scholarly journals Characterising Recycled Organic and Mineral Materials for Use as Filter Media in Biofiltration Systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Lucas ◽  
Charles CC Lee ◽  
Eric Love
Keyword(s):  
Metal Removal ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Guideline Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Filter Media ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Mineral Material

Filter Media (FM) sourced from recycled organic and mineral material offers a low cost and effective means of treating urban stormwater. Using recycled materials rather than from an increasingly scarce source of virgin materials (typically sandy loam soil) can ensure a sustainable long-term economy and environment. This paper presents results from the laboratory analysis and mathematical modeling to highlight the performance of recycled organic and mineral material in removing nutrients and metals from stormwater. Analysis included physical and chemical characterisation such as particle size distribution, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), bulk density, effective cation exchange capacity, and pollutant removal performance. Design mixes (DM), comprising a combination of organic and mineral materials, were characterised and used to develop/derive modelling design within the Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualisation (MUSIC v6) [1]. Comparison is made to the Adoption Guidelines for Stormwater Biofiltration Systems - Summary Report [2] which were based on the Facility for Advancing Water Biofiltration (FAWB) guidelines to assist in the development of biofiltration systems, including the planning, design, construction and operation of those systems. An observed outcome from over two decades of biofiltration guideline development has been the exclusion of alternative biofilter materials due to claims of excessive leaching. Results from this study indicate that high nutrient and metal removal rates can be achieved over a range of hydraulic conductivities using design mixes of recycled organic and mineral materials that have a demonstrated equivalence to existing guideline specifications.

scholarly journals Characterising Recycled Organic and Mineral Materials for Use as Filter Media in Biofiltration Systems

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1074
Author(s):  
Steven A Lucas ◽  
Charles CC Lee ◽  
Eric Love
Keyword(s):  
Metal Removal ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Guideline Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Filter Media ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Filter media (FM) sourced from recycled organic and mineral materials offer an effective and low cost means of treating urban stormwater. Using recycled materials rather than the increasingly scarce source of virgin materials (typically sandy loam soil) can ensure a sustainable and long-term economy and environment. This paper presents the results from the laboratory analysis and mathematical modelling to highlight the performance of recycled organic and mineral materials in removing nutrients and metals from stormwater. The analysis included the physical and chemical characterisation of particle size distribution, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), bulk density, effective cation exchange capacity, and pollutant removal performance. The design mixes (DM), comprising a combination of organic and mineral materials, were characterised and used to develop/derive the modelling design within the Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualisation (MUSIC v6). Comparison is made to the Adoption Guidelines for Stormwater Biofiltration Systems—Summary Report which were based on the Facility for Advancing Water Biofiltration (FAWB) guidelines to assist in the development of biofiltration systems, including the planning, design, construction, and operation of those systems. An observed outcome from over two decades of biofiltration guideline development has been the exclusion of alternative biofilter materials due to claims of excessive leaching. Results from this study indicate that high nutrient and metal removal rates can be achieved over a range of hydraulic conductivities using design mixes of recycled organic and mineral materials that have a demonstrated equivalence to existing guideline specifications.

Treatment of metals-contaminated wastewaters by use of natural zeolites

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Ouki ◽  
M. Kavannagh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Natural Zeolites ◽  
Al Substitution ◽  
Metals Removal ◽  
Exchange Material ◽  
Na Ions ◽  
Competing Ions

This paper assesses the potential of natural zeolite utilization as a low-cost in exchange material for heavy metals removal. Two natural zeolites, clinoptilolite and chabazite, have been evaluated with respect to their selectivity and removal performance for the treatment of effluents contaminated with mixed heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Co). The effects of relevant parameters such as chemical treatment, metals concentration, pH, and presence of competing ions were examined. The results showed that the received zeolites contained exchangeable K, Ca and Na ions, but exposing them to concentrated NaCl solutions converted them to a homoionic state in the Na form which improved their exchange capacity. Clinoptilolite and chabazite exhibited different selectivity profiles for all metals studied except for Pb for which both zeolites performed exceptionally well. The results also showed that chabazite exchange capacity is superior to that of clinoptilolite mainly due to the higher Al substitution of Si which provides chabazite with a negative framework favourable to higher exchange capability. The pH was found to have an effect on metal removal as it can influence both the character of the exchanging ions and the zeolite itself. Overall, the removal mechanism was controlled by ion exchange and precipitation was proven negligible.

Lead and Cadmium Removal by Ion Exchange

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Maliou ◽  
M. Malamis ◽  
P. O. Sakellarides
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Cadmium Removal ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Short Contact Time

The ion exchange properties of the zeolites can be used to remove certain ions from the effluents. In this work a natural clinoptilolite has been examined systematically in order to evaluate whether this low cost mineral can be employed for the removal of the metals lead and cadmium which are very toxic, even at very low concentrations. Studies were performed under various conditions such as presence of different cations (Pb, Cd, Na), zeolite grain size, solution temperature. The results obtained indicate that the size of the zeolite does not affect the actual metal uptake at the equilibrium point, but the metal removal is greatly affected when the contact of the solid/liquid phases is short, a very essential parameter for the waste water treatment. For a short contact time the metal quantities removed using small grain size is nearly doubled. The same pattern is followed at higher temperatures, though a slight increase is observed for both zeolite grain sizes and both metals, lead and cadmium. At equilibrium half of the theoretical exchange capacity of the zeolite is used, approximately 1.4 meq/g for lead and 1.1 meq/g for cadmium. The kinetic curves show very clearly the selectivity of the zeolite for the Pb ions but also significant amounts of cadmium are removed as well.

scholarly journals Development of High-Performance Air Purifier using Human Hair and Vetiver (Chrysopogan Zizanioides) as Filter Media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Kumar Varma.S ◽  
SUVALAKSHMI A ◽  
MANJULA K R
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Human Hair ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Porous Plug ◽  
Filter Media ◽  
Mahua Oil ◽  
Air Purifier

Abstract Purpose-The global crisis of extreme air pollution is encountered nowadays due to the burning of fossil fuel, vehicular emission, modern sophistication and industrialization. These result infusions of high levels of Smoke, Particulate Matter (PM), Total volatile organic compounds (VOC), Hydrocarbons (HCHO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), Sulfur Oxides (SOX), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and other air pollutants into the atmosphere.Findings- Therefore, the development of a cost-saving air purifier is extremely essential with naturally occurring resources that are readily available throughout all the places at some point in time.A compact, flexible, modular and low-cost air purifier has designed employing a combination of porous plug and two filter media developed from natural resources.Methodology-The air purification unit is horizontal shaped and made with a simple PVC pipe. The first filter media was developed by mixing human hair with low-cost vegetable Mahua oil and the second one by wetting Vetiver (Chrysopogan zizanioides) with water. A mixture of human hair with Mahua oil can absorb the suspended particulate matter of size above 2.5 µm, and wet Vetiver shows the enormous capability of absorption of gases like NOx, SOx and Hydrocarbons and adsorption of particle size even less than 2.5 µm like PM1. Moreover, due to the pleasant smell, wet Vetiver can produce fresh air.Value-The cleaning and disposals of such naturally derived products are easy because of complete biodegradability and no negative impact on the environment. To restrict the filter media movement, porous plugs are coupled at the inlets and outlets of pipeline and filters. Due to the Joule-Thomson effect, the air coming out of the porous plug becomes 50oC cooler than the input air. The pollutant removal efficiency of indoor was found to be more than 60% were in the outdoor residential areas, it was more than 75%, and in the heavily crowded regions, it evaluated to be more than 65%. Amidst the alarming air pollution scenario throughout the world, such an invented device should be welcome due to the excellent performance as reflected in the production of pollutant-free fresh air at reduced temperature.

Distribution of heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms in a biological aerated filter

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. González-Barceló ◽  
S. González-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Filter Media ◽  
Aerated Filter ◽  
Secondary Settling

Biological aerated filtration is a viable option for small municipal wastewater treatment plants. A low cost filter media was obtained by triturating volcanic rock. An apparent porosity of 46 % and a specific surface area of 395 m2/m3·d were obtained once the filter was packed by using a grain size of 8.2 mm. The performance of the system, operated as a biological filter, was evaluated under an average organic load of 2.6±0.4 kgCODT/m3·d (6.7±1.1 gCODT/m2·d) without primary and secondary settling. The average CODT decreased from 220 mg/l in the influent to 88 mg/l in the effluent and the CODD was decreased from 148 mg/l in the influent to 50 mg/l in the effluent. The filter media, in combination with the biofilm, allowed a 75 % TSS removal. The ammonia nitrogen decreased from 51 mg/l in the influent to 33 mg/l in the effluent. The maximum flux coefficients of 9.3gCODdissolved/m2·d and 2.9gNH4-N/m2·d at the biofilm surface were used to simulate, with the Michaelis-Menten model, the profiles of dissolved COD, ammonium and nitrates through the aerated filter. It was possible to conclude that the backwashing procedure removed the excess biomass and was responsible for a homogeneous distribution of heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms along the filter depth.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Water Depth and Electrical Conductivity Sensor for Detecting Inputs into Urban Stormwater Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3056
Author(s):  
Baiqian Shi ◽  
Stephen Catsamas ◽  
Peter Kolotelo ◽  
Miao Wang ◽  
Anna Lintern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Conductivity Sensor ◽  
Level Sensor

High-resolution data collection of the urban stormwater network is crucial for future asset management and illicit discharge detection, but often too expensive as sensors and ongoing frequent maintenance works are not affordable. We developed an integrated water depth, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature sensor that is inexpensive (USD 25), low power, and easily implemented in urban drainage networks. Our low-cost sensor reliably measures the rate-of-change of water level without any re-calibration by comparing with industry-standard instruments such as HACH and HORIBA’s probes. To overcome the observed drift of level sensors, we developed an automated re-calibration approach, which significantly improved its accuracy. For applications like monitoring stormwater drains, such an approach will make higher-resolution sensing feasible from the budget control considerations, since the regular sensor re-calibration will no longer be required. For other applications like monitoring wetlands or wastewater networks, a manual re-calibration every two weeks is required to limit the sensor’s inaccuracies to ±10 mm. Apart from only being used as a calibrator for the level sensor, the conductivity sensor in this study adequately monitored EC between 0 and 10 mS/cm with a 17% relative uncertainty, which is sufficient for stormwater monitoring, especially for real-time detection of poor stormwater quality inputs. Overall, our proposed sensor can be rapidly and densely deployed in the urban drainage network for revolutionised high-density monitoring that cannot be achieved before with high-end loggers and sensors.

Biochar as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Aqueous Heavy Metal Removal: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 105081
Author(s):  
Bingbing Qiu ◽  
Xuedong Tao ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Wenke Li ◽  
Xiang Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal

Understanding the factors influencing the removal of heavy metals in urban stormwater runoff

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2921-2928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marla C. Maniquiz-Redillas ◽  
Lee-Hyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Filter Media ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals

Abstract In this research, an infiltration trench equipped with an extensive pretreatment and filter bed consisting of woodchip, sand and gravel was utilized as a low impact development technique to manage stormwater runoff from a highly impervious road with particular emphasis on heavy metal removal. Findings revealed that the major factors influencing the removal of heavy metals were the concentration of the particulate matters and heavy metals in runoff, runoff volume and flow rates. The reduction of heavy metals was enhanced by sedimentation of particulates through pretreatment. Fine particles (<2 mm) had the most significant amount of heavy metals, thus, enhanced adsorption and filtration using various filter media were important design considerations. Sediment was most highly attached on the surface area of woodchip than to other filter media like sand, gravel and geotextile. It is suggested that maintenance must be performed after the end of the winter season wherein high sediment rate was observed to maintain the efficiency of the treatment system.

Heavy Metal Removal by Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) Biosorbent

2014 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. 889-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safoura Daneshfozoun ◽  
Bawadi Abdullah ◽  
Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Adsorption Efficiency ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Initial Ph

This study developed an effective and economical physical pretreatment of OPEFB to be used as biosorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions such as Cu+2, Zn+2and Pb2+. The effects of fibres sizes, metal ions concentration (100-1000 ppm), initial pH (4-10) and contact time (20-150 min) were investigated in batch system. Samples were characterized with Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transmission Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results showed pH-dependence adsorption efficiency and increased adsorption with initial metal concentrations where more than 92% adsorption efficiency achieved. We have successfully developed an eco-friendly, low cost adsorbent without any chemical modification or excessive energy disposal.

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