scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Manifestation of Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection in an Immunocompromised Dog

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Lennon ◽  
Alfonso Oceguera ◽  
Eli Braun ◽  
Stephen D. Cole ◽  
Nolan V. Chalifoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Companion Animals ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Hepatic Transaminases ◽  
Gastrointestinal Manifestation ◽  
Clinical Description ◽  
Viral Sequencing

SARS-CoV-2 infects a range of host species. However, the susceptibility of companion animals to SARS-CoV-2 and their potential ability to transmit the virus to humans remains unclear. Here, we present a detailed clinical description of an immunosuppressed dog that was infected with SARS-CoV-2. The dog had severe gastrointestinal (GI) clinical signs, coagulopathy, elevated hepatic transaminases, and met canine systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria, without respiratory clinical signs, mirroring a subset of humans with GI-restricted COVID-19. Viral sequencing demonstrated divergence from other reported sequences, based on phylogenetic analysis. The dog shed high levels of virus for a prolonged time period with positive virus isolation. The dog’s immunosuppressed state may have increased both susceptibility to infection and disease progression. Together, our findings suggest that certain individual companion animals may be at higher risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19-like disease, and high viral shedding, which may pose a transmission risk to humans.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease and transmission in domestic cats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha N. Gaudreault ◽  
Jessie D. Trujillo ◽  
Mariano Carossino ◽  
David A. Meekins ◽  
Igor Morozov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Transmission Studies

AbstractSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and responsible for the current pandemic. Recent SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and transmission studies in cats show that the virus can replicate in these companion animals and transmit to other cats. Here, we present an in-depth study of SARS-CoV-2 infection, associated disease and transmission dynamics in domestic cats. Six 4- to 5-month-old cats were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 via intranasal and oral routes simultaneously. One day post challenge (DPC), two sentinel contact cats were co-mingled with the principal infected animals. Animals were monitored for clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities and viral shedding throughout the 21 DPC observation period. Postmortem examinations were performed at 4, 7 and 21 DPC to investigate disease progression. Viral RNA was not detected in blood but transiently in nasal, oropharyngeal and rectal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as well as various tissues. Tracheobronchoadenitis of submucosal glands with the presence of viral RNA and antigen was observed in airways of the infected cats on 4 and 7 DPC. Serology showed that both, principal and sentinel cats, developed SARS-CoV-2-specific and neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 detectable at 7 DPC or 10 DPC, respectively. All animals were clinically asymptomatic during the course of the study and capable of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to sentinels within 2 days of comingling. The results of this study are critical for our understanding of the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 in a naturally susceptible host species, and for risk assessment of the maintenance of SARS-CoV-2 in felines and transmission to other animals and humans.

scholarly journals Animal Coronavirus Diseases: Parallels with COVID-19 in Humans

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Chao-Nan Lin ◽  
Kuan Rong Chan ◽  
Eng Eong Ooi ◽  
Ming-Tang Chiou ◽  
Minh Hoang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Organization ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus in humans, has expanded globally over the past year. COVID-19 remains an important subject of intensive research owing to its huge impact on economic and public health globally. Based on historical archives, the first coronavirus-related disease recorded was possibly animal-related, a case of feline infectious peritonitis described as early as 1912. Despite over a century of documented coronaviruses in animals, the global animal industry still suffers from outbreaks. Knowledge and experience handling animal coronaviruses provide a valuable tool to complement our understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we present an overview of coronaviruses, clinical signs, COVID-19 in animals, genome organization and recombination, immunopathogenesis, transmission, viral shedding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. By drawing parallels between COVID-19 in animals and humans, we provide perspectives on the pathophysiological mechanisms by which coronaviruses cause diseases in both animals and humans, providing a critical basis for the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics against these deadly viruses.

Children With Influenza A Infection: Treatment With Rimantadine

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-282
Author(s):  
Caroline Breese Hall ◽  
Raphael Dolin ◽  
Christine L. Gala ◽  
David M. Markovitz ◽  
Yu Qin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

Treatment with rimantadine of influenza in children and the potential development of resistance in clinical isolates associated with therapy have not been previously studied. We compared rimantadine to acetaminophen therapy in a controlled, double-blind study of 91 children with influenza-like illness. Of 69 children with proven influenza A/H3N2 infection, 37 received rimantadine and 32 received acetaminophen for five days. Children receiving rimantadine showed significantly greater reduction in fever and improvement in daily scores for symptoms and severity of illness during the first three days. Viral shedding also diminished significantly during the first two days but subsequently increased such that by days 6 and 7 the proportion of children shedding virus, as well as the quantity of virus shed, was significantly greater in the rimantadine group. During the seven-day study, of the 22 children in the rimantadine group with serial isolates tested, ten (45.5%) had resistant isolates compared with two (12.5%) of those with serial isolates in the acetaminophen group (P < .03). Thus, of the total 37 children in the rimantadine group, 27% were found to have resistant isolated compared with 6% in the total group receiving acetaminophen (P < .04). Furthermore, the mean inhibitory concentration of rimantadine increased with time in the rimantadine group (r = .4, P = .002) but not in the acetaminophen group. Rimantadine therapy, thus, appears to be significantly more effective than acetaminophen in ameliorating the clinical signs and symptoms of influenza in children. Treatment with rimantadine was also associated with increased viral shedding after the medication was discontinued and with the development of resistance in the clinical isolates, the significance of which is unknown.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, transmission, and response to reexposure in cats

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (42) ◽  
pp. 26382-26388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Bosco-Lauth ◽  
Airn E. Hartwig ◽  
Stephanie M. Porter ◽  
Paul W. Gordy ◽  
Mary Nehring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Animal Reservoir ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Contact Transmission ◽  
Infection Resistance

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has reached nearly every country in the world with extraordinary person-to-person transmission. The most likely original source of the virus was spillover from an animal reservoir and subsequent adaptation to humans sometime during the winter of 2019 in Wuhan Province, China. Because of its genetic similarity to SARS-CoV-1, it is probable that this novel virus has a similar host range and receptor specificity. Due to concern for human–pet transmission, we investigated the susceptibility of domestic cats and dogs to infection and potential for infected cats to transmit to naive cats. We report that cats are highly susceptible to infection, with a prolonged period of oral and nasal viral shedding that is not accompanied by clinical signs, and are capable of direct contact transmission to other cats. These studies confirm that cats are susceptible to productive SARS-CoV-2 infection, but are unlikely to develop clinical disease. Further, we document that cats developed a robust neutralizing antibody response that prevented reinfection following a second viral challenge. Conversely, we found that dogs do not shed virus following infection but do seroconvert and mount an antiviral neutralizing antibody response. There is currently no evidence that cats or dogs play a significant role in human infection; however, reverse zoonosis is possible if infected owners expose their domestic pets to the virus during acute infection. Resistance to reinfection holds promise that a vaccine strategy may protect cats and, by extension, humans.

scholarly journals Resolved Hepatitis B: Achieved or Imaginary Wellbeing?

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
S. N. Batskikh
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Occult Hbv Infection ◽  
Occult Hbv ◽  
Hbsag Clearance

Aim. Assessment of the clinical impact of previous hepatitis B infection (PHB).Key points. PHB is characterized by the presence of viral DNA in the organism (including intrahepatic cccDNA and integrated DNA). Possible virus persistence in the PHB patient's hepatocytes potentiates the agent transmission risk via haemotransfusion, organ transplantation and haemodialysis. Occult HBV infection in PHB individuals can reactivate at background immunosuppressive or chemotherapies. PHB with chronic liver diseases of various aetiology significantly rises the risk of cirrhosis and hepatic cancer. The PHB association with autoimmune liver diseases and extrahepatic gastrointestinal cancer needs a careful research to confirm the possible involvement of hepatitis B virus in morbid genesis.Conclusion. No clinical signs of acute or chronic disease, HBsAg clearance and negative viral DNA load in blood of PHB individuals do not necessarily imply a complete disease eradication.PHB elicitation improves accuracy of the overall prognosis, reduces the virus transmission risk and prevents the reactivation of HBV infection.

scholarly journals Longest reported case of symptomatic COVID-19 reporting positive for over 230 days in an immunocompromised patient in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 2050313X2110400
Author(s):  
Bilal Chaudhry ◽  
Lidiya Didenko ◽  
Maaria Chaudhry ◽  
Andrew Malek ◽  
Kirill Alekseyev
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Immunocompromised Patient ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia was first noted in Wuhan, China. Since the start of the pandemic, there have been millions of cases diagnosed. The average time from onset of symptoms to testing negative SARS-CoV-2 via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is roughly 25 days. In patients who continually test positive for COVID-19, it is essential to determine precisely which risk factors contribute to the increase in viral shedding duration. We present a case about a 62-year-old man who has persistently tested positive for COVID-19 for more than 230 days. We followed his treatment course, in which he had been hospitalized multiple times since the onset of symptoms back in April 2020. We have determined that patients with immunosuppression, especially those taking corticosteroids, are at increased risk of prolonged viral shedding. It is essential to continually monitor these immunocompromised patients as they required a greater time period in order to have an appropriate immune response in which antibodies are created.

scholarly journals Infectious SARS-CoV-2 is emitted in aerosols

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth A. Hawks ◽  
Aaron J. Prussin ◽  
Sarah C. Kuchinsky ◽  
Jin Pan ◽  
Linsey C. Marr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Contact Transmission ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Kinetics Of

Respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted in respiratory droplets and aerosols, which are released during talking, breathing, coughing, and sneezing. Non-contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated, suggesting transmission in aerosols. Here we demonstrate that golden Syrian hamsters emit infectious SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols, prior to and concurrent with the onset of mild clinical signs of disease. The emission rate is 25 infectious virions/hour on days 1 and 2 post-inoculation, with viral RNA levels 200-fold higher than infectious virus in aerosols. Female hamsters have delayed kinetics of viral shedding in aerosols compared to male hamsters. The majority of virus is contained within aerosols <8 microns in size. Thus, we provide direct evidence that, in hamsters, SARS-CoV-2 is an airborne virus.

How Outbreaks Can Contribute to Prevention of Nosocomial Infection: Analysis of 1,022 Outbreaks

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Gastmeier ◽  
Sabine Stamm-Balderjahn ◽  
Sonja Hansen ◽  
Frauke Nitzschke-Tiemann ◽  
Irina Zuschneid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Outbreak Investigations ◽  
Infection Source ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Prevention Of Nosocomial Infection

AbstractObjective:To describe the epidemiology of nosocomial outbreaks published in the scientific literature.Design:Descriptive information was obtained from a sample of 1,022 published nosocomial outbreaks from 1966 to 2002.Methods:Published nosocomial outbreaks of the most important nosocomial pathogens were included in the database. A structured questionnaire was devised to extract information in a systematic manner on nosocomial outbreaks published in the literature. The following items were used: the reference, type of study (case reports or studies applying epidemiologic or fingerprinting methods), type of microorganism, setting, patients and personnel involved, type of infection, source of infection, mode of transmission, risk factors identified, and preventive measures applied.Results:Bloodstream infection was the most frequently identified type of infection (37.0%), followed by gastrointestinal infection (28.5%) and pneumonia (22.9%). In 37% of the outbreaks, the authors were not able to identify the sources. The most frequent sources were patients (25.7%), followed by medical equipment or devices (11.9%), the environment (11.6%), and the staff (10.9%). The mode of transmission remained unclear in 28.3% of the outbreaks. Transmission was by contact in 45.3%, by invasive technique in 16.1%, and through the air in 15.0%. The percentage of outbreaks investigated by case-control studies or cohort studies over the years was small (21% and 9%, respectively, for the whole time period).Conclusion:Outbreak reports in the literature are a valuable resource and should be used for educational purposes as well as for preparing outbreak investigations.

Chronic kidney disease in adult horses: causes, diagnosis and management

UK-Vet Equine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
Rachel Gough ◽  
Kate McGovern
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Terminal Condition ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin ◽  
Adequate Quality ◽  
Neutrophil Gelatinase

Chronic kidney disease is a rare disease in horses, unlike humans and companion animals where it is frequently encountered. There are multiple causes, although, since the disease typically presents late in the disease process, the instigating factor is often not ascertained. Clinical signs most commonly include weight loss, ventral oedema and polyuria-polydipsia. There is a need for more sensitive markers of renal damage or dysfunction so that the disease can be detected earlier in its course. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin are potential biomarkers that are being investigated in this regard. Currently, once the diagnosis has been made, treatment is supportive only, with no options to halt the progression of the disease. Although this is a terminal condition, horses can be maintained with an adequate quality of life for several years after diagnosis in some cases.

Clinical Signs with Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy

1963 ◽  
Vol 109 (460) ◽  
pp. 399-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Whitwam ◽  
T. Moreton ◽  
J. Norman
Keyword(s):  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Muscle Relaxant ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Short Acting ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Clinical Description ◽  
Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Acting Muscle ◽  
Stimulation Of

In many electroconvulsive therapy centres atropine is used to mitigate adverse effects resulting from stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, while the violence of muscular contractions is controlled with a muscle relaxant. It is customary to secure hypnosis with a short acting barbiturate prior to administration of the relaxant. The first report of the use of thiopentone for E.C.T. was by Rubinstein (1945), and methohexitone (Lilly 25398) was introduced by Friedman (1959). The use of succinylcholine (iodide) for E.C.T. was first reported by Holmberg and Thesleff (1951). The neurological signs during unmodified E.C.T. have been well documented (e.g. Klein and Early, 1948a, 1948b, 1949; Kalinowsky and Hoch, 1952). There is as yet no comparable detailed clinical description of E.C.T. when modified by atropine and a short acting muscle relaxant preceded by a barbiturate. This discussion is limited to some of those signs which may be of assistance in the management of therapy.

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