scholarly journals Symmetries among Multivariate Information Measures Explored Using Möbius Operators

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Galas ◽  
Nikita A. Sakhanenko
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Operator Algebra ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Common Information ◽  
Information Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions

Information-related measures are useful tools for multi-variable data analysis, as measures of dependence among variables, and as descriptions of order and disorder in biological and physical systems.  Measures, like marginal entropies, mutual / interaction / multi -information, have long been used in a number of fields including descriptions of systems complexity and biological data analysis.  The mathematical relationships among these measures are therefore of significant inherent interest.  Relations between common information measures include the duality relations based on Möbius inversion on lattices.  These are the direct consequence of the symmetries of the lattices of the sets of variables (subsets ordered by inclusion).  While these relationships are of significant interest there has been, to our knowledge, no systematic examination of the full range of relationships of this diverse range of functions into a unifying formalism as we do here.  In this paper we define operators on functions on these lattices based on the Möbius inversions that map functions into one another (Möbius operators).  We show that these operators form a simple group isomorphic to the symmetric group S3.  Relations among the set of functions on the lattice are transparently expressed in terms of the operator algebra, and, applied to the information measures, can be used to derive a wide range of relationships among diverse information measures.  The Möbius operator algebra is naturally generalized which yields extensive new relationships.  This formalism now provides a fundamental unification of information-related measures, and the isomorphism of all distributive lattices with the subset lattice implies an even broader application of these results.

scholarly journals Symmetries among Multivariate Information Measures Explored Using Möbius Operators

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Galas ◽  
Nikita Sakhanenko
Keyword(s):  
Symmetric Group ◽  
Simple Group ◽  
Operator Algebra ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Common Information ◽  
Information Measures ◽  
Duality Relations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Class Of Functions

Relations between common information measures include the duality relations based on Möbius inversion on lattices, which are the direct consequence of the symmetries of the lattices of the sets of variables (subsets ordered by inclusion). In this paper we use the lattice and functional symmetries to provide a unifying formalism that reveals some new relations and systematizes the symmetries of the information functions. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic examination of the full range of relationships of this class of functions. We define operators on functions on these lattices based on the Möbius inversions that map functions into one another, which we call Möbius operators, and show that they form a simple group isomorphic to the symmetric group S3. Relations among the set of functions on the lattice are transparently expressed in terms of the operator algebra, and, when applied to the information measures, can be used to derive a wide range of relationships among diverse information measures. The Möbius operator algebra is then naturally generalized which yields an even wider range of new relationships.

scholarly journals Negative-sense RNA viruses: An underexplored platform for examining virus–host lipid interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (20) ◽  
pp. pe1
Author(s):  
Monica L. Husby ◽  
Robert V. Stahelin
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Membrane Biology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Pathogenic Agents ◽  
Negative Sense

Viruses are pathogenic agents that can infect all varieties of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. These microscopic particles are genetically simple as they encode a limited number of proteins that undertake a wide range of functions. While structurally distinct, viruses often share common characteristics that have evolved to aid in their infectious life cycles. A commonly underappreciated characteristic of many deadly viruses is a lipid envelope that surrounds their protein and genetic contents. Notably, the lipid envelope is formed from the host cell the virus infects. Lipid-enveloped viruses comprise a diverse range of pathogenic viruses, which often lead to high fatality rates and many lack effective therapeutics and/or vaccines. This perspective primarily focuses on the negative-sense RNA viruses from the order Mononegavirales, which obtain their lipid envelope from the host plasma membrane. Specifically, the perspective highlights the common themes of host cell lipid and membrane biology necessary for virus replication, assembly, and budding.

scholarly journals Power and Humour in Institutional Talk – A Comparative Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-143
Author(s):  
Gabriela Chefneux
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
School Board ◽  
Educational Setting ◽  
Board Meeting ◽  
Institutional Talk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPower is a key concept in institutional talk as it structures both the discourse of that institution and the relationships within it. It influences the formation of identities and is highly indicative of the culture the institution promotes. Humour serves a wide range of functions within an organization and is closely related to power. The paper aims to investigate the relationship between power and humour in educational setting, namely a high school. It analyses two different meetings – a school board meeting and an evaluation meeting, both held in the same school; these meetings differ in terms of formality, number of participants, and purpose. The paper aims to identify the way humour is used by the more and less powerful participants in the meetings. The paper is structured into two parts – a theoretical presentation of power and humour and the data analysis. The practical part looks separately at each meeting and at the functions humour serves when used by the power holders and the subordinates.

SSD for R

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Auerbach ◽  
Wendy Zeitlin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Single Subject Research ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Statistical Programming

Single-subject research designs have been used to build evidence to the effective treatment of problems across various disciplines, including social work, psychology, psychiatry, medicine, allied health fields, juvenile justice, and special education. This book serves as a guide for those desiring to conduct single-subject data analysis. The aim of this text is to introduce readers to the various functions available in SSD for R, a new, free, and innovative software package written in R, the robust open-source statistical programming language written by the book’s authors. SSD for R has the most comprehensive functionality specifically designed for the analysis of single-subject research data currently available. SSD for R has numerous graphing and charting functions to conduct robust visual analysis. Besides the ability to create simple line graphs, features are available to add mean, median, and standard deviation lines across phases to help better visualize change over time. Graphs can be annotated with text. SSD for R contains a wide variety of functions to conduct statistical analyses traditionally conducted with single-subject data. These include numerous descriptive statistics and effect size functions and tests of statistical significance, such as t tests, chi-squares, and the conservative dual criteria. Finally, SSD for R has the capability of analyzing group-level data. Readers are led step by step through the analytical process based on the characteristics of their data. Numerous examples and illustrations are provided to help readers understand the wide range of functions available in SSD for R and their application to data analysis and interpretation.

scholarly journals Recruitment of dynein to late endosomes and lysosomes through light intermediate chains

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena C. Tan ◽  
Julian Scherer ◽  
Richard B. Vallee
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽  
Endocytic Pathway ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Late Endosomes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Specific Association ◽  
Dynein Light Intermediate Chains ◽  
Intermediate Chains

Cytoplasmic dynein is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, but how it is regulated and how it recognizes an extremely wide range of cargo are incompletely understood. The dynein light intermediate chains, LIC1 and LIC2 (DYNC1LI1 and DYNC1LI2, respectively), have been implicated in cargo binding, but their full range of functions is unknown. Using LIC isoform-specific antibodies, we report the first characterization of their subcellular distribution and identify a specific association with elements of the late endocytic pathway, but not other vesicular compartments. LIC1 and LIC2 RNA interference (RNAi) each specifically disrupts the distribution of lysosomes and late endosomes. Stimulation of dynein-mediated late-endosomal transport by the Rab7-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP) is reversed by LIC1 RNAi, which displaces dynein, but not dynactin, from these structures. Conversely, expression of ΔN-RILP or the dynactin subunit dynamitin each fails to displace dynein, but not dynactin. Thus, using a variety of complementary approaches, our results indicate a novel specific role for the LICs in dynein recruitment to components of the late endocytic pathway.

STATISTICAL MEASURES AS MEASURES OF DIVERSITY

2010 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
OM PARKASH ◽  
A. K. THUKRAL
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Information Measures ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Data Statistics

Two fields of research have found tremendous applicability in the analysis of biological data-statistics and information theory. Statistics is extensively used for the measurement of central tendency, dispersion, comparison and covariation. Measures of information are used to study diversity and equitability. These two fields have been used independent of each other for data analysis. In this communication, we develop the link between the two and prove that statistical measures can be used as information measures. Our study will be a new interdisciplinary field of research and it will be possible to describe information content of a system from its statistics.

scholarly journals Methods for the targeted sequencing and analysis of integrons and their gene cassettes from complex microbial communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Ghaly ◽  
Anahit Penesyan ◽  
Alexander Pritchard ◽  
Qin Qi ◽  
Vaheesan Rajabal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Gene Cassette ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Gene Cassettes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Range Of Functions

AbstractIntegrons are bacterial genetic elements that can integrate mobile gene cassettes. They are mostly known for spreading antibiotic resistance cassettes among human pathogens. However, beyond clinical settings, gene cassettes encode an extraordinarily diverse range of functions important for bacterial adaptation. The recovery and sequencing of cassettes has promising applications, including: surveillance of clinically important genes, particularly antibiotic resistance determinants; investigating the functional diversity of integron-carrying bacteria; and novel enzyme discovery. Although gene cassettes can be directly recovered using PCR, there are no standardised methods for their amplification and, importantly, for validating sequences as genuine integron gene cassettes. Here, we present reproducible methods for the PCR amplification, sequence processing, and validation of gene cassette amplicons from complex communities. We describe two different PCR assays that either amplify cassettes together with integron integrases, or gene cassettes together within cassette arrays. We compare the use of Nanopore and Illumina sequencing, and present bioinformatic pipelines that filter sequences to ensure that they represent amplicons from genuine integrons. Using a diverse set of environmental DNAs, we show that our approach can consistently recover thousands of unique cassettes per sample and up to hundreds of different integron integrases. Recovered cassettes confer a wide range of functions, including antibiotic resistance, with as many as 300 resistance cassettes found in a single sample. In particular, we show that class 1 integrons appear to be collecting and concentrating antibiotic resistance genes out of the broader diversity of cassette functions. The methods described here can be applied to any environmental or clinical microbiome sample.

A FAST TECHNIQUE FOR DERIVING FREQUENT STRUCTURED PATTERNS FROM BIOLOGICAL DATA SETS

2005 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 305-327
Author(s):  
GIORGIO TERRACINA
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Specific Class ◽  
Biological Sequences ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Approximate Form ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Genome Sequencing

In the last years, the completion of the human genome sequencing showed a wide range of new challenging issues involving raw data analysis. In particular, the discovery of information implicitly encoded in biological sequences is assuming a prominent role in identifying genetic diseases and in deciphering biological mechanisms. This information is usually represented by patterns frequently occurring in the sequences. Because of biological observations, a specific class of patterns is becoming particularly interesting: frequent structured patterns. In this respect, it is biologically meaningful to look at both "exact" and "approximate" repetitions of pattens within the available sequences. This paper gives a contribution in this setting by providing algorithms which allow to discover frequent structured patterns, both in "exact" and "approximate" form, present in a collection of input biological sequences.

Nine Centuries of Man

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Court Records ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Police Reports ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Scottish History ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

What did it mean to be a man in Scotland over the past nine centuries? Scotland, with its stereotypes of the kilted warrior and the industrial ‘hard man’, has long been characterised in masculine terms, but there has been little historical exploration of masculinity in a wider context. This interdisciplinary collection examines a diverse range of the multiple and changing forms of masculinities from the late eleventh to the late twentieth century, exploring the ways in which Scottish society through the ages defined expectations for men and their behaviour. How men reacted to those expectations is examined through sources such as documentary materials, medieval seals, romances, poetry, begging letters, police reports and court records, charity records, oral histories and personal correspondence. Focusing upon the wide range of activities and roles undertaken by men – work, fatherhood and play, violence and war, sex and commerce – the book also illustrates the range of masculinities that affected or were internalised by men. Together, the chapters illustrate some of the ways Scotland’s gender expectations have changed over the centuries and how, more generally, masculinities have informed the path of Scottish history

Diversity and Integration in Private International Law

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
International Law ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Substantive Law

This book opens a cross-regional dialogue and shifts the Eurocentric discussion on diversity and integration to a more inclusive engagement with South America in private international law issues. It promotes a contemporary vision of private international law as a discipline enabling legal interconnectivity, with the potential to transcend its disciplinary boundaries to further promote the reality of cross-border integration, with its focus on the ever-increasing cross-border mobility of individuals. Private international law embraces legal diversity and pluralism. Different legal traditions continue to meet, interact and integrate in different forms, at the national, regional and international levels. Different systems of substantive law couple with divergent systems of private international law (designed to accommodate the former in cross-border situations). This complex legal landscape impacts individuals and families in cross-border scenarios, and international commerce broadly conceived. Private international law methodologies and techniques offer means for the coordination of this constellation of legal orders and value systems in cross-border situations. Bringing together world-renowned academics and experienced private international lawyers from a wide range of jurisdictions in Europe and South America, this edited collection focuses on the connective capabilities of private international law in bridging and balancing legal diversity as a corollary for the development of integration. The book provides in-depth analysis of the role of private international law in dealing with legal diversity across a diverse range of topics and jurisdictions.

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