scholarly journals Analysis and Optimization of Raw Material Supply Chains With Regard to Profitability and Sustainability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Trojahn ◽  
Henning Strubelt
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Rare Earths ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
First Time

Raw material logistics reflects an important aspect of global trade. Raw materials form an essential basis for society, for daily life, and range from apples to zinc. This paper addresses the analysis and optimization of supply chains of raw materials in terms of their economic viability and their sustainability. Type representatives are chosen according to annual transported quantities. Hard coal represents bulk goods, aluminum primary raw materials with medium quantities, and rare earths primary raw materials with small quantities. Their respective supply chains are analyzed and subsequently possible strategies and methods and their application are discussed. The paper shows for the first time that the selection and application of optimization priorities (e.g. profitability or sustainability) depends on the primary raw material and its integration into global production chains.

scholarly journals Transparency with Blockchain and Physical Tracking Technologies: Enabling Traceability in Raw Material Supply Chains

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Angela v. Beckh Bacchetta ◽  
Volker Krümpel ◽  
Ella Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Global Supply Chains ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Digital World

By combining blockchain with physical tracking technologies, raw materials can potentially be traced throughout their global supply chains. Physical tracking technologies enable observing how raw materials move within the physical world, whereas blockchain translates these events into the digital world with an immutable record. This paper presents a taxonomy of different physical tracking technologies and examines if and how the combination of these technologies render raw material supply chains more transparent. Although academic literature highlights the theoretical benefits of combining these transformative technologies, large scale projects are still in their early stages. Following a brief literature review, this paper leverages an empirical approach to classify different tracking technologies, their fields of application and limitations, as well as how these technologies can enable supply chain transparency. Obviously, there is no single technology that can fulfil all requirements along complex supply chains. However, the relevant combination of respective technologies can help bridge gaps by increasing transparency within supply chains.

scholarly journals Analytical Proof of Origin for Raw Materials

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Frank Melcher ◽  
Valentina Dietrich ◽  
Hans-Eike Gäbler
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Analytical Proof ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Reference Samples

Growing public interest in getting information on the origin of raw materials used to manufacture goods for daily life has triggered the development of concepts to increase the transparency of raw material supply chains. Analytical proofs of origin (APOs) for raw materials may support those transparency concepts by giving evidence about the origin of a specific raw material shipment. For a variety of raw materials like gemstones, TTT (tantalum, tin, tungsten) minerals, and others, APOs have been developed. The identification of features that distinguish different origins, databases of those features from reliable reference samples, and a data evaluation strategy adopted to the envisaged application scenario are the key aspects of APO methods. Here, an overview is given on APO methods developed for different raw materials and application cases.

scholarly journals New data on flint processing of East Trypillia tribes of the Bug-Dnieper interfluve

Vita Antiqua ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Ye.V. Pichkur ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Production Waste ◽  
The West ◽  
Quantitative Ratio ◽  
Lithic Industry ◽  
Modern Level ◽  
First Time ◽  
Local Nature

For the first time, materials of such settlements of the East Trypillia culture as Trostyanchyk, Onopriyivka І are published. Despite approximately the same quantitative ratio, even at first glance, the materials of these two leaflets differ significantly from each other. The Trostyanchyk complex is actually blade-type: blades prevail both among production waste and among the tool kit. Flakes and tools on them dominate in Onopriyivka. If the Trostyanchyk complex can be regarded as "classic" in terms of the tool kit: retouched blades, end-scrapers, sickle inserts, perforators on blades, etc., then the Onopriyivka complex looks more primitive: retouched flakes, notched tools and scrapers on flakes, and others. In Onopriyivka, unlike Trostyanchyk, finds of weapons are completely absent. Products from Onopriyivka are made mainly of local raw materials, while in Trostyanchyk there are approximately equal parts of products from local and imported raw materials, and products from local flint are made as carefully as products from Volyn flint. At the same time, in both cases we can confidently speak of the local nature of production. This is evidenced by both the use of local flint raw material and the specific items present in both collections. In Trostyanchyk, as already mentioned, a hammerstone was found, in Onopriyivka — core-like fragments and chips of modify of cores. Such differences can be explained by both territorial and chronological discrepancies. Onopriyivka I is earlier, refers to the end of stage ВІ, Trostyanchyk — to the end of stage ВІІ. Trostyanchyk is located on the Southern Bug, Onopriyivka — in the Bugo-Dnieper interfluve. Although, perhaps, this situation is explained by the unevenness of the study of these sites. In addition, materials from the Vladyslavchyk settlement are published for the first time. Based on their analysis, using analogies from related and synchronous sites, the author tried to identify the features of the East Trypillia lithic industry in the Bug-Dnieper rivers interfluve. As it turned out, at the modern level, the identification of such features is not possible. The materials of the East Trypillia culture of the region are, on the whole, more similar to the materials of the settlements of the West Trypillia culture, than to related sites on the Southern Bug. Keywords: East Trypillia culture, Kukutenʹ-Trypillya, production, flint processing, Bug-Dnieper interfluve

scholarly journals Optimizing the Raw Material Supply Chain of the Wood Biomass Power Generation Industry for Different Stakeholders’ Benefits: An Analysis of Inner Mongolia, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1887
Author(s):  
Yang Bai ◽  
He Yang ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Jinyuan Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Western China ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Material Supply

A large number of sand shrubs have been planted in western China, especially in Inner Mongolia. Sand shrubs produce a large amount of stump residue, and wood biomass power generation enterprises that use stump residue as raw materials have emerged in Wushen Banner and other areas. In this paper, the Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is used to optimize the raw material supply chain of forest biomass power generation enterprises. Optimizations with different objectives represent the choices of different stakeholders. The optimization results are listed as follows. (1) The self-issuance behavior of enterprises is inconsistent with the enterprise behavior required by social planners; (2) When social planners only pay attention to environmental benefits, the utilization rate of raw materials in towns located far from a power plant will be greatly reduced, which is not conducive for the reuse of stump residue; (3) When social planners consider economic, environmental, and social benefits simultaneously, the utilization rate of raw materials in each town will be significantly improved, resources will be effectively utilized, and certain economic benefits will be realized; (4) It is possible to reduce the difficulty of achieving optimization goals by promoting industrial development and encouraging technological progress.

scholarly journals Agro-Morphological, Microanatomical and Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of the Medicinal Plant Chelidonium majus L.

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1396
Author(s):  
Tatiana E. Samatadze ◽  
Olga Y. Yurkevich ◽  
Firdaus M. Hazieva ◽  
Elena A. Konyaeva ◽  
Alexander I. Morozov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chelidonium Majus ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Cytogenetic Characterization ◽  
First Time

Chelidonium majus L. is a medicinal plant well-known as a valuable source of isoquinoline alkaloids, which has a variety of pharmacological properties including anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects. However, considerable intraspecific bio-morphological variability in C. majus complicates raw material identification and verification. For the first time, we have brought into cultivation five populations of C. majus subsp. majus originated from different regions, and performed their agro-morphological, microanatomical and molecular cytogenetic characterization. All examined populations produced high seed (18.6–19.9 kg/ha) and raw material (0.84–1.08 t/ha) yields; total alkaloid contents were within 0.30–0.38%. Nevertheless, significant differences in plant morphology and yield-contributing traits were observed. The performed microanatomical analysis of leaves and flowers in double- and normal-flowered plants revealed micro-diagnostic features (including tissue topography, types of stomata, laticifers, structure of leaf mesophyll, hairs, sepals and petals) important for identification of C. majus raw materials. The analysis of chromosome morphology, DAPI-banding patterns, FISH mapping of 45S and 5S rDNA and also chromosome behavior in meiosis allowed us to identify for the first time all chromosomes in karyotypes and confirm relative genotype stability of the studied plants. Our findings indicate that the examined C. majus populations can be used in further breeding programs.

Effect of mechanically activated raw materials on β-sialon formation by combustion synthesis

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 2863-2867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramasamy Sivakumar ◽  
Kazuhiko Aoyagi ◽  
Tomohiro Akiyama
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Activation ◽  
Combustion Synthesis ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
First Time

The influence of different raw material mixtures on β-sialon (Si6−zAlzOzN8−z, 1 ⩽ z ⩽ 4) formation through mechanical activation coupled combustion synthesis (MA-CS) was investigated in low nitriding atmosphere of 1 MPa without diluent inclusions. The MA-CS performed for the first time on sialon raw materials with milling time of 18 min obtained sialons more than three times as pure as those obtained by CS of mixtures ball milled to 1 h (z = 3). The starting materials containing silicon, aluminum, and alumina (z = 4) after MA-CS had an increment of sialon amounts up to 88 mass%.

scholarly journals An Introduction to the Foreign Trade of Mesopotamia In the Light of Cuneiform Documentation of the Third and Second Millennium BC.

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (120) ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
Nawala A. Al-Mutawalli
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sheep Breeding ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Ancient Iraq is very well known as an agricultural economic country, especially, the middle and the southern parts of Mesopotamia, which was called “the Land of Sumer and Akkad “, it's a very rich agricultural country. Sumer's economy was based on agriculture, fishing, and cattle and sheep breeding. Lived on the products of the fertile, irrigated soil, and this situation was clearly reflected in the cuneiform texts unearthed from many sites from the third and second millennium BC. And due to the young geological composition of Mesopotamia, the alluvial plain of ancient Sumer lacked so much important raw materials, these of materials were needed by the craftsmen of Sumer and Akkad for the industry, works of art and daily life. These raw material were, deferent kinds of stone, timber, and metal, therefore, the need for these materials led to exchange what the people had from the agricultural production and industrial goods and material produced by the workshops of temple or palace, such as: animal hides, leather manufactures, wool, oil, cereals, dates, textile, wild and domesticated animals,…etc., also what not existing in the country ([i])   Leemans, W.F., "The Importance of Trade", Iraq-39, (1977), p. 4. Al-Hashimi, Rihdah Jawad, "Obsidian Stone and the Origin of Trade" Sumer-28, (1972), p. 203ff.

scholarly journals APRIORI ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTATION TO DETERMINE PURCHASE PATTERNS OF RAW MATERIALS AT PT PENJALINDO NUSANTARA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
Dedi Rozaq Prastyo ◽  
Sri Dianing Asri
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Apriori Algorithm ◽  
Customer Demand ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Purchase Patterns ◽  
Algorithm Implementation ◽  
Data Mining Application

PT. Penjalindo Nusantara is a manufacturing company in the packaging field where production depends on customer demand or what is commonly known as job orders so that timely production work and availability of sufficient materials are mandatory for the company. There was a problem in the implementation of the raw material supply strategy by PT. Penjalindo Nusantara caused delays in the supply of raw material stocks. The solution to this problem is to apply the Apriori algorithm to find out what raw materials are being purchased simultaneously so that it can be the basis for implementing a purchasing strategy in supporting the effectiveness of procurement of raw material stocks and also saving time in sending raw materials by suppliers. This research uses a Web-based data mining application to find the raw material purchase pattern. The result of this research is obtained 11 patterns of purchasing raw materials using a minimum value of 90% support and a minimum of 100% confidence with a lift ratio of 1 as a reference for determining which raw materials will be purchased at the same time.

scholarly journals The Potential for REE and Associated Critical Metals in Karstic Bauxites and Bauxite Residue of Montenegro

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Slobodan Radusinović ◽  
Argyrios Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Secondary Raw Material ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
First Time ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Research for critical raw materials is of special interest, due to their increasing demand, opulence of applications and shortage of supply. Bauxites, or bauxite residue after alumina extraction can be sources of critical raw materials (CRMs) due to their content of rare earth elements and other critical elements. Montenegrin bauxites and bauxite residue (red mud) are investigated for their mineralogy and geochemistry. The study of the CRM’s potential of the Montenegrin bauxite residue after the application of Bayer process, is performed for the first time. Montenegrin bauxites, (Jurassic bauxites from the Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions from the Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic-Oxfordian and Late Triassic paleorelief) are promising for their REE’s content (around 1000 ppm of ΣREE’s). More specifically, they are especially enriched in LREEs compared to HREEs. Regarding other CRMs and other elements, Ti, V, Zr, Nb, Sr and Ga could also be promising. In bauxite residue, the contents of Zr, Sr, V, Sc, La, Ce, Y, Ti and Nb are higher than those in bauxites. However, raw bauxites and bauxite residue as a secondary raw material can be considered as possible sources of CRMs.

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