scholarly journals Specificity in Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell Andrews ◽  
Morag E Andrews
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Indeterminate Nodules ◽  
Rhizobial Symbiosis ◽  
Field Soils ◽  
Hedysarum Coronarium ◽  
Rhizobium Spp ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Spp

The Leguminosae (legume family) is divided into three sub-families, the Caesalpiniodeae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae. Here, the literature on legume-rhizobia symbioses was reviewed, and genotypically characterised rhizobia related to the taxonomy of the legumes they were isolated from. Only data from field soils were considered. The objective of the work was to assess to what extent legume specificity for rhizobial symbiont is related to legume taxonomy. Bradyrhizobium spp. were the exclusive rhizobial symbionts of species in the Caesalpinioideae but data are limited. Where tested, species within the two Mimosoideae tribes, Ingeae and Mimoseae were nodulated by different rhizobial genera. Generally, Papilionoideae species with indeterminate nodules were promiscuous in relation to rhizobial symbionts but high specificity for rhizobial partners appears to hold at tribe level for the Fabeae (Rhizobium spp.), genus level for Medicago (Ensifer spp.), Cytisus (Bradyrhizobium spp.) and Lupinus (Bradyrhizobium spp.), and species level for Galega spp. (Neorhizobium galegeae), Hedysarum coronarium (Rhizobium sullae), Cicer arietinum (Mesorhizobium spp.) and New Zealand native Sophora spp. (Mesorhizobium spp.). High legume specificity for rhizobial symbionts was linked to specific rhizobial symbiosis genes. For Papilionoideae species with determinate nodules, the Dalbergieae were primarily nodulated by Bradyrhizobium but were promiscuous with respect to Bradyrhizobium spp. while those in the Desmodieae, Phaseoleae, Psoraleae and Loteae were promiscuous across different rhizobial genera. Possible advantages and disadvantages of high specificity or promiscuity are discussed.

ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH HERBAGE DISSECTION ANALYSES 2. Problems of species identification

1976 ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
I.M. Ritchie ◽  
C.C. Boswell ◽  
A.M. Badland
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Leaf Fragment ◽  
Research Division ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Botanical Analysis

HERBACE DISSECTION is the process in which samples of herbage cut from trials are separated by hand into component species. Heavy reliance is placed on herbage dissection as an analytical tool ,in New Zealand, and in the four botanical analysis laboratories in the Research Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries about 20 000 samples are analysed each year. In the laboratory a representative subsample is taken by a rigorous quartering procedure until approximately 400 pieces of herbage remain. Each leaf fragment is then identified to species level or groups of these as appropriate. The fractions are then dried and the composition calculated on a percentage dry weight basis. The accuracy of the analyses of these laboratories has been monitored by a system of interchanging herbage dissection samples between them. From this, the need to separate subsampling errors from problems of plant identification was, appreciated and some of this work is described here.

Inflammatory Markers Associated With Diabetes Mellitus – Old and New Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Muzurović ◽  
Zoja Stanković ◽  
Zlata Kovačević ◽  
Benida Šahmanović Škrijelj ◽  
Dimitri P Mikhailidis
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Made In

: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and complex metabolic disorder, and also an important cause of cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVDs). Subclinical inflammation, observed in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM), cannot be considered the sole or primary cause of T2DM in the absence of classical risk factors, but it represents an important mechanism that serves as a bridge between primary causes of T2DM and its manifestation. Progress has been made in the identification of effective strategies to prevent or delay the onset of T2DM. It is important to identify those at increased risk for DM by using specific biomarkers. Inflammatory markers correlate with insulin resistance (IR) and glycoregulation in patients with DM. Also, several inflammatory markers have been shown to be useful in assessing the risk of developing DM and its complications. However, the intertwining of pathophysiological processes and the not-quite-specificity of inflammatory markers for certain clinical entities limits their practical use. In this review we consider the advantages and disadvantages of various inflammatory biomarkers of DM that have been investigated to date as well as possible future directions. Key features of such biomarkers should be high specificity, non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals The Pakaru ‘Pipeline’: Māori and Pasifika Pathways within the Academy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sereana Naepi ◽  
Tara G McAllister ◽  
Patrick Thomsen ◽  
Marcia Leenen-Young ◽  
Leilani A Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Recruitment And Retention ◽  
Teaching Fellows ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Professional Teaching ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Academic Positions ◽  
Academic Pipeline

We examine the academic ‘pipeline’ for Māori and Pasifika graduates and illustrate the chronic under-representation of Māori and Pasifika in permanent academic positions in New Zealand universities. We identify areas within higher education where significant opportunities are being lost for the recruitment and retention of Māori and Pasifika. The narratives of Māori and Pasifika post-doctoral researchers, research associates and professional teaching fellows provide further insight into the advantages and disadvantages of these positions. Lastly, we propose a Pacific alternative metaphor ‘Pacific Navigation of Academic Pathways’ based on Pacific navigation, as opposed to the more commonly used term ‘pipeline’, in order to capture the nuances of Pasifika and Māori experiences.

scholarly journals Emerging Minimally Invasive Technologies for the Detection of Skin Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 951
Author(s):  
Joon Min Jung ◽  
Ji Young Cho ◽  
Woo Jin Lee ◽  
Sung Eun Chang ◽  
Mi Woo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Treatment Response ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasound ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pigmented Lesion ◽  
Monitoring Treatment ◽  
Frequency Ultrasound

With the increasing incidence of skin cancer, many noninvasive technologies to detect its presence have been developed. This review focuses on reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS), electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), pigmented lesion assay (PLA), and Raman spectroscopy (RS) and discusses the basic principle, clinical applications, advantages, and disadvantages of each technology. RCM provides high cellular resolution and has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of skin cancer. OCT provides lower resolution than RCM, although its evaluable depth is deeper than that of RCM. RCM and OCT may be useful in reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies, evaluating the tumor margin, and monitoring treatment response. HFUS can be mainly used to delineate tumor depths or margins and monitor the treatment response. EIS provides high sensitivity but low specificity for the diagnosis of skin malignancies. PLA, which is based on the genetic information of lesions, is applicable for the detection of melanoma with high sensitivity and moderate-to-high specificity. RS showed high accuracy for the diagnosis of skin cancer, although more clinical studies are required. Advances in these technologies for the diagnosis of skin cancer can lead to the realization of optimized and individualized treatments.

Phylogeny, systematics and rarity assessment of New Zealand endemic Saphydrus beetles and related enigmatic larvae (Coleoptera : Hydrophilidae : Cylominae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Seidel ◽  
Yûsuke N. Minoshima ◽  
Richard A. B. Leschen ◽  
Martin Fikácek
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Altitudinal Distribution ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Threatened Status ◽  
Over Time

The New Zealand endemic beetle genus Saphydrus Sharp, 1884 (Coleoptera:Hydrophilidae:Cylominae) is studied in order to understand its phylogenetic position, species-level systematics, biology and distribution, and to reveal reasons for its rarity. The first complete genus-level phylogeny of Cylominae based on two mitochondrial (cox1, 16S) and two nuclear genes (18S, 28S) covering 18 of 19 genera of the subfamily reveals Saphydrus as an isolated lineage situated in a clade with Cylorygmus (South America), Relictorygmus (South Africa) and Eurygmus (Australia). DNA is used to associate two larval morphotypes with Saphydrus: one of them represents the larvae of S. suffusus Sharp, 1884; the other, characterised by unique characters of the head and prothorax morphology, is revealed as sister but not closely related to Saphydrus. It is described here as Enigmahydrus, gen. nov. with a single species, E. larvalis, sp. nov., whose adult stage remains unknown. Saphydrus includes five species, two of which (S. moeldnerae, sp. nov. and S. tanemahuta, sp. nov.) are described as new. Larvae of Enigmahydrus larvalis and Saphydrus suffusus are described and illustrated in detail based on DNA-identified specimens. Candidate larvae for Saphydrus obesus Sharp, 1884 and S. tanemahuta are illustrated and diagnosed. Specimen data are used to evaluate the range, altitudinal distribution, seasonality and population dynamics over time for all species. Strongly seasonal occurrence of adults combined with other factors (winter occurrence in S. obesus, occurrence at high altitudes in S. tanemahuta) is hypothesised as the primary reason of the rarity for Saphydrus species. By contrast, Enigmahydrus larvalis underwent a strong decline in population number and size since the 1970s and is currently known from a single, locally limited population; we propose the ‘nationally threatened’ status for this species. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:28D87163-29E8-418C-9380-262D3038023A

The 'Senecio aff. lautus' complex (Asteraceae) in Australia. II.* Clarification of names given to Pseudolautusoid Australian specimens of Senecio by Richard and by Candolle

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
RO Belcher
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Species Level

Australian pseudolautusoid specimens of the 'Senecio aff. lautus' complex, with phyllaries bi-ridged and bracteoles crowded just below the receptacle, can be excluded at the species level from Senecio lautus s. str. of New Zealand. Specimens of the latter have flat phyllaries and numerous imbricate bracteoles on the tapering receptacle. Thus, it is necessary to review all other names for these Australian specimens, beginning with those by A. Richard (1834): S. rupicola, S. tripartitus, S. pinnatifolius, S. crithmifolius and S. gaudichaudianus; and by A.P. de Candolle (1838): S. carnulentus, S. endlicherii and S. macquariensis. These Candollean taxa are here all reduced to synonymy. Senecio crithmifolius A. Rich. (1834), non Scop. (1772) is not only a later homonym but also a nomen confusum, the type sheet bearing a mixture of two species. The same is true of S. crithmifolius DC., but with a different mixture. Both their type sheets included radiate specimens referable instead to Senecio gaudichaudianus A. Rich. This enigmatic taxon actually is radiate rather than discoid as described by Richard. I regard it for now as a valid distinct species in the Australian complex. Richard's four legitimate taxa are characterised, and typifications and synonymies given. Other names proposed for members of this complex will be reviewed in subsequent articles.* Part I. Aust. Syst. Bot. 1993, 6, 359–63

scholarly journals Fungal Inoculum Properties: Extracellular Enzyme Expression and Pentachlorophenol Removal by New Zealand Trametes Species in Contaminated Field Soils

2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1749-1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher I. Ford ◽  
Monika Walter ◽  
Grant L. Northcott ◽  
Hong J. Di ◽  
Keith C. Cameron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Extracellular Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Expression ◽  
Fungal Inoculum ◽  
Field Soils ◽  
Contaminated Field

Status of the New Zealand cave weta (Rhaphidophoridae) genera Pachyrhamma, Gymnoplectron and Turbottoplectron

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine D. Cook ◽  
Steven A. Trewick ◽  
Mary Morgan-Richards ◽  
Peter M. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Endemic Genera

The New Zealand Rhaphidophoridae Walker, 1869 comprise 18 endemic genera (including 8 that are monotypic). Although there are many new species to be described, rationalisation at the genus level is also required due to inconsistencies in their current systematics. Even the largest and best known taxa, including those that occupy cave systems and are the most frequently encountered by people, require taxonomic revision. These cave weta include species assigned to three poorly differentiated genera, Pachyrhamma Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1888, Gymnoplectron Hutton, 1897 and Turbottoplectron Salmon, 1948, that are best known from North Island New Zealand. We used mitochondrial DNA sequence data to examine their relationships using representatives of each genus. The results indicate that a single genus Pachyrhamma would be appropriate for all, as Gymnoplectron and Turbottoplectron nest phylogenetically within it. There are insufficient morphological, spatial or ecological reasons to justify retention of all three. However, we also note that species level diversity does not correlate with genetic or spatial diversity; some species are genetically well partitioned and widespread while others have narrow ranges in single cave systems and are closely related to one another.

scholarly journals Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): A Short Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Tahminur Rahman ◽  
Muhammed Salah Uddin ◽  
Razia Sultana ◽  
Arumina Moue ◽  
Muntahina Setu
Keyword(s):  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities

Diagnosis of disease now a days is mostly laboratory dependent. Due to recent advances in medical science and molecular biology, most of the diagnosis of uncommon, complicated, unusual presentation of disease has left the option of molecular diagnosis as the number one diagnostic modalities. Many molecular techniques are now being widely used throughout the  world including PCR, flow cytometry, tissue microarray, different blots, and genetic diagnosis. Among these PCR is the most widely accepted, commonly used diagnostic modalities with very high specificity and sensitivity for correct diagnosis. We have reviewed the principle, application, advantages and disadvantages of PCR in laboratory diagnosis of disease. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v4i1.13682 AKMMC J 2013: 4(1): 30-36    

Climatic Implications of Macro- and Microfossil Assemblages from Late Pleistocene Deposits in Northern New Zealand

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ogden ◽  
Rewi M. Newnham ◽  
Jonathan G. Palmer ◽  
Richard G. Serra ◽  
Neil D. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Far North ◽  
Pollen Rain ◽  
Similar Temperature

AbstractTwenty-two plant species were identified from leaves, fruits, or flowers, and 41 taxa from pollen, present in a macrofossil (leaf) layer in a peat swamp formed on Pleistocene dunes on the Aupouri Peninsula in northern New Zealand. Eight genera of gymnosperms are represented. With the exception of Lagarostrobos colensoi, all tree species abundant as macrofossils are also common as pollen. Macrofossils enabled the on-site flora to be compared with the regional flora, represented by the pollen rain. Studies on leaf decomposition rates indicate bias toward sclerophyllous species in the macrofossils. Identification to species level and treering data from preserved kauri logs allow quantitative comparisons with similar extant communities. Current climatic conditions at those analogue sites are cooler (2° to 3°C), cloudier (11%), and much wetter (85%) than those currently prevailing on the Aupouri Peninsula. Dendrochronological results also suggest that the far north of New Zealand had a cooler, cloudier, and wetter climate at the time the fossil leaf assemblage was formed. Radiocarbon dates from possibly contaminated samples suggest that a diverse mixed gymnosperm/angiosperm forest, dominated by kauri (Agathis australis), was present about (or sometime before) 41,00034,000 yr B.P., when the leaf layer was formed. Similar temperature reductions have been postulated for this period in New Zealand by other authors.

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