scholarly journals COVID-19 in a Rural Community: Outbreak Dynamics, Contact Tracing and Environmental RNA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel G. Fernández de Mera ◽  
Francisco J. Rodríguez del Río ◽  
José de la Fuente ◽  
Marta Pérez Sancho ◽  
Dolores Hervas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Rna Surveillance ◽  
Petrol Station ◽  
Early Testing ◽  
Resource Deployment ◽  
The Village ◽  
Close Contacts

Background: Since March 2020, Spain is severely hit by the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Understanding and disrupting the early transmission dynamics of the infection is crucial for impeding sustained transmission. Methods: We recorded all COVID-19 cases and traced their contacts in an isolated rural community. We also sampled 10 households, 6 public service sites and the wastewater from the village sewage for environmental SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Results: The first village patient diagnosed with COVID-19-compatible symptoms occurred on March 3, 2020, twelve days before lockdown. A peak of 39 cases occurred on March 30. By May 15, the accumulated number of symptomatic cases was 53 (6% of the population), of which only 22 (41%) had been tested and confirmed by RT-PCR as SARS-CoV-2 infected, including 16 hospitalized patients. Contacts (n=144) were six times more likely to develop symptoms. Environmental sampling detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in two households with known active cases and in two public service sites: the petrol station and the pharmacy. Samples from other sites and the wastewater tested negative. Conclusions: The low proportion of patients tested by RT-PCR calls for urgent changes in disease management. We propose that early testing of all cases and their close contacts would reduce infection spread, reducing the disease burden and fatalities. In a context of restricted testing, environmental RNA surveillance might prove useful for early warning and to identify high-risk settings enabling a targeted resource deployment.

scholarly journals Salivary detection of COVID-19. Clinical performance of oral sponge sampling for SARS-CoV-2 testing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Hugo Marquette ◽  
Jacques Boutros ◽  
Jonathan Benzaquen ◽  
Marius Ilié ◽  
Mickelina Labaky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Screening ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Attending Physician ◽  
Close Contacts

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe current diagnostic standard for coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing with naso-pharyngeal (NP) swabs. The invasiveness and need for trained personnel make the NP technique unsuited for repeated community-based mass screening. We developed a technique to collect saliva in a simple and easy way with the sponges that are usually used for tamponade of epistaxis. This study was carried out to validate the clinical performance of oral sponge (OS) sampling for SARS-CoV-2 testing.MethodsOver a period of 22 weeks, we collected prospectively 409 paired NP and OS samples from consecutive subjects presenting to a public community-based free screening center. Subjects were referred by their attending physician because of recent COVID-19 symptoms (n=147) or by the contact tracing staff of the French public health insurance since they were considered as close contacts of a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 case (n=262).ResultsIn symptomatic subjects, RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 testing with OS showed a 96.5% (95%CI: 89.6-94.8) concordance with NP testing, and, a 93.3% [95%CI: 89.1-97.3] sensitivity. In close contacts the NP-OS concordance (93.8% [95%CI: 90.9-96.7]) and OS sensitivity (71.9% [95%CI: 66.5-77.3]) were slightly lower.ConclusionThese results strongly suggest that OS testing is a straightforward, low-cost and high-throughput sampling method that can be used for frequent RT-PCR testing of COVID-19 patients and mass screening of populations.Summary of the “take home” messageOS sampling for SARS-CoV2 RT-PCR is an easy to perform, straightforward self-administered sampling technique, which has a sensitivity of up to 93.3% in symptomatic patients and 71% in close contact subjects.

scholarly journals COVID-19 outbreak prevention by early containment in Shantou, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (07) ◽  
pp. 742-747
Author(s):  
Xubin Zhang ◽  
Dangui Zhang ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Lijun Yao ◽  
Lu Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Community Screening ◽  
First Case ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Close Contacts

Introduction: To report about the successful outbreak containment of COVID-19 in Shantou, one of the prefectural cities of Guangdong province in the mainland China. Methodology: All patients confirmed as having COVID-19 between 23 January and 25 March 2020 by RT-PCR assay in the clinical lab of Shantou CDC were included and divided into three groups based on the source of identification: hospital diagnosis, contact tracing, and community screening. Collected data was analyzed and compared among these three groups. Results: A total of 25 COVID-19 cases were identified in Shantou. The first case was identified on 14 January 2020 at one of two COVID-19 dedicated hospitals in Shantou. The majority of the cases were either imported from Wuhan or linked to Wuhan/Hubei. The median lag time for diagnosis (i.e., the time between symptom onset and case confirmation) was 2 days (IQR, 2.0-4.0) for all cases, 9 days (IQR, 7.0-10.0) for the cases diagnosed in hospitals, 2 days (IQR, 1.5-2.0) for the cases in contact tracing, and 4 days (IQR, 2.5-4.5) for cases in community screening, with a significantly longer diagnosis lag time in hospitals (p = 0.003). Multivariate linear regression models showed larger family size and severe cases as the significant predictor for increasing number of close contacts. Conclusions: The current pandemic appears to exist for an uncertain period. The early containment measures applied in Shantou, a city with insufficient healthcare resources for COVID-19, seems to be appropriate for cities or areas with similar profiles.

scholarly journals Salivary detection of COVID-19. Clinical performance of oral sponge sampling for SARS-CoV-2 testing

2021 ◽  
pp. 00396-2021
Author(s):  
Jacques Boutros ◽  
Jonathan Benzaquen ◽  
Charles Hugo Marquette ◽  
Marius Ilié ◽  
Mickelina Labaky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Screening ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Attending Physician ◽  
Close Contacts

BackgroundThe current diagnostic standard for coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing with naso-pharyngeal (NP) swabs. The invasiveness and need for trained personnel make the NP technique unsuited for repeated community-based mass screening. We developed a technique to collect saliva in a simple and easy way with the sponges that are usually used for tamponade of epistaxis. This study was carried out to validate the clinical performance of oral sponge (OS) sampling for SARS-CoV-2 testing.MethodsOver a period of 22 weeks, we collected prospectively 409 paired NP and OS samples from consecutive subjects presenting to a public community-based free screening center. Subjects were referred by their attending physician because of recent COVID-19 symptoms (n=147) or by the contact tracing staff of the French public health insurance since they were considered as close contacts of a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 case (n=262).ResultsIn symptomatic subjects, RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 testing with OS showed a 96.5% (95%CI: 89.6–94.8) concordance with NP testing, and, a 93.2% (95%CI: 89.1–97.3)] sensitivity when using the IdyllaTM platform and a sensitivity of 76.3% [69.4–83.2] on the Synlab Barla laboratory platform. In close contacts the NP-OS concordance (93.8% [95%CI: 90.9–96.7]) and OS sensitivity (71.9% [95%CI: 66.5–77.3]) were slightly lower.ConclusionThese results strongly suggest that OS testing is a straightforward, low-cost and high-throughput sampling method that can be used for frequent RT-PCR testing of COVID-19 patients and mass screening of populations.

scholarly journals Membangun Model Pelayanan Publik Desa : Mendekatkan Pelayanan Masyarakat di Tingkat Lokal

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Marsono Marsono
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Service Model ◽  
The Public ◽  
Village Government ◽  
The Village ◽  
Service Perspective

Construction of village’s public service model is imperative since village has more authorities as has been mandated by Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning the village. The authorities allow village government to prepare RPJMDes, APBDes, and village planning independently. Therefore, village has wider opportunities to improve its services in accordance with its nature and characteristics. In rural public service perspective, it is necessary to develop a public service model. This study concludes several things: (1) Classification, types and numbers of village services are different; (2) The village’s services are mostly in the form of recommendations at first level which then should be completed at higher levels at sub district and disctrictagencies; (3) To improve the quality of village’s services, they are classified into three groups, namely: (a) recommendation letter; (b) citizenship services; and (c) rural community empowerment. Furthermore, the recommended model is a dispersed model because village service is a part of public service system at subdistrict and disctrict levels. However, only a small part of the public services are fully completed at village government, such as administrative service.Keywords: Capacity building, public services, the village governmentPembangunan model pelayanan publik desa mendesak sejalan dengan meningkatnya kewenangan Pemerintahan Desa sebagaimana diamanatkan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa. Pemerintahan desa berwenang menyusun RPJMDes, APBDes, serta menyusun rencana pembangunan tahunan secara mandiri. Dengan demikian, terbuka peluang untuk memperbaiki pelayanan publik sesuai dengan sifat dan karakteristik desa. Oleh karena itu, dalam perspektif pelayanan publik desa, perlu disusun model pelayanan publik desa sesuai dengan kewenangannya. Studi tentang pengembangan model pelayanan publik desa ini telah menghasilkan kesimpulan : (1) Klasifikasi, jenis dan jumlahnya masih berbeda-beda; (2) Secara umum pelayanan publik desa masih berupa pengantar atau rekomendasi dan penyelesaian pelayanannya berada di Kantor Kecamatan atau bahkan di Dinas Teknis Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota; (3) Untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan publik desa, maka perlu dikelompokkan menjadi tiga, yaitu: (a) surat pengantar; (b) layanan kependudukan; dan (c) pemberdayaan masyarakat. Adapun model pelayanan publik desa yang direkomendasikan adalah model terpencar, mengingat pelayanan publik desa merupakan bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari sistem pelayanan publik Kecamatan dan Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota. Hanya sebagian kecil saja pelayanan publik desa yang betul-betul dapat diselesaikan di desa, yaitu surat pengantar.Kata Kunci: Penguatan kapasitas, pelayanan publik, pemerintahan desa

scholarly journals Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests in pre-/asymptomatic close contacts of individuals with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Schuit ◽  
IK Veldhuijzen ◽  
RP Venekamp ◽  
W van den Bijllaardt ◽  
SD Pas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Antigen Tests ◽  
Close Contacts

AbstractBackgroundPre-/asymptomatic close contacts of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals were tested at day 5 after contact by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Diagnostic accuracy of antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDT) in pre-/asymptomatic close contacts was up till now unknown.MethodsWe performed a prospective cross-sectional diagnostic test accuracy study. Close contacts (e.g. selected via the test-and-trace program or contact tracing app) aged ≥16 years and asymptomatic when requesting a test, were included consecutively and tested at day 5 at four Dutch public health service test sites. We evaluated two Ag-RDTs (BD Veritor™ System Ag-RDT (BD), and Roche/SD Biosensor Ag-RDT (SD-B)) with RT-PCR as the reference standard. Virus culture was performed in RT-PCR positive individuals to determine the viral load cut-off above which 95% was culture positive, as a proxy of infectiousness.ResultsOf 2,678 BD-tested individuals, 233 (8.7%) were RT-PCR positive and BD detected 149 (sensitivity 63.9%; 95% confidence interval 57.4%-70.1%). Out of 1,596 SD-B-tested individuals, 132 (8.3%) were RT-PCR positive and SD-B detected 83 (sensitivity 62.9%; 54.0%-71.1%). When applying an infectiousness viral load cut-off ≥ 5.2 log10 gene copies/mL, the sensitivity was 90.1% (84.2%-94.4%) for BD, 86.8% (78.1% to 93.0%) for SD-B overall, and 88.1% (80.5%-93.5%) for BD, 85.1% (74.3%-92.6%) for SD-B for those still asymptomatic at the actual time of sampling. Specificity was >99% for both Ag-RDTs in all analyses.ConclusionsThe sensitivity for detecting SARS-CoV-2 of both Ag-RDTs in pre-/asymptomatic close contacts is over 60%, increasing to over 85% after applying an infectiousness viral load cut-off.Trial registration numberNot applicable. A study protocol is available upon request.

scholarly journals Assessing testing strategies and duration of quarantine in contact tracing for SARS-CoV-2: a retrospective study of San Francisco’s COVID-19 contact tracing program, June- August, 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J A Reid ◽  
P Prado ◽  
H Brosnan ◽  
A Ernst ◽  
H Spindler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Close Contacts

Abstract We sought to assess the proportion of elicited close contacts diagnosed with COVID-19 at the start, and before exiting quarantine, in San Francisco, USA. From June 8th to August 31st, 6946 contacts were identified; 3008 (46.3%) tested, 940 (13.5%) tested positive; 90% tested positive in first 9 days of quarantine.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PELAYANAN PUBLIK PEMERINTAHAN DESA TLANAK KECAMATAN KEDUNGPRING KABUPATEN LAMONGAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernia Duwi Saputri, S.Pd., M.H.
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
Village Government ◽  
Public Awareness Program ◽  
The Village

Public Service Analysis of Village Tlanak Support of Lamongan District. The purpose of this research is to know the quality of Public Service of Village Government of Tlanak Kedungpring District of Lamongan Regency, to know the supporting and inhibiting factors and solution of Public Service of Village Government of  Tlanak Kedungpring District of  Lamongan Regency and to know the implementation of Good Governance in Public Service of Village Government of Tlanak Kedungpring District of Lamongan Regency. The type of this research is non-doctrinal (sosiologis) legal research. Non-doctrinal method is a type of scientific study with the intention just to learn just and not to teach something doctrine. The research method used is research method with qualitative analysis. The results of this study concluded that the quality of Public Service Village Tlanak Kedungpring District Lamongan through Programs, policies, and attitudes is Services Open, easy and accessible by all parties who need and provided adequate and easy to understand, can be accounted for in accordance with the provisions of legislation - invitation, inhibiting the public service of Tlanak village administration of Kedungpring Sub-district of Lamongan Regency is seen in the condition of society which still have a lot of parochial political culture. The solution of inhibiting factor of public service in Tlanak Village, Kedungpring Sub-district, Lamongan Regency by strengthening service system, improving professionalism of each employee, conducting public awareness program to help dissemination and comprehension of information to society about matters related to service activity and giving sanction that is firm. The village government of Tlanak Kedungpring District of Lamongan Regency has not fully implemented the Good Governance principles in the implementation of the village government's tasks, functions, authorities, rights, and obligations in terms of planning, service, implementation of village development, especially those related to village governance.Keywords: Quality Analysis of Public Service, Good Governance.

scholarly journals Linking Staff Cases in a Hospital COVID-19 Outbreak Using Electronic Tracking Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. s48-s48
Author(s):  
Pragya Dhaubhadel ◽  
Margie Pace ◽  
Trina Augustine ◽  
Seth Hostetler ◽  
Mark Shelly
Keyword(s):  
Tracking System ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Hospital Unit ◽  
Respiratory Therapists ◽  
Voluntary Testing ◽  
Electronic Tracking ◽  
Nursing Station ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Close Contacts

Background: Significant outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 infections have occurred in healthcare personnel (HCP). We used an electronic tracking system (ETS) as a tool to link staff cases of COVID-19 in place and time during a COVID-19 outbreak in a community hospital. Methods: We identified SARS-CoV-2 infection cases through surveillance, case investigation and contact tracing, and voluntary testing. For those wearing ETS badges (Centrak), data were reviewed for places occupied by the personnel during their incubation and infectious windows. Contacts beyond 15 minutes in the same location were considered close contacts. Results: Over 6 weeks (August 10–September 14, 2020), 35 HCPs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by NAAT testing. In total, 18 nurses and aides were clustered on 1 hospital unit, 7 cases occurred among respiratory therapists that visited that unit, and 10 occurred in other departments. Overall, 17 individuals wore ETS badges as part of hand hygiene monitoring. ETS data established potential transmission opportunities in 17 instances, all but 2 before symptom onset or positive test result. Contacts were most often (10 of 17) in common work areas (nursing stations), with a median time of 45 minutes (IQR, 21–137). Contacts occurred within and between departments. A few COVID-19 patients were cared for in this location at the time of the outbreak. However, we did not detect HCP-to-patient nor patient-to-HCP transmission. Conclusions: Significant HCP-to-HCP transmission occurred during this outbreak based on ETS location. These events often occurred in shared work areas such as the nursing station in addition to break areas noted in other reports. ETS systems, installed for other purposes, can serve to reinforce standard epidemiology.Funding: NoDisclosures: None

Using Test Positivity Rate (TPR) as an Indicator for Strategic Action in COVID-19: A Situational Analysis in Kerala, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 263394472110542
Author(s):  
Raman Swathy Vaman ◽  
Mathew J. Valamparampil ◽  
Anu Elizabeth Augustine
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Primary Care System ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Strategic Action ◽  
Daily Change ◽  
Timely Fashion ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Administrators and policymakers have relied on test positivity rate (TPR) for making policy decisions regarding local, regional, and national lockdowns. It has the advantage of easily available data with an easy technique for calculation on day-to-day basis. However, concerns are being raised regarding its use as a sole indicator for determining movement restrictions and lockdowns. The present review provides a perspective of the alterations in TPR in Kasaragod district of Kerala during the first half of 2021. The variations in the number of antigen and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) tests along with the trend of proportion of rt-PCR test are depicted. In places like Kerala where primary care system and contact tracing is comparatively robust than several other regions, testing the appropriate persons in a timely fashion alone is sufficient to cause an upswing in the TPR. Rather than daily change, the overall change in a larger time frame of 1 to 2 weeks could give early warning regarding the emergence of a new wave. TPR alone may not be able to reflect the transmission patterns of COVID-19. Using 7-day median value of TPR along with weekly tests done per 10,000 population, 7-day rolling average of active cases per 10,000 population, or daily number of new positive cases per 10,000 population could bring out a more composite indicator. Such an indicator reflecting the disease dynamics at regional levels will enable people to improve their livelihood without compromising on COVID-19.

Implementation of the Canadian Contingency Plan for a Case of Suspected Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 280-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Loeb ◽  
Douglas MacPherson ◽  
Michele Barton ◽  
Jan Olde
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Internal Communication ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Contingency Plan ◽  
Close Contacts

AbstractObjective:To describe the implementation of the Canadian contingency plan for viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in response to a suspected case.Setting:A 300-bed, tertiary-care, university-affiliated hospital.Participants:A 32-year-old Congolese woman admitted to the hospital with suspected VHF in February 2001. Contact evaluation included hospital healthcare workers and laboratory staff.Intervention:Enhanced isolation precautions were implemented in the patient care setting to prevent nosocomial transmission. Contact tracing and evaluation of close and high-risk contacts with symptoms was conducted. Laboratory precautions included barrier precautions and diversion of specimens. Communication occurred to both hospital employees and the media.Results:Three high-risk contacts, 13 close contacts, and 60 casual contacts were identified. Two close contacts became symptomatic and required evaluation. Challenging process issues included tracing of laboratory specimens, decontamination of laboratory equipment, and internal and external communication. After 5 days, a transmissible VHF of public health consequence was ruled out in the index case.Conclusion:Contingency plans for VHF can be implemented in an efficient and feasible manner. Contact tracing, laboratory issues, internal communication, and media interest can be anticipated to be the key challenges.

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