scholarly journals Reduction of the Economic Risk by Adaptation Measures to Alleviate Heat Stress in Confined Buildings for Growing-Fattening Pigs Modelled by a Projection for Central Europe in 2030

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günther Schauberger ◽  
Martin Schönhart ◽  
Werner Zollitsch ◽  
Stefan J. Hörtenhuber ◽  
Leopold Kirner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Value At Risk ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Indoor Climate ◽  
Economic Risk ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Economic Risks

Economic risks for livestock production are caused by volatile commodities and market conditions, but also by environmental drivers like increasing uncertainties due to weather anomalies and global warming. These risks impact the gross margin of farmers and can stimulated investment decisions. For confined pig and poultry production, farmers can reduce the environmental impact by implementing specific adaptation measures to reduce heat stress. A simulation model driven by meteorological data was used to calculate heat stress impact as a projection for 2030. For a business-as-usual livestock building, the indoor climate for several adaptation measures was calculated. The weather-related value-at risk quantified the economic risks caused by global warming and the stochastic component of the weather. The results show that only energy-saving adaptation measures to reduce the inlet air temperature are appropriate to reduce the economic risk to the level of the year 1980. The efficiency of other adaptation measures to reduce heat stress is distinctly lower. The results in this study can support the decision making of farmers concerning adaptation management and investments. It can inform agricultural policy design as well as technological development.

scholarly journals Economic Risk Assessment by Weather-Related Heat Stress Indices for Confined Livestock Buildings: A Case Study for Fattening Pigs in Central Europe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günther Schauberger ◽  
Martin Schönhart ◽  
Werner Zollitsch ◽  
Stefan J. Hörtenhuber ◽  
Leopold Kirner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Return Period ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Risk ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Livestock Buildings ◽  
Livestock Farms

In the last decades farm animals kept in confined and mechanically ventilated livestock buildings are increasingly confronted with heat stress (HS) due to global warming. These adverse conditions cause a depression of animal health and welfare and a reduction of the performance up to an increase of the mortality. To facilitate sound management decisions, livestock farmers need relevant arguments, which quantify the expected economic risk and the corresponding uncertainty. The economic risk was determined for the pig fattening sector based on the probability of HS and the calculated decrease in the gross margin. The model calculation for confined livestock buildings showed, that HS indices calculated by easily available meteorological parameters can be used for assessment quantification of indoor HS, which is so far difficult to determine. These weather-related HS indices can be applied not only for an economic risk assessment but also for a weather-index based insurance for livestock farms. Based on the temporal trend between 1981 and 2017, a simple model was derived to assess the likelihood of HS for 2020 and 2030. Due to global warming, the return period for a 90-percentile HS index is reduced from 10 years in 2020 to 3-4 years in 2030. The economic impact of HS on livestock farms was calculated by the relationship between an HS index based on the temperature-humidity index (THI) and the reduction of the gross margin. From the likelihood of the HS and this economic impact function, the probability of the economic risk could be determined. The reduction of the gross margin for a 10 year return period was determined for 1980 with 0.27 € per year and animal place and increased by the 20-fold to 5.13 € per year and animal place in 2030.

scholarly journals HEAT STRESS IN POULTRY INDUSTRY

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloš Kapetanov ◽  
Marko Pajić ◽  
Dragana Ljubojević ◽  
Miloš Pelić
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Temperature Oscillations ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Continental Climate

Th e results of our 15-year long research on the eff ects of global warming in our region that relies on the database obtained from the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Serbia strongly suggested changes in the pattern of disease events associated with inevitable occurrence of heat stress in poultry regardless of the species and category. Having in mind the accelerating global warming and geographic position of Serbia the occurrence of frequent cyclical and intense meteorological extremes is expected (Kapetanov et al., 2011; Kapetanov et al., 2013; Kapetanov et al., 2013). In our country and surrounding regions characterized by continental climate, the risk from the heat stress in poultry production is limited to summer months. Still, summer period has been getting longer and is associated with increasing trend of tropical days and annual trend of global warming spreading of 0.2o geographic latitude. Heat stress of poultry is one of the most challenging problems of poultry production causing substantial damages and aff ecting all parameters of production performance and is oft en associated with sudden and massive deaths. Having in mind the aforementioned data, the objective of our research was monitoring of changes in mortality structure associated with temperature oscillations during production process with an aim of emphasizing some major sources, consequences and preventive measures related to heat stress.

scholarly journals Economic Risk Assessment by Weather-Related Heat Stress Indices for Confined Livestock Buildings: A Case Study for Fattening Pigs in Central Europe

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Günther Schauberger ◽  
Martin Schönhart ◽  
Werner Zollitsch ◽  
Stefan J. Hörtenhuber ◽  
Leopold Kirner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Return Period ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Risk ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Livestock Buildings ◽  
Livestock Farms

In the last decades, farm animals kept in confined and mechanically ventilated livestock buildings have been increasingly confronted with heat stress (HS) due to global warming. These adverse conditions cause a depression of animal health and welfare and a reduction of the performance up to an increase in mortality. To facilitate sound management decisions, livestock farmers need relevant arguments, which quantify the expected economic risk and the corresponding uncertainty. The economic risk was determined for the pig fattening sector based on the probability of HS and the calculated decrease in gross margin. The model calculation for confined livestock buildings showed that HS indices calculated by easily available meteorological parameters can be used for assessment quantification of indoor HS, which has been difficult to determine. These weather-related HS indices can be applied not only for an economic risk assessment but also for weather-index based insurance for livestock farms. Based on the temporal trend between 1981 and 2017, a simple model was derived to assess the likelihood of HS for 2020 and 2030. Due to global warming, the return period for a 90-percentile HS index is reduced from 10 years in 2020 to 3–4 years in 2030. The economic impact of HS on livestock farms was calculated by the relationship between an HS index based on the temperature-humidity index (THI) and the reduction of gross margin. From the likelihood of HS and this economic impact function, the probability of the economic risk was determined. The reduction of the gross margin for a 10-year return period was determined for 1980 with 0.27 € per year per animal place and increased by 20-fold to 5.13 € per year per animal place in 2030.

scholarly journals Global warming impact on confined livestock in buildings: efficacy of adaptation measures to reduce heat stress for growing-fattening pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günther Schauberger ◽  
Christian Mikovits ◽  
Werner Zollitsch ◽  
Stefan J. Hörtenhuber ◽  
Johannes Baumgartner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Global Warming Impact ◽  
Fattening Pigs

scholarly journals Proteomic Analysis of the Protective Effect of Early Heat Exposure against Chronic Heat Stress in Broilers

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2365
Author(s):  
Da Rae Kang ◽  
Kwan Seob Shim
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Proteome Analysis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Increasing Trend

The increasing trend of global warming has affected the livestock industry through the heat stress, especially in poultry. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms of heat stress in poultry would be helpful for maintaining the poultry production. Three groups were designed to determine early heat stress effects during chronic heat stress: CC, raised at a comfortable temperature; CH, chronic heat exposure at 35 °C for 21–35 days continuously; and HH, early heat exposure at 40 °C for 24 h at 5 days old with 35 °C temperature for 21–35 days continuously. In this study, proteome analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed proteins in the liver tissue of broilers under chronic and early heat exposure. There were eight differentially expressed proteins from early heat stress during chronic heat exposure, which were related to actin metabolism. According to KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) analysis, the proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism were expressed to promote the metabolism of carbohydrates under chronic heat stress. Early heat reduced the heat stress-induced expression changes of select proteins. Our study has shown that early heat exposure suggests that the liver of broilers has various physiological mechanisms for regulating homeostasis to aid heat resistance.

scholarly journals 2 °C vs. High Warming: Transitions to Flood-Generating Mechanisms across Canada

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1494
Author(s):  
Bernardo Teufel ◽  
Laxmi Sushama
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Late 21St Century ◽  
Transient Climate Change ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Change Mitigation

Fluvial flooding in Canada is often snowmelt-driven, thus occurs mostly in spring, and has caused billions of dollars in damage in the past decade alone. In a warmer climate, increasing rainfall and changing snowmelt rates could lead to significant shifts in flood-generating mechanisms. Here, projected changes to flood-generating mechanisms in terms of the relative contribution of snowmelt and rainfall are assessed across Canada, based on an ensemble of transient climate change simulations performed using a state-of-the-art regional climate model. Changes to flood-generating mechanisms are assessed for both a late 21st century, high warming (i.e., Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5) scenario, and in a 2 °C global warming context. Under 2 °C of global warming, the relative contribution of snowmelt and rainfall to streamflow peaks is projected to remain close to that of the current climate, despite slightly increased rainfall contribution. In contrast, a high warming scenario leads to widespread increases in rainfall contribution and the emergence of hotspots of change in currently snowmelt-dominated regions across Canada. In addition, several regions in southern Canada would be projected to become rainfall dominated. These contrasting projections highlight the importance of climate change mitigation, as remaining below the 2 °C global warming threshold can avoid large changes over most regions, implying a low likelihood that expensive flood adaptation measures would be necessary.

scholarly journals Radical Response: Effects of Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress on Lipid Metabolism in the Avian Liver

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Nima K. Emami ◽  
Usuk Jung ◽  
Brynn Voy ◽  
Sami Dridi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Hepatic Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Hepatic Lipid ◽  
The Impact

Lipid metabolism in avian species places unique demands on the liver in comparison to most mammals. The avian liver synthesizes the vast majority of fatty acids that provide energy and support cell membrane synthesis throughout the bird. Egg production intensifies demands to the liver as hepatic lipids are needed to create the yolk. The enzymatic reactions that underlie de novo lipogenesis are energetically demanding and require a precise balance of vitamins and cofactors to proceed efficiently. External stressors such as overnutrition or nutrient deficiency can disrupt this balance and compromise the liver’s ability to support metabolic needs. Heat stress is an increasingly prevalent environmental factor that impairs lipid metabolism in the avian liver. The effects of heat stress-induced oxidative stress on hepatic lipid metabolism are of particular concern in modern commercial chickens due to the threat to global poultry production. Chickens are highly vulnerable to heat stress because of their limited capacity to dissipate heat, high metabolic activity, high internal body temperature, and narrow zone of thermal tolerance. Modern lines of both broiler (meat-type) and layer (egg-type) chickens are especially sensitive to heat stress because of the high rates of mitochondrial metabolism. While this oxidative metabolism supports growth and egg production, it also yields oxidative stress that can damage mitochondria, cellular membranes and proteins, making the birds more vulnerable to other stressors in the environment. Studies to date indicate that oxidative and heat stress interact to disrupt hepatic lipid metabolism and compromise performance and well-being in both broilers and layers. The purpose of this review is to summarize the impact of heat stress-induced oxidative stress on lipid metabolism in the avian liver. Recent advances that shed light on molecular mechanisms and potential nutritional/managerial strategies to counteract the negative effects of heat stress-induced oxidative stress to the avian liver are also integrated.

Bedeutung des Innenraumklimas und Hitzestress im Zuge des Klimawandels/Importance of indoor climate and heat stress in the era of climate change

Gefahrstoffe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (07-08) ◽  
pp. 279-282
Author(s):  
Thomas Ackermann ◽  
Andreas Matzarakis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Indoor Climate ◽  
Gesetzliche Vorgaben

Hitzewellen, die in Folge des Klimawandels häufiger, intensiver und länger auftreten werden, führen zu einer Belastung des Menschen, insbesondere in Städten. Die dort befindlichen Gebäude und Flächen heizen sich durch die Sonneneinstrahlung tagsüber auf, kühlen aber im Vergleich zum weniger verdichteten Umland während der Nachtphase geringfügiger ab. Die sich daraus ergebenden langanhaltend hohen Temperaturen wirken sich besonders belastend auf den menschlichen Körper aus und verursachen negative Folgen, wie den Anstieg der Mortalität. Um mit den künftig intensiveren Hitzewellen besser umgehen zu können und um Gesundheitsrisiken zu vermeiden, sollten für städtische Räume und dort vor allem für Innenräume Anpassungsmaßnahmen entwickelt werden. Darüber hinaus sollten Regelungen getroffen werden, die sowohl im Zusammenhang mit dem Energieverbrauch bzw. Wärmeschutz stehen, als auch gesetzliche Vorgaben bezüglich Grenz- und Schwellenwerten berücksichtigen und dabei nicht nur auf der Lufttemperatur beruhen, sondern thermische Indizes, die auf den Wärmeaustausch des Menschen und die thermischen Auswirkungen besser quantitativ beschreiben können.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Goat Production: Enteric Methane Emission and Its Mitigation

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap Pragna ◽  
Surinder S. Chauhan ◽  
Veerasamy Sejian ◽  
Brian J. Leury ◽  
Frank R. Dunshea
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Climate Scenario ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Emission ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
The Impact

The ability of an animal to cope and adapt itself to the changing climate virtually depends on the function of rumen and rumen inhabitants such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi, virus and archaea. Elevated ambient temperature during the summer months can have a significant influence on the basic physiology of the rumen, thereby affecting the nutritional status of the animals. Rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) production decreases under conditions of extreme heat. Growing recent evidence suggests there are genetic variations among breeds of goats in the impact of heat stress on rumen fermentation pattern and VFA production. Most of the effects of heat stress on rumen fermentation and enteric methane (CH4) emission are attributed to differences in the rumen microbial population. Heat stress-induced rumen function impairment is mainly associated with an increase in Streptococcus genus bacteria and with a decrease in the bacteria of Fibrobactor genus. Apart from its major role in global warming and greenhouse effect, enteric CH4 is also considered as a dietary energy loss in goats. These effects warrant mitigating against CH4 production to ensure optimum economic return from goat farming as well as to reduce the impact on global warming as CH4 is one of the more potent greenhouse gases (GHG). The various strategies that can be implemented to mitigate enteric CH4 emission include nutritional interventions, different management strategies and applying advanced biotechnological tools to find solution to reduce CH4 production. Through these advanced technologies, it is possible to identify genetically superior animals with less CH4 production per unit feed intake. These efforts can help the farming community to sustain goat production in the changing climate scenario.

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