scholarly journals Role of Microbiota and Tryptophan Metabolites in the Remote Effect of Intestinal Inflammation on Brain and Depression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Waclawiková ◽  
Sahar El Aidy
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Exciting Field ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
And Behavior

The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by trillions of commensal bacteria collectively known as the gut microbiota. Our recognition of the significance of the complex interaction between the microbiota, and its host has grown dramatically over the past years. A balanced microbial community is a key regulator of the immune response, and metabolism of dietary components, which in turn, modulates several brain processes impacting mood and behavior. Consequently, it is likely that disruptions within the composition of the microbiota would remotely affect the mental state of the host. Here, we discuss how intestinal bacteria and their metabolites can orchestrate gut-associated neuroimmune mechanisms that influence mood and behavior leading to depression. In particular, we focus on microbiota-triggered gut inflammation and its implications in shifting the tryptophan metabolism towards kynurenine biosynthesis while disrupting the serotonergic signaling. We further investigate the gaps to be bridged in this exciting field of research in order to clarify our understanding of the multifaceted crosstalk in the microbiota-gut-brain interphase, bringing about a novel microbiota-targeted therapeutics for mental illnesses.

scholarly journals Role of Microbiota and Tryptophan Metabolites in the Remote Effect of Intestinal Inflammation on Brain and Depression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Waclawiková ◽  
Sahar El Aidy
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Exciting Field ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
And Behavior

The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by trillions of commensal bacteria collectively known as the gut microbiota. Our recognition of the significance of the complex interaction between the microbiota, and its host has grown dramatically over the past years. A balanced microbial community is a key regulator of the immune response, and metabolism of dietary components, which in turn, modulates several brain processes impacting mood and behavior. Consequently, it is likely that disruptions within the composition of the microbiota would remotely affect the mental state of the host. Here, we discuss how intestinal bacteria and their metabolites can orchestrate gut-associated neuroimmune mechanisms that influence mood and behavior leading to depression. In particular, we focus on microbiota-triggered gut inflammation and its implications in shifting the tryptophan metabolism towards kynurenine biosynthesis while disrupting the serotonergic signaling. We further investigate the gaps to be bridged in this exciting field of research in order to clarify our understanding of the multifaceted crosstalk in the microbiota-gut-brain interphase, bringing about a novel microbiota-targeted therapeutics for mental illnesses.

Authentic leadership and follower’s role ethnicality: the role of leader’s ethical voice and ethical culture

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asim Faheem ◽  
Ishfaq Ahmed ◽  
Insya Ain ◽  
Zanaira Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Authentic Leadership ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Ethical Culture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Work Demand ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Behavior

Purpose The ethical issues arising at work demand the role of both leader and employees, but how both the levels are linked in determining the ethical responses is an area that has not gained due attention in the past. Against this backdrop, this study aims to address the influence of a leader’s authenticity and ethical voice on ethical culture and the role ethicality of followers. Design/methodology/approach Survey design has been used, and a questionnaire is used to elicit the responses. In total, 381 filled questionnaires were used for data analysis. Findings The findings of this study highlight the role of authentic leadership in predicting the role ethicality of followers both directly and through the mediation of ethical culture. Furthermore, a leader’s ethical voice strengthens the authentic leadership and outcome relationships (with ethical culture and followers’ role ethicality). The moderated-mediation mechanism has proved as the leaders’ voice foster the indirect mechanism. Originality/value There is a dearth of literature that has focused on leadership traits (authenticity) and behavior (ethical voice) in predicting the followers’ outcomes (perceptions – ethical culture and behaviors – role ethicality). The moderated-mediation mechanism has been unattended in the past.

scholarly journals From Nursery to Nursing Home: Emerging Concepts in Clostridioides difficile Pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander B. Smith ◽  
Joshua Soto Ocana ◽  
Joseph P. Zackular
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that infects the human gastrointestinal tract, causing a wide range of disorders that vary in severity from mild diarrhea to toxic megacolon and/or death. Over the past decade, incidence, severity, and costs associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) have increased dramatically in both the pediatric and adult populations. The factors driving this rapidly evolving epidemiology remain largely unknown but are likely due in part to previously unappreciated host, microbiota, and environmental factors. In this review, we will cover the risks and challenges of CDI in adult and pediatric populations and examine asymptomatic colonization in infants. We will also discuss the emerging role of diet, pharmaceutical drugs, and pathogen-microbiota interactions in C. difficile pathogenesis, as well as the impact of host-microbiota interactions in the manifestation of C. difficile-associated disease. Finally, we highlight new areas of research and novel strategies that may shed light on this complex infection and provide insights into the future of microbiota-based therapeutics for CDI.

scholarly journals The Legal maxims of Maʾālāt and its Contemporary Application on Financial Transactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-97
Author(s):  
Mahamed Fathy Eletrebi ◽  
Hassan Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
Intellectual Knowledge ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Financial Transactions

Our religion with its wisdom and jurisprudence; it is wise for Muslims to look at their future and what their actions and behavior will lead to - after benefiting from the experiences of the past and the experiences of the present - by anticipating it and challenging it and preparing for it with what it needs of sciences and arts that guarantee them a sublime human meeting, as Abdulqadir Al-Kilani said. Hence our interest in the outcomes and their fundamentalist rules and contemporary financial applications. As for the study’s goal, it is to employ our Islamic fundamental, intentional, jurisprudential and intellectual knowledge in a jurisprudential adaptation of the most prominent contemporary transactions. Therefore, the research problem is: What is the role of the rules of fate in the jurisprudential view of contemporary transactions. The research method is inductive, analytical, and deductive method. By extrapolating the legal texts established to consider the outcomes and then analyzing those texts to derive appropriate provisions for contemporary financial transactions. The most prominent results: First: that Islam prepared man to consider the fates and freed him from the obstacles of superstition, pessimism, volatility, and astrology. Second: The rules of fate aim to consider the legal rulings related to the true tomorrow and the possible actions of the taxpayers based on the past, understanding the reality and anticipating the future according to the possible capacity. Third: The Holy Qur’an was concerned with the cosmic and social norms as harbingers of the fates and the meanings of their perception, as it was concerned with time in all its parts, past, present and future, so that the Muslim would be on the basis of his order in his movement, his residence, its causes, and its consequences.

scholarly journals Reducing Disease Activity of Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Consumption of Plant-Based Foods and Nutrients

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian S. Antoniussen ◽  
Henrik H. Rasmussen ◽  
Mette Holst ◽  
Charlotte Lauridsen
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Dietary Components

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic and recurring inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract encompassing ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Although the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease remains to be fully elucidated, environmental factors such as diet are believed to play a pivotal role in the onset and management of inflammatory bowel disease. Diet is thought to play an essential role in intestinal inflammation due to its regulatory effects on the microbiota, gut immune system, and epithelial barrier function. Although the evidence remains insufficient to draw firm conclusions on the role of specific dietary components in gastrointestinal diseases, studies have suggested that a Western diet with high intakes of total fats, omega-6 fatty acids, and meat have been associated with intestinal inflammation and relapse of inflammatory bowel disease. In contrast to a Western diet, plant-based diets often result in a reduced intake of total fats and meats and an increased intake of plant fibers which may contribute to reduced intestinal inflammation. This review critically examines the influence of plant-based dietary components on the clinical disease course of inflammatory bowel disease. Furthermore, this review discusses the benefits and possible limitations of plant-derived dietary components in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease while addressing the principal type of disease and the anatomic site of inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. Finally, this review points out important directions for future research on the role of diet in inflammatory bowel disease. A better understanding of the role of diet and intestinal inflammation may pave the way for novel dietary interventions and specific foods- or food supplements, which can support the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN OBESITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-213
Author(s):  
Sana Ashiq ◽  
Kanwal Ashiq
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Immune Homeostasis ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Insight Into

From the past several decades to the present, obesity and cardiovascular diseases emerge as a major cause of mortality and morbidity, ultimately imposing a huge economic burden globally. In humans, a healthy gut microbiota metabolizes several indigestible dietary components which maintain host immune homeostasis, but an imbalanced host-microbiota is associated with various metabolic disorders including cardiovascular diseases and obesity. In this present review, we critically analyze the literature which provides better insight into the mechanistic link of gut microbiota with obesity and cardiovascular diseases. There is strong evidence that suggests the potential role of the gut microbiota in metabolic disorders including cardiovascular diseases and obesity. In addition, the different studies report that gut microbes can play a promising role in the management of obesity and the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In the future, multidisciplinary approaches and advancements in culturing and molecular biology techniques can provide us a better understanding.

Variation in P

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Major Result ◽  
Grammatical Encoding ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spatial Expressions ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Ideal

Over the past thirty years, the generative framework has greatly contributed to the study of both the internal and external syntax of spatial adpositions, with the intent—among many other things—of giving a unitary account of their heterogeneous nature and behavior. Once the Cinderellas of grammar, prepositions have been extensively investigated in earlier research. The major result of these studies was to show that prepositional phrases have a complex internal structure, and that the grammatical encoding of locative meaning has its own place in UG. This volume constitutes the implementation and the ideal continuation of the seminal proposals in the generative tradition. The essays collected in the first part of the volume not only test these proposals against new (micro-)comparative data, but also shed new light on the relation between spatial expressions and other semantic relations like possession. The second part of the volume looks beyond spatial PPs, exploring the role of Ps not only in non-spatial environments such as comitatives, but also in more general phenomena like verbal affixation, ellipsis, and complementation.

Sensing the human: biometric surveillance and the Japanese technology industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 016344372110369
Author(s):  
David Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitous Computing ◽  
Digital Culture ◽  
Biometric Technology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technology Industry ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
And Behavior

This article examines the Japanese biometrics industry and its discourse, with a focus on the language of biometric ‘sensing’ that has shaped its development over the past two decades. Rooted in the ubiquitous computing boom of the early 2000s, the language of sensing reimagines biometric technology as a mediator between the digital and the human, laying the foundation for biometric surveillance’s expansion into everyday settings such as retail ones. In these newer settings, biometric surveillance is promoted as a means for collecting data on human affect and behavior to be used for marketing and other applications. I argue that this growing ambiguity of biometric surveillance re-articulates a convergence between production and consumption, while it also informs safe society discourses and the shifting role of embodiment within digital culture.

scholarly journals Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Beck ◽  
J. L. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
New Therapies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Over the past decade, much has been learned regarding the role of various cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Several cytokine ‘knockout’ models in mice have been shown to develop colitis, while alterations in the production of various cytokines has been documented in human Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In recent years, attempts have been made to treat these diseases through modulation of cytokine production or action. This review focuses on the cytokines that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. The evidence for and against a role for particular cytokines in intestinal inflammation is reviewed, as is the experimental and clinical data suggesting that cytokines are rational targets for the development of new therapies.

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