scholarly journals Impact of Maternal Air Pollution Exposure on Children’s Lung Health: An Indian Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pritam Saha ◽  
Ebin Johny ◽  
Ashish Dangi ◽  
Shinde Bhagwan ◽  
Mathew Eapen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Long Term Impact

Air pollution has become a growing invisible killer in recent years and is major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. India stands 10th among the highly polluted countries with an average PM10 level of 134μg/m3 per year. It is also reported that 99% of India's population comes across air pollution level that exceed the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline (AQG), PM2.5 permissible levels of 10 μg/m3. Maternal exposure to air pollution has a serious health outcome to the offspring because it can affect embryonic phases of development during the gestation period. Fetus is more prone to air pollution effect during embryonic developmental phases due to oxidative stress as antioxidant mechanisms are lacking at that stage. Any injury during this vulnerable period (embryonic phase) will have long-term impact on offspring health both in early and later in life. Epidemiological studies have revealed that maternal exposure to air pollution increases the risk of developing airways disease in offspring due to impaired lung development in utero. In this review, we discuss cellular mechanisms involved in maternal exposure to air pollution and how it can impact development of airways disease in offspring. Better understanding of these mechanisms in context of maternal exposure to air pollution can offer newer avenue to prevent development of airways disease in offspring.

scholarly journals Impact of Maternal Air Pollution Exposure on Children’s Lung Health: An Indian Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pritam Saha ◽  
Ebin Johny ◽  
Ashish Dangi ◽  
Sopan B Shinde ◽  
Mathew Eapen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Long Term Impact

Air pollution has become a growing invisible killer in recent years and is major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. India stands 10th among the highly polluted countries with an average PM10 level of 134μg/m3 per year. It is also reported that 99% of India's population comes across air pollution level that exceed the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline (AQG), PM2.5 permissible levels of 10 μg/m3. Maternal exposure to air pollution has a serious health outcome to the offspring because it can affect embryonic phases of development during the gestation period. Fetus is more prone to air pollution effect during embryonic developmental phases due to oxidative stress as antioxidant mechanisms are lacking at that stage. Any injury during this vulnerable period (embryonic phase) will have long-term impact on offspring health both in early and later in life. Epidemiological studies have revealed that maternal exposure to air pollution increases the risk of developing airways disease in offspring due to impaired lung development in utero. In this review, we discuss cellular mechanisms involved in maternal exposure to air pollution and how it can impact development of airways disease in offspring. Better understanding of these mechanisms in context of maternal exposure to air pollution can offer newer avenue to prevent development of airways disease in offspring.

scholarly journals Impact of Maternal Air Pollution Exposure on Children’s Lung Health: An Indian Perspective

Toxics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pritam Saha ◽  
Ebin Johny ◽  
Ashish Dangi ◽  
Sopan Shinde ◽  
Samuel Brake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Long Term Impact

Air pollution has become an emerging invisible killer in recent years and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. More than 90% of the world’s children breathe toxic air every day. India is among the top ten most highly polluted countries with an average PM10 level of 134 μg/m3 per year. It is reported that 99% of India’s population encounters air pollution levels that exceed the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline, advising a PM2.5 permissible level of 10 μg/m3. Maternal exposure to air pollution has serious health outcomes in offspring because it can affect embryonic phases of development during the gestation period. A fetus is more prone to effects from air pollution during embryonic developmental phases due to resulting oxidative stress as antioxidant mechanisms are lacking at that stage. Any injury during this vulnerable period (embryonic phase) will have a long-term impact on offspring health, both early and later in life. Epidemiological studies have revealed that maternal exposure to air pollution increases the risk of development of airway disease in the offspring due to impaired lung development in utero. In this review, we discuss cellular mechanisms involved in maternal exposure to air pollution and how it can impact airway disease development in offspring. A better understanding of these mechanisms in the context of maternal exposure to air pollution can offer a new avenue to prevent the development of airway disease in offspring.

Decision Tree-Based Analytics for Reducing Air Pollution

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 1850015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajanta Das ◽  
Anindita Desarkar
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Decision Tree ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Rule Base ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Id3 Algorithm ◽  
Rule Sets ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Health Organization

Air pollution indicates contaminated air which arises due to the effect of physical, biological or chemical alteration to the air in the atmosphere applicable both for indoors and outdoors. This situation arises when poisonous gases, dust or smoke enter into the atmosphere and make the surroundings vulnerable for any living beings as well as difficult for them to survive. Large numbers of premature deaths happen across the globe if exposed to these pollutants on a long-term basis as major portion of the cities have the pollution level above the threshold determined by World Health Organization (WHO). So appropriate measures need to be taken on a priority basis to reduce air pollution as well as save our planet. This paper proposes a novel air pollution reduction approach which collects source pollution data. After extraction of source data, it uses various databases (DBs) and then different decisions or classes are created. The decision tree was created with the help of Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3) algorithm to implement the rule base appropriately depending on the air pollution level and a bunch of rule sets were derived from the decision tree further.

scholarly journals Tradeoffs between air pollution mitigation and meteorological response in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Upadhyay ◽  
Sagnik Dey ◽  
Sourangsu Chowdhury ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Pramila Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Emission Pathway ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract To curb the staggering health burden attributed to air pollution, the sustainable solution for India would be to reduce emissions in future. Here we project ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure in India for the year 2030 under two contrasting air pollution emission pathways for two different climate scenarios based on Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). All-India average PM2.5 is expected to increase from 41.4 ± 26.5 μg m−3 in 2010 to 61.1 ± 40.8 and 58.2 ± 37.5 μg m−3 in 2030 under RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios, respectively if India follows the current legislation (baseline) emission pathway. In contrast, ambient PM2.5 in 2030 would be 40.2 ± 27.5 (for RCP8.5) and 39.2 ± 25.4 (for RCP4.5) μg m−3 following the short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) mitigation emission pathway. We find that the lower PM2.5 in the mitigation pathway (34.2% and 32.6%, respectively for RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 relative to the baseline emission pathway) would come at a cost of 0.3–0.5 °C additional warming due to the direct impact of aerosols. The premature mortality burden attributable to ambient PM2.5 exposure is expected to rise from 2010 to 2030, but 381,790 (5–95% confidence interval, CI 275,620–514,600) deaths can be averted following the mitigation emission pathway relative to the baseline emission pathway. Therefore, we conclude that given the expected large health benefit, the mitigation emission pathway is a reasonable tradeoff for India despite the meteorological response. However, India needs to act more aggressively as the World Health Organization (WHO) annual air quality guideline (10 µg m−3) would remain far off.

scholarly journals Integration of GIS, Traffic Volume, Vehicular Speed and Road Grades Related-Air Pollution in Amman

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 3071-3074
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Traffic Signals ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Health Organization

This study involves field data and analytical technique into spatially map air pollution levels on account of traffic volumes, vehicle speeds and grades of roads at relatively high traffic volumes signalized intersections in Amman; capital of Jordan . The study was conducted by collecting traffic and air pollution data at twelve locations in four streets, each street located in a different zone. Also the data collection process was conducted at many highly jam traffic time periods. The highest air pollution level was measured at 7th circle in Abdullah Gosheh street, where was the maximum Average traffic volume. And the least air pollution level of the studied areas was at Anas Bin Malek Street which is located in Ras Al-Ain zone , so that it can be an acceptable residential area. Results showed clearly that the highest air pollution levels found near traffic signals and at the stop lines of them, and theses concentrations decrease while being more far from traffic signals. Also, increasing in road gradients leads to a decrease in speed of vehicles, this leads to an increase in the pollutants concentrations. The highest air pollution concentrations were 0.7, 0.6, 9.9, and 0.6 (in ppm) of NO2, SO2, CO and SPM respectively. The R-square value, square of relative coefficient, of the relationships between NO2, SO2, CO & SPM concentrations and traffic volume were approximately: 0.9135, 0.8822, 0.8977, and 0.8934 respectively. It is noticed that traffic volume is the most significant factor that affects SO2, NO2, CO & SPM concentrations. This research has illustrated that the pollutants’ concentrations are larger than recommended concentrations of World Health Organization (WHO) in most locations of the studied areas, and that showing a necessity for a standard air quality monitoring, traffic management arrangement and effective procedures should be followed to reduce the resulted pollution.

Rajshahi, A pollution free city: Effects of implied elements and battery rickshaw towards a sustainable environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Rubaba Archi ◽  
Md.Israil Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Intercity Transportation ◽  
The City ◽  
Percent Decline

This paper describes how the city of Rajshahi fought back air pollution through adopting mitigation measures by identifying every possible contributing factors of the pollution. The paper also includes how implementing battery operated rickshaw as a means of intercity transportation impacted the pollution level and contributed towards sustainable environment. The paper covers the details about the problem identification process and the mitigation measures taken by the engineers in the Rajshahi City Corporation. As a result of the steps taken, Rajshahi showed a 67.2% percent decline in concentration of PM10 particles, from 195 micrograms per cubic meter of air volume in 2014 to 64 micrograms for cubic meters. This was the largest percentage reduction in PM10 concentration worldwide. PM2.5 concentration also nearly halved from 70 micrograms per cubic meter to micrograms per cubic meter. The report where this achievement was announced was published by World Health Organization (WHO). By analyzing the discussion it was concluded that Rajshahi was a model city and can be considered as a benchmark and ideal for other cities to follow to reduce air pollution and create a sustainable environment.

scholarly journals Melatonin and Cancer: A Polyhedral Network Where the Source Matters

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Maria-Angeles Bonmati-Carrion ◽  
Antonia Tomas-Loba
Keyword(s):  
Night Shift ◽  
Intrinsic Factor ◽  
Antitumor Agent ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
Cancer Hallmarks ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Melatonin is one of the most phylogenetically conserved signals in biology. Although its original function was probably related to its antioxidant capacity, this indoleamine has been “adopted” by multicellular organisms as the “darkness signal” when secreted in a circadian manner and is acutely suppressed by light at night by the pineal gland. However, melatonin is also produced by other tissues, which constitute its extrapineal sources. Apart from its undisputed chronobiotic function, melatonin exerts antioxidant, immunomodulatory, pro-apoptotic, antiproliferative, and anti-angiogenic effects, with all these properties making it a powerful antitumor agent. Indeed, this activity has been demonstrated to be mediated by interfering with various cancer hallmarks, and different epidemiological studies have also linked light at night (melatonin suppression) with a higher incidence of different types of cancer. In 2007, the World Health Organization classified night shift work as a probable carcinogen due to circadian disruption, where melatonin plays a central role. Our aim is to review, from a global perspective, the role of melatonin both from pineal and extrapineal origin, as well as their possible interplay, as an intrinsic factor in the incidence, development, and progression of cancer. Particular emphasis will be placed not only on those mechanisms related to melatonin’s antioxidant nature but also on the recently described novel roles of melatonin in microbiota and epigenetic regulation.

scholarly journals Training physicians in India to interpret pediatric chest radiographs according to World Health Organization research methodology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. McCollum ◽  
Melissa M. Higdon ◽  
Nicholas S. S. Fancourt ◽  
Jack Sternal ◽  
William Checkley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Primary Endpoint ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Chest Radiography ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Chest Radiographs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Pediatric Chest ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background Chest radiography is the standard for diagnosing pediatric lower respiratory infections in low-income and middle-income countries. A method for interpreting pediatric chest radiographs for research endpoints was recently updated by the World Health Organization (WHO) Chest Radiography in Epidemiological Studies project. Research in India required training local physicians to interpret chest radiographs following the WHO method. Objective To describe the methodology for training Indian physicians and evaluate the training’s effectiveness. Materials and methods Twenty-nine physicians (15 radiologists and 14 pediatricians) from India were trained by two WHO Chest Radiography in Epidemiological Studies members over 3 days in May 2019. Training materials were adapted from WHO Chest Radiography in Epidemiological Studies resources. Participants followed WHO methodology to interpret 60 unique chest radiographs before and after the training. Participants needed to correctly classify ≥80% of radiographs for primary endpoint pneumonia on the post-training test to be certified to interpret research images. We analyzed participant performance on both examinations. Results Twenty-six of 29 participants (89.7%) completed both examinations. The average score increased by 9.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.0–14.1%) between examinations (P<0.001). Participants correctly classifying ≥80% of images for primary endpoint pneumonia increased from 69.2% (18/26) on the pretraining to 92.3% (24/26) on the post-training examination (P=0.003). The mean scores of radiologists and pediatricians on the post-training examination were not statistically different (P=0.43). Conclusion Our results demonstrate this training approach using revised WHO definitions and tools was successful, and that non-radiologists can learn to apply these methods as effectively as radiologists. Such capacity strengthening is important for enabling research to support national policy decision-making in these settings. We recommend future research incorporating WHO chest radiograph methodology to consider modelling trainings after this approach.

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