelectrochemical solar cell with a structure of modified Si nanowire anocle/K4Fe(CN)6+ K3Fe(CN)6/Pt cathode was prepared and studied. The Si nanowires were first formed by immersing n-Si chip in an etching solution of HF + AgNO3 and Pd and Ni metals were electrolessly deposited on the surface of Si nanowires. The modified anode was characterized by a scanning electron microscope for the surface and cross section view, and by an X-ray diffractometer for the phase and structure. The properties of the photoelectrochemical solar cell were measured under standard AM 1.5 simulated sunlight (100mW/cm2). The results showed that the total photoelectron conversion efficiency of the photoelectrochemical solar cell can be slightly increased when the Si nanowire anode was deposited with Pd metal, and can be greatly increased when deposited with Ni metal.

scholarly journals Titanium oxide supported on montmorillonite clays for environmental applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Rigoti ◽  
Anderson J Schwanke ◽  
Karla CF Araujo ◽  
Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle ◽  
Sibele SBC Pergher
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Decomposition Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Tio2 Photocatalysts ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Catalytic Potential ◽  
Montmorillonite Clays ◽  
Photocatalysis Reaction ◽  
Superficial Area ◽  
Scanning Electron

Montmorillonite clays (natural and commercial (KSF and K-10)) were modified by impregnation with TiO2 from TiCl4 solution. The natural and KSF clays were also pillared with Al polyhydroxication and after that, these were impregnated with TiO2. Photocatalysts were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy X-ray (EDX) and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) in order to understand their catalytic potential properties. Photocatalysts were used in a decomposition reaction of methylene blue (MB) and all catalysts demonstrated photocatalytic activity for degradation of dye (20 to 45%); however, K-10 sample showed the best results (more than 98% of elimination) due to its high superficial area and TiO2 dispersion. The results obtained using photocatalysts were compared with electrochemical oxidation process using Ti/Pt anode, showing that the photocatalysis reaction is more efficient. At present, our results demonstrate the potential of these catalysts for environment applications.

scholarly journals Evaluation of high-temperature corrosion on 13CrMo4-5 steel operated in the power industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (21) ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
Monika Gwoździk
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
High Temperature Corrosion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Scanning Electron

The paper presents results of studies of steel and the oxide layer formed during a long-term operation (t=130,000h) on 13CrMo4-5 steel at an elevated temperature (T=455°C). The oxide layer was studied on a surface and a cross-section at the inner site of the pipe (in the flowing medium – steam side). The paper contains results of studies such as: light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis.

The Process of Electroless Plating Ni on the Surface of Carbon Fibers

2010 ◽  
Vol 97-101 ◽  
pp. 1484-1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Feng Xu ◽  
Peng Xiao ◽  
Jia Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Electroless Plating ◽  
Alloy Layer ◽  
Layer Growth ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Carbon fibers had been modified by the method of electroless plating Ni. The surface morphology, ingredient and cross-section images of modification carbon fibers were charactered by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. A continuous dense Ni-P alloy layer could be coated on the surface of carbon fibers by such method. The nickel-plated layer expanded in a layer growth pattern. The reaction thermodynamic analysis indicated that the process was spontaneous. The controlling process of electroless plating Ni on the carbon fibers could be divided into 3 stages: at first, controlled by chemical reaction; hereafter, controlled by chemical reaction and ions diffusion; finally, controlled by ions diffusion.

Effects of Ultrasonic Impact Treatment on Performance of Armor Steel Welded Joints

2014 ◽  
Vol 602-605 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Ge Zhou Li ◽  
Xin Yuan Zhou ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Yan Fei Huang ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Steel Weld ◽  
Ultrasonic Impact Treatment ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Armor Steel ◽  
Steel Welds ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this paper, the armor steel welds were treated by ultrasonic impact equipment. The stress, hardness and cross section morphologies of the samples under different impact frequencies were measured by electrolytic polishing machines, X-ray stress analyzer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that a clear grain refinement layer is formed on the surface of armored steel weld after ultrasonic impact treatment. Its hardness and residual stress all significantly improve. The ultrasonic impact treatment of different frequencies has greatly affect on ultrasonic impact effect, the higher the frequencies are, the better the ultrasonic impact effects are.

Biocompatibility Research of Medicine Titanium Alloy Coating by Microarc Oxidation

2011 ◽  
Vol 189-193 ◽  
pp. 222-226
Author(s):  
Feng Biao Wang ◽  
Shi Chun Di ◽  
Jie Yu
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Microarc Oxidation ◽  
Alloy Coating ◽  
P Value ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface Morphologies ◽  
Scanning Electron

A medicinal titanium alloy hydroxyapatite coating was fabricated by microarc oxidation process, and a kind standard of simulated body fluid was configured, after that the biocompatibility experiment was carried out. The soaked coatings surface morphologies were observed and analysed by scanning electron microscopy,and the coating spectra were simultaneityly researched by X-ray diffraction. The instance of degradation and precipitate were investigated,and the transformation of Ca/P value were measured.

Thermal Sulfidation Behavior of Ti-Ni Alloys

2005 ◽  
Vol 486-487 ◽  
pp. 622-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae Hyun Nam ◽  
Soo Moon Park ◽  
Kwon Koo Cho
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Isothermal Annealing ◽  
Current Collector ◽  
Sulfur Pressure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ni Alloys ◽  
Discharge Curve ◽  
Scanning Electron

Ti and Ni sulfides were formed on the surface of Ti-Ni alloys by isothermal annealing at various sulfur pressures, and then microstructures of the surface sulfide layers were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractions. Morphology of sulfurized surface changed from granular shape to porous shape at the sulfur pressure of 80 kPa, which is related to the change in sulfide from NiS1.97 to NiS. Two-layered sulfide was observed in which the inner layer was mainly Ti8.2S11 , and the outer layer was a mixture of NiS1.97 and NiS. The discharge curve of the Ti and Ni sulfides cathode formed on the Ti-Ni current collector at the first cycle showed a plateau voltage of 1.6 V, and the discharge capacity was found to be about 530 mAh/g-NiS1.97.

Effect of Target Power on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline ZrN Coatings

2011 ◽  
Vol 52-54 ◽  
pp. 1762-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Ping Zhu ◽  
Zheng Bing Qi ◽  
Zhou Cheng Wang ◽  
Chong Hu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Columnar Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Dc Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nano Indentation ◽  
Target Power ◽  
Scanning Electron

Nanocrystallized ZrN coatings have been deposited by DC magnetron sputtering. The effects of target power on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrN coatings have been investigated. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and nano-indentation were applied to characterize the phase structure, morphologies of cross-section and mechanical properties of ZrN coatings. As power increases up to 250 W, ZrN coating exhibits (111) preferred orientation. All coatings showed columnar structure, and the columnar width increased with improved power. These microstructural changes resulted in the increase in hardness with increasing target power.

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