Prevalence of Sub-clinical Mastitis and Associated Risk Factors at Cow Level in Dairy Farms in Southwestern Part of Bangladesh

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) among medium to large scale household dairy farms in southwestern district, Jhenaidah, Bangladesh during July to December 2019. A total of 78 (n=100) lactating cows from household dairy farms (N=32) having three or more dairy cows were selected randomly as sampled populations. Milk samples were screened for SCM by using Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT). The prevalence of SCM varied among farm level [71.9% (95% CI: 53.3-86.3)], individual animal level [67.9% (95% CI: 56.4-86.3)] and quarter level [29.5% (95% CI: 24.5-34.9)]. Descriptive statistics represented the farmers and farm demography, characteristics of the sampled population, and overall management feature. Random Effect Logistic Regression identified, Body Condition Score (BCS) [OR=3.8 and 2.9, at cows level and quarter level respectively (BCS-2 vs. BCS-≥3)], and breed [OR=5.1 and 2.9, at cows level and quarter level respectively (HF× Sahiwal vs. HF × Local)] as potential risk factors. This study shows that SCM is highly prevalent in the study area, which is a major threat to the dairy industry's production performance. Regular screening by SFMT, proper hygiene, improve the management system, and farmer’s awareness is required to control the disease.

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Prevalence, risk factors and bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in southern Ethiopia

Ethiopian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/evj.v24i1.4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rahmeto Abebe ◽

Mesele Abera ◽

Yifat Denbarga ◽

Mishamo Suleyman ◽

Amene Fekadu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

And Control

Mastitis is one of the most economically important diseases in dairy farms worldwide. It is particularly important in Ethiopia where no routine prevention and control practices are in place. This cross-sectional study was carried out between October 2017 and June 2018 to estimate the prevalence of mastitis, identify the associated risk factors and isolate bacterial causes in dairy farms located in southern Ethiopia using standard microbiological methods and questionnaire survey. A total of 686 lactating cows which were found in 122 selected dairy farms were investigated by physical examination and California mastitis test. The overall cow-level prevalence of mastitis was 54.2% (95% CI: 50.5 – 57.9%). Based on the study site, the prevalence was 55.7% in Hawassa, 54.3% in Arsi Negele, 52.6% each in Wondo Genet and Wolayta Soddo towns with no significant (p > 0.05) difference among the sites. The majority of mastitis cases were subclinical (48.1%) while the clinical mastitis was only 6.1%. Of the 122 herds tested, 109 (89.3%; 95% CI: 82.1 – 93.9%) had at least a cow positive for mastitis. The study showed that high parity number (OR = 1.6; p = 0.015), flat (OR = 4.5; p <0.001) and round (OR = 2; p <0.001) teat end shape, history of mastitis in preceding lactation (OR = 3.3; p <0.001), and slightly (OR = 3.5; p < 0.001), moderately (OR = 4.9; p < 0.001), and very dirty (OR = 9.2; p < 0.001) udder and legs were the major risk factors which are significantly associated with higher prevalence of mastitis. Based on the available media and reagents, the major bacteria isolated from subclinical mastitic milk samples were Staphylococcus spp. (57.3%), Streptococcus spp. (18.6%), E. coli (17.3%) and Bacillus spp. (7.5%) in order of their abundance. The present study revealed a high prevalence of mastitis, particularly the subclinical one, and the associated risk factors. Enhancing the awareness of dairy farmers, regular screening of cows for subclinical mastitis, proper treatment of the clinical cases, improving the hygienic condition of the cows, and culling of chronically infected cows are critically important to prevent and control bovine mastitis. Keywords: Mastitis, Prevalence, Risk factors, Southern Ethiopia

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BACTERIAL PATHOGENS AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MASTITIS IN BLACK BENGAL GOATS IN BANGLADESH

Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13458 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 155-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MA Amin ◽

MA Samad ◽

AKM Anisur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bacterial Pathogens ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Lactation Stage

The objectives of this study were to isolate major bacteria responsible for and to identify the potential risk factors associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis in Black Bengal goats in Bangladesh. A cross sectional study was undertaken on 242 lactating does during January to August 2009. Data on probable risk factors was recorded by using questionnaire. Clinical mastitis was detected by gross signs of udder infection during physical examination and abnormal milk whereas subclinical mastitis was recognized California Mastitis test (CMT) Milk samples of all clinical and subclinical mastitis goats were subjected to culture for isolation and identification of responsible bacterial pathogens. Multiple logistic regression model using a backward stepwise method was used for identification of risk factors. The overall prevalence of clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis were 4.54% and 37.19%, respectively. Bacterial pathogens isolated were coagulase negative Staphylococcus (73.73%), Staphylococcus aureus (26.67%), Streptococcus sp. (20%), Bacillus sp. (70%) and Escherichia coli (6.67%). Both clinical and subclinical mastitis were significantly associated with age (p<0.001), parity (p<0.001), lactation stage (p<0.001), litter size (p<0.05) and teat lesions (p<0.001).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13458

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Assessment of sub-clinical mastitis and its associated risk factors in dairy livestock of Lamjung, Nepal

International Journal of Infection and Microbiology ◽

10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8322 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 49-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T Khanal ◽

A Pandit

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Management Practices ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Dairy Animals ◽

Associated Risk Factors

INTRODUCTION: Mastitis is one among the top three threats faced by dairy farmers. The study was carried out to assess sub-clinical mastitis, management practices and associated risk factors for mastitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted in Chandreshwor and Archalbot VDCs of Lamjung district taking 63 dairy livestock randomly each from a herd along with questionnaire survey to respective owner. Tem ml of milk sample from each quarter was taken in a sterilized syringe for further laboratory investigation. California Mastitis Test (CMT) was performed at farmer’s shed. Organisms were identified based on colony characteristics, Gram's staining and various biochemical tests. RESULTS: On CMT, subclinical mastitis was 46.1% (n=29) and 30.15% (n=76) on animal and quarter basis respectively, however, culture showed, 28.6% and 24.2%. Streptococcal mastitis was the commonest (11.1%) followed by coliform (9.5%) and staphylococcal (7.9%). Mastitis was highest in left fore quarter (34.92%) followed by left hind (31.76%), right hind (28.57%) and right fore (25.39%). Coliform & Staphylococcal mastitis was highest in left fore and right hind quarter respectively. Most of dairy animals (86%) were on zero grazing, 30% (n=19) of the farmers had forage trees and only 29% (n=18) had known about subclinical mastitis. The average milk production was 3.5 ±1.47 liters. Subclinical mastitis was associated significantly (p<0.01) with livestock yielding more than 3 lt per lactation. CONCLUSIONS: There was high prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy livestock at Lamjung due to poor management, unhygienic shed, and little knowledge on subclinical mastitis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8322 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(2):49-54

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Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Milk of Goats with Subclinical Mastitis in Thika East Subcounty, Kenya

Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/3801479 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Precious Mahlangu ◽

Naomi Maina ◽

John Kagira

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Staphylococcus Intermedius

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in Thika East Subcounty, Kenya. Further the bacterial pathogens and their antibiogram were investigated. Farm level data on risk factors were obtained from 41 farmers using questionnaires. Milk was obtained from 110 lactating dairy goats and tested for submastitis using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The prevalence of subclinical mastitis at goat level was estimated to be at 50.9% using CMT, out of which 86.5% yielded bacteria on culture. The significant risk factors associated with the occurrence of subclinical mastitis were cleaning schedule (p=0.022, OD=1.047) and parity of the goat (p=0048, OD=1.37). Higher prevalence of subclinical mastitis was observed for goats residing in houses cleaned at least once a fortnight. Does in the first parity were least affected. 169 bacterial isolates were obtained from culture, of which 52 isolates from major classes of isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic sensitivity to six antibiotics. Fourteen different bacteria were isolated and identified from the milk samples. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (20.7%), Serratia spp. (19.5%), Citrobacter spp. (16%), Klebsiella spp. (11%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.7%), Enterobacter spp. (6.5%), Escherichia coli (5.9%), Proteus spp. (3%), Corynebacterium spp. (1.8%), Morganella spp. (1.8%), Streptococcus spp. (1.2%), Providencia spp. (0.6%), Micrococcus spp. (0.6%), and Staphylococcus intermedius (0.6%) were isolated and identified from the samples. All the isolates were resistant to Penicillin G, while 98% of the isolates were sensitive to Streptomycin. In conclusion, the study showed that a large proportion of goats were affected by subclinical mastitis, with the main bacteria being Staphylococci spp. and coliforms, and that most of the tested antibiotics can be used in the treatment of mastitis. Farmers need to be trained on improved control of mastitis through adoption of good dairy husbandry and milking practices.

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Identifying the Most Common CrossFit Injuries in a Variety of Athletes

Rehabilitation Process and Outcome ◽

10.1177/1179572719897069 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 117957271989706

Author(s):

Kirill Alekseyev ◽

Alex John ◽

Andrew Malek ◽

Malcolm Lakdawala ◽

Nikhil Verma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Large Scale ◽

The United States ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Musculoskeletal Injuries ◽

Online Forums ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Advanced Level ◽

Expertise Level ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Background: CrossFit is an increasingly popular, rapidly growing exercise regimen. Few studies have evaluated CrossFit-associated musculoskeletal injuries on a large scale. This study explores such injuries and associated risk factors in detail. Objective: To identify the most common musculoskeletal injuries endured during CrossFit training among athletes at different levels of expertise. Design: Survey-based retrospective cross-sectional study. Setting: Distribution at CrossFit gyms in the United States and internationally. Also published on active online forums. Participants: A total of 885 former and current CrossFit athletes. Methods: Institutional review board-approved 33-question Web-based survey focused on CrossFit injuries and associated risk factors. Survey submissions were accepted for a period of 6 months. Main outcome measurements: Specific injuries with associated workouts, risk factors that affected injury including (1) basic demographics, (2) regional differences in reported injuries, (3) training intensity, and (4) expertise level at time of injury. Results: Of the 885 respondents, 295 (33.3%) were injured. The most common injuries involved the back (95/295, 32.2%) and shoulder (61/295, 20.7%). The most common exercises that caused injury were squats (65/295, 22.0%) and deadlifts (53/295, 18.0%). Advanced-level (64/295, 21.7%) athletes were more significantly injured than beginner-level (40/295, 13.6%) athletes. International participants were 2.2 times more likely than domestic US participants to suffer injury. Individuals with 3+ years of CrossFit experience were 3.3 times more likely to be injured than those with 2 or less years of experience. Participants who trained for 11+ h/week were significantly more likely to be injured than those who trained less than or equal to 10 h/week. Conclusions: As CrossFit becomes more popular, it is important to monitor the safety of its practitioners. Further studies are needed to explore how to lower this injury prevalence of 33.3%. Areas to focus on include factors that have caused the regional (international vs US states) differences, level of expertise/experience differences (advanced level vs intermediate and beginner levels), and stretching routine modifications.

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Lameness in Sheltered Cows and Its Association with Cow and Shelter Attributes

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9060360 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 360 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arvind Sharma ◽

Clive J. C. Phillips

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Condition ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

The Body ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Joint Injuries ◽

Condition Score ◽

Carpal Joint ◽

Associated Risk Factors

The sheltering of old, unproductive and abandoned cows in traditional cow shelters, known as gaushalas, has been practiced in India since ancient times. Cows are kept in these shelters until they die of natural causes. The welfare of the cows in these shelters was assessed through a cross-sectional study of 54 cow shelters in six states of India. A total of 1620 cows were examined to assess the prevalence of lameness in these cows, and the associated risk factors for lameness were identified through the measurement of animal-based and resource-based welfare indicators. The overall lameness prevalence was 4.2%. The majority (86%) had mild to moderate hock joint swellings but no or only mild carpal joint injuries. Approximately one-half had mild to moderate hock joint hair loss and most were free of hock joint ulcerations. Claw overgrowth was present in almost one half of the cows. Lameness prevalence was positively correlated with coat dirtiness, hock and carpal joint lesions, diarrhea and claw overgrowth scores. In a multivariate analysis, lameness prevalence increased as the Body Condition Score (BCS) decreased and was associated with increased udder dirtiness, the ulceration of the hock joint, carpal joint injuries and claw overgrowth. Resource-based indicators measured at the shelter level suggested that an absence of bedding in the sheds and an increase in the gradient of the shed flooring increased lameness. Addressing the principle risk factors identified for lameness in the sheltered cows (low body condition, dirty udders, lesions on the hock and carpal joints, overgrown claws, and a steep floor gradient) may help to reduce this serious animal welfare problem.

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Incidence and risk factors of surgical site infection following colorectal surgery in China: a national cross-sectional study

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-020-05567-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xufei Zhang ◽

Zhiwei Wang ◽

Jun Chen ◽

Peige Wang ◽

Suming Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Colorectal Surgery ◽

Surgical Site Infection ◽

Large Scale ◽

Risk Index ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Site Infection ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical Expenses ◽

Related Risk

Abstract Purposes Surgical site infection (SSI) after colorectal surgery is a frequent complication associated with the increase in morbidity, medical expenses, and mortality. To date, there is no nationwide large-scale database of SSI after colorectal surgery in China. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of SSI after colorectal surgery in China and to further evaluate the related risk factors. Methods Two multicenter, prospective, cross-sectional studies covering 55 hospitals in China and enrolling adult patients undergoing colorectal surgery were conducted from May 1 to June 30 of 2018 and the same time of 2019. The demographic and perioperative characteristics were collected, and the main outcome was SSI within postoperative 30 days. Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to predict risk factors of SSI after colorectal surgery. Results In total, 1046 patients were enrolled and SSI occurred in 74 patients (7.1%). In the multivariate analysis with adjustments, significant factors associated with SSI were the prior diagnosis of hypertension (OR, 1.903; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.088–3.327, P = 0.025), national nosocomial infection surveillance risk index score of 2 or 3 (OR, 3.840; 95% CI, 1.926–7.658, P < 0.001), laparoscopic or robotic surgery (OR, 0.363; 95% CI, 0.200–0.659, P < 0.001), and adhesive incise drapes (OR, 0.400; 95% CI, 0.187–0.855, P = 0.018). In addition, SSI group had remarkably increased length of postoperative stays (median, 15.0 d versus 9.0d, P < 0.001), medical expenses (median, 74,620 yuan versus 57,827 yuan, P < 0.001), and the mortality (4.1% versus 0.3%, P = 0.006), compared with those of non-SSI group. Conclusion This study provides the newest data of SSI after colorectal surgery in China and finds some predictors of SSI. The data presented in our study can be a tool to develop optimal preventive measures and improve surgical quality in China.

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Risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy cows reared in district Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir

Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences ◽

10.51966/jvas.2021.52.4.418-422 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Ali A. ◽

Ganie S.A. ◽

Mir M. R. ◽

Ahmad S.B. ◽

Bhat R.R. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Jammu And Kashmir ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Lactation Stage ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Intensive System

Subclinical mastitis is associated with certain risk factors such as age, lactation stage, milk production and parity. A cross sectional study including 135 cross bred Holstein Friesian dairy cows was undertaken from June 2017 to January 2019 in surrounding villages of district Ganderbal in order to identify major risk factors. The overall prevalence of SCM was 81.48%. The highest prevalence of subclinical mastitis associated with various risk factors was 48.1% (early lactation), 44.54% (5-7 years), 49.09% (>10 litres per day) and 30.90% (3rd parity) respectively. In intensive system of rearing, prevalence was 66.36% whereas in extensive 33.63% was found. In present study, single quarter was affected in 61.81% of SCM infections. In milking method, knuckling and stripping showed more incidence of SCM. In present study, moderate form of mastitis was more predominant (40.9%).

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Prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine clinical mastitis in Patiya upazila under Chittagong district of Bangladesh

International Journal of Natural Sciences ◽

10.3329/ijns.v4i1.28585 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 5-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MS Bari ◽

M Alam ◽

M Uddin ◽

MK Rahman

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Herd Size ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

History Of ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

General Physical

A cross sectional study was conducted to measure the prevalence; and identification of risk factors associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows at Patiya upazila under Chittagong district of Bangladesh from 20th July to 31st December, 2013. A total of 160 farms and households were selected and 634 cows were clinically examined for determining the prevalence of mastitis and identification of risk factors. The overall prevalence of clinical mastitis was found 8.36%. Mastitis prevalence in crossbred cows was significantly (P<0.05) higher (10.09%) than indigenous cows (4.26%). The prevalence of mastitis was also significantly higher (P<0.05) with advancing age (12.5%) and in 3rd lactation period (13.62%). The cows were more prone to mastitis during 1st month of lactation (17.53%). There was a significant relationship (P<0.05) between prevalence of clinical mastitis and associated risk factors like general physical condition, herd size, frequency of dung removal, floor drainage quality and condition of floor. There was higher (P<0.01) prevalence (33.67%) of mastitis in cows having history of peri-parturient disease compared to those not having such history. Therefore, it can be concluded that minimization of risk factors of mastitis is very much necessary to control mastitis as well as to increase profitability of dairy farms.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(1) 5-9

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