scholarly journals Adaptive, Resilient Urban Underground Space (UUS)-Subsidence and Economic Impact Spatial Planning Model (USEM): The Extent Development Impact via Cause-Effect Analysis Circa 1980-2050 in Shanghai Megacity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Akmal Hakim bin Hishammuddin ◽  
Jianxiu Wang ◽  
Muhammad Azizol bin Ismail ◽  
Hasanuddin Zainal Abidin ◽  
Soheil Sabri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Natural Climate

There are multiple factors determined causing the land subsidence (e.g. man-made and natural-climate change) which have impact on the urban built environment economic spectrum e.g. buildings, properties, infrastructures and land. This paper presents the cause-effect investigation of the causing factors which influence the direct-indirect impacting urban economic factor via multi-regression analysis using Shanghai megacity as case study. Factors are selected based on existing UUS-subsidence-economic impact (USEM) framework as well as modification and adaptation from Shanghai Masterplan 2017-2035 (SM 2035) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. Data are gathered secondarily via open sources e.g. scientific journal articles and reports. The results are parallel to previous studies on the current trend for rapid and unconscious UUS exploration development including tunneling seepage and leakage as leading causes for further land subsidence in Shanghai. A further concrete multi-integrated macro-scale USEM’s awareness and knowledge is needed to avoid future costlier damage. The highly regressed causing factors include increasing population, UUS-induced subsidence, underground tunnel leakage, cumulative UUS development and subsidence whereas building prices, reconstruction area ratio, land price, green buildings, tunnel settlement, loss of arable land, number of death and government revenue are the among the most impacted. Officials in Shanghai may further consider results for future USEM masterplans to prevent further unsustainability. It is also found that developing megacity may possess different factors according to their distinct condition.

scholarly journals Historic and Simulated Desert-Oasis Ecotone Changes in the Arid Tarim River Basin, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Fan Sun ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Yaning Chen ◽  
Yupeng Li ◽  
Qifei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Markov Model ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Tarim River ◽  
Tarim River Basin ◽  
Desert Oasis

The desert-oasis ecotone, as a crucial natural barrier, maintains the stability of oasis agricultural production and protects oasis habitat security. This paper investigates the dynamic evolution of the desert-oasis ecotone in the Tarim River Basin and predicts the near-future land-use change in the desert-oasis ecotone using the cellular automata–Markov (CA-Markov) model. Results indicate that the overall area of the desert-oasis ecotone shows a shrinking trend (from 67,642 km2 in 1990 to 46,613 km2 in 2015) and the land-use change within the desert-oasis ecotone is mainly manifested by the conversion of a large amount of forest and grass area into arable land. The increasing demand for arable land for groundwater has led to a decline in the groundwater level, which is an important reason for the habitat deterioration in the desert-oasis ecotone. The rising temperature and drought have further exacerbated this trend. Assuming the current trend in development without intervention, the CA-Markov model predicts that by 2030, there will be an additional 1566 km2 of arable land and a reduction of 1151 km2 in forested area and grassland within the desert-oasis ecotone, which will inevitably further weaken the ecological barrier role of the desert-oasis ecotone and trigger a growing ecological crisis.

The Global Competitiveness and Comparative Advantages of Agri-Food Sectors

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Balance

In this chapter the emphasis was put on the analysis of indicators of Agri-food sector at the global level, aimed to point out readers to the level of global competitiveness and comparative advantage of Agri-food sector. After reading this chapter readers will be informed on the current structure of agricultural production. They will be able to understand the connection between changes in arable land in the world with the current trend in agricultural production. Readers will be able to understand the role and significance of agricultural and food products production, as the potential for the performance on international market. Indicators of trade of agri-food products, volume of export/import, balance and the coverage of import by export will be analysed. Readers will be able to evaluate the role of some products in turnover globally. They will understand which products are the carriers of export/import in the world and whether such position is in correlation with the existence of a positive comparative advantage of export and intra-industrial exchange. Readers will find out that the foreign exchange of food has a negative balance, which affects the existence of a negative comparative advantage of agri-food products export. They will be introduced also to other authors' attitudes. Special contribution of this chapter is in defining the directives for future research.

scholarly journals Trends in tuberculosis incidence rates in the Region of Sousse (Tunisia) from 1992 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Sahli ◽  
M Mellouli ◽  
M Limam ◽  
M El Ghardallou ◽  
A Mtiraoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Trend ◽  
National Level ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Tuberculosis Control ◽  
Tuberculosis Incidence ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Introduction In 1993, the World Health Organization declared that tuberculosis is a public health emergency of global concern. All efforts were made in accordance with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce the burden of Tuberculosis. The MDG framework built into national priorities and development strategies has, in fact, strengthened epidemiological surveillance and the use of reliable data to make decisions based on objective data. These data are essential for planning, managing the activities of the National Tuberculosis program, monitoring and ongoing evaluation of its performance. In this context, we conducted this study to trace the trend of Tuberculosis incidence rate recorded in the Sousse Region between 1992 and 2016. Methods This is a longitudinal study of the registered data of tuberculosis cases in Sousse between 1992 and 2016. For the trend analysis the software JOINPOINT version 4.5.0.1 was used. This software offers the closest possible regression model of the different points and gives an annual percentage change (APC) with a 95% confidence interval. Results The highest TB incidence rates was recorded in 1993 (85.66 cases per 100 000 inhabitants). Between 1992 and 1997, there was a significant downward trend of TB incidence (APC = -23.2; 95% CI [-28.8, 1]). Between 1997 and 2004 the trend was stable. Between 2004 and 2016, there was a significant upward trend (APC = 8.3; 95% CI: [4.3, 12.4]). Conclusions At the national level, between 1992 and 2002, tuberculosis experienced a fall in incidence rates, as a result of an improvement in the socio-economic level and the organization of tuberculosis control. Since 2004, the trend has been rising. Increased tuberculosis control is advocated to end tuberculosis by 2030 in line with sustainable development goals. Key messages After a significant decrease, the tuberculosis incidence has increased significantly since 2004. The tuberculosis prevention efforts should be intensified to reverse the current trend.

The Study on Dynamic Change of Cultivated Land Resources and Driving Forces - A Study Case of Lixian County, Hebei Province

2014 ◽  
Vol 707 ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
Can Zhang ◽  
Hui Chun Shi ◽  
Xia Xia Lv
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Annual Reduction ◽  
Statistical Yearbook

In this paper, Lixian County 2001-2010 dynamic changes of cultivated land resources were studied. Studies have shown that: the past 10 years the average annual reduction rate of 0.72% Lixian County arable land, and the reduction since 2002, much faster, In the spatial region, most dramatic change is more economically developed society Liwu Town, Dabaichi Town, Xinxing Town and Liushi Town. According to the statistical Yearbook 2001-2010 review, we select factor and use principal component analysis. The main driving factors of impacting Lixian County arable land resources change are economic factor, demographic factor and progress in agricultural technology factor.

scholarly journals Cause-effect analysis for sustainable development policy

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Cucurachi ◽  
Sangwon Suh
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Sustainability Challenges ◽  
Data Requirements

The sustainable development goals (SDGs) launched by the United Nations (UN) set a new direction for development covering the environmental, economic, and social pillars. Given the complex and interdependent nature of the socioeconomic and environmental systems, however, understanding the cause-effect relationships between policy actions and their outcomes on SDGs remains as a challenge. We provide a systematic review of cause-effect analysis literature in the context of quantitative sustainability assessment. The cause-effect analysis literature in both social and natural sciences has significantly gained its breadth and depth, and some of the pioneering applications have begun to address sustainability challenges. We focus on randomized experiment studies, natural experiments, observational studies, and time-series methods, and the applicability of these approaches to quantitative sustainability assessment with respect to the plausibility of the assumptions, limitations and the data requirements. Despite the promising developments, however, we find that quantifying the sustainability consequences of a policy action, and providing unequivocal policy recommendations based on it is still a challenge. We recognize some of the key data requirements and assumptions necessary to design formal experiments as the bottleneck for conducting scientifically defensible cause-effect analysis in the context of quantitative sustainability assessment. Our study calls for the need of multi-disciplinary effort to develop an operational framework for quantifying the sustainability consequences of policy actions. In the meantime, continued efforts need to be made to advance other modeling platforms such as mechanistic models and simulation tools. We highlighted the importance of understanding and properly communicating the uncertainties associated with such models, regular monitoring and feedback on the consequences of policy actions to the modelers and decision-makers, and the use of what-if scenarios in the absence of well-formulated cause-effect analysis.

scholarly journals DAMPAK EKONOMI WISATA BAHARI DI KABUPATEN ALOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Umi Muawanah ◽  
Riesti Triyanti ◽  
Permana Ari Soejarwo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Marine Tourism ◽  
Business Units ◽  
The People ◽  
Income Multiplier ◽  
The Impact

Kabupaten Alor merupakan salah satu kabupaten di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur yang memiliki potensi obyek wisata alam yang beragam, termasuk wisata alam bahari yang dapat mendukung perekonomian masyarakat Alor. Jumlah wisatawan yang mengunjungi kabupaten Alor pada tahun 2017 mengalami peningkatan sekitar 56% dari tahun sebelumnya. Dilihat dari banyaknya jumlah wisatawan yang mengunjungi Kabupaten Alor, maka diperlukan adanya penelitian terkait dengan pengaruh obyek wisata terhadap perekonomian masyarakat Alor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak ekonomi langsung kegiatan wisata, dampak tidak langsung, serta dampak ekonomi lanjutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis multplier effect dengan menggunakan. data primer dan sekunder. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan bantuan kuesioner terstruktur dan wawancara responden, terdiridari 50 wisatawan, 21 pengusaha bidang wisata bahari dan 11 tenaga kerja/karyawan dari unit usaha terkait wisata bahari. Lokasi penelitian yaitu Daerah Kalabahi, ibukota Kabupaten Alor sebagai sentrawisata bahari. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dampak ekonomi langsung yang diperoleh dari kegiatan wisatawan di Kalabahi sebesar Rp480.000.000 per tahun dan dampak ekonomi tidak langsung yang diperoleh dari kegiatan wisatawan di Kalabahi sebesar Rp201.600.019 per tahun, serta dampak ekonomi lanjutan kegiatan wisata bahari di Kalabahi sebesar Rp20.250.000 per tahun. Nilai Keynesian Income Multiplier yang diperoleh sebesar 1,72 yang artinya setiap terjadi peningkatan pengeluaran wisatawan sebesar 1 rupiah, maka akan berdampak terhadap peningkatan pendapatan tenaga kerja dan para pemilik unit usaha di lokasi wisata diduga sebesar 1,72 rupiah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan wisata bahari di Kabupaten Alor memberikan dampak ekonomi positif dan cukup besar terhadap masyarakat Kabupaten Alor. Ke depannya, pemerintah Alor maupun pengusaha ekowisata bahari perlu membuat paket tour wisata di Alor untuk meningkatkan lamanya tinggal di Alor dan meningkatkan dampak ekonomi ke masyarakat lokal AlorTitle: An Economic Impact of Marine Tourism in the Alor Regency Alor Regency is one of regency in East Nusa Tenggara Province. It offers a variety of natural tourist attraction including marine tourism which might support the economy of the people of Alor. The number of tourists visiting Alor Regency in 2017 has increased by around 56% from the previous year. Considering the large number of tourists visiting Alor Regency, research is needed to estimate the impact of marine tourism activities on the economy of Alor community. This study aims to analyze the direct, indirect, and continued economic impacts. This study used a multiplier effect analysis to analyze primary and secondary data. Data were collected by structured questionnaires and interview with 50 tourists, 21 entrepreneurs of marine tourism, and 11 workers from business units related to marine tourism. Research location is located in Kalabahi Region, the capital of Alor Regency as a marine tourism center.The analysis showed that the direct economic impact from tourist activities in Kalabahi amounted to IDR.480,000,000 per year and the indirect economic impacts from tourist activities in Kalabahi amountedto IDR 201,600,019 per year, as well as the continued economic impact of marine tourism activities in Kalabahi amounted to IDR 20,250,000 per year. The Keynesian Income Multiplier is 1.72, which means that if there is an increase in tourist spending by 1 IDR, it will have an impact on increasing labor income and business unit owners in tourist sites at about 1.72 IDR. This shows that marine tourism activities in Alor Regency have a positive and significant economic impact on the people of Alor Regency. In the future, it is necessary for Alor government and marine ecotourism entrepreneurs to create tour packages in Alor to increase the length of stay in Alor. Therefore, it will increase the economic impact of marinetourisme on the economy of the local community in Kalabahi, Alor.

scholarly journals DAMPAK EKONOMI WISATA BAHARI DI KABUPATEN ALOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Umi Muawanah ◽  
Riesti Triyanti ◽  
Permana Ari Soejarwo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Marine Tourism ◽  
Business Units ◽  
The People ◽  
Income Multiplier ◽  
The Impact

Kabupaten Alor merupakan salah satu kabupaten di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur yang memiliki potensi obyek wisata alam yang beragam, termasuk wisata alam bahari yang dapat mendukung perekonomian masyarakat Alor. Jumlah wisatawan yang mengunjungi kabupaten Alor pada tahun 2017 mengalami peningkatan sekitar 56% dari tahun sebelumnya. Dilihat dari banyaknya jumlah wisatawan yang mengunjungi Kabupaten Alor, maka diperlukan adanya penelitian terkait dengan pengaruh obyek wisata terhadap perekonomian masyarakat Alor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak ekonomi langsung kegiatan wisata, dampak tidak langsung, serta dampak ekonomi lanjutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis multplier effect dengan menggunakan. data primer dan sekunder. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan bantuan kuesioner terstruktur dan wawancara responden, terdiridari 50 wisatawan, 21 pengusaha bidang wisata bahari dan 11 tenaga kerja/karyawan dari unit usaha terkait wisata bahari. Lokasi penelitian yaitu Daerah Kalabahi, ibukota Kabupaten Alor sebagai sentrawisata bahari. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dampak ekonomi langsung yang diperoleh dari kegiatan wisatawan di Kalabahi sebesar Rp480.000.000 per tahun dan dampak ekonomi tidak langsung yang diperoleh dari kegiatan wisatawan di Kalabahi sebesar Rp201.600.019 per tahun, serta dampak ekonomi lanjutan kegiatan wisata bahari di Kalabahi sebesar Rp20.250.000 per tahun. Nilai Keynesian Income Multiplier yang diperoleh sebesar 1,72 yang artinya setiap terjadi peningkatan pengeluaran wisatawan sebesar 1 rupiah, maka akan berdampak terhadap peningkatan pendapatan tenaga kerja dan para pemilik unit usaha di lokasi wisata diduga sebesar 1,72 rupiah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan wisata bahari di Kabupaten Alor memberikan dampak ekonomi positif dan cukup besar terhadap masyarakat Kabupaten Alor. Ke depannya, pemerintah Alor maupun pengusaha ekowisata bahari perlu membuat paket tour wisata di Alor untuk meningkatkan lamanya tinggal di Alor dan meningkatkan dampak ekonomi ke masyarakat lokal AlorTitle: An Economic Impact of Marine Tourism in the Alor Regency Alor Regency is one of regency in East Nusa Tenggara Province. It offers a variety of natural tourist attraction including marine tourism which might support the economy of the people of Alor. The number of tourists visiting Alor Regency in 2017 has increased by around 56% from the previous year. Considering the large number of tourists visiting Alor Regency, research is needed to estimate the impact of marine tourism activities on the economy of Alor community. This study aims to analyze the direct, indirect, and continued economic impacts. This study used a multiplier effect analysis to analyze primary and secondary data. Data were collected by structured questionnaires and interview with 50 tourists, 21 entrepreneurs of marine tourism, and 11 workers from business units related to marine tourism. Research location is located in Kalabahi Region, the capital of Alor Regency as a marine tourism center.The analysis showed that the direct economic impact from tourist activities in Kalabahi amounted to IDR.480,000,000 per year and the indirect economic impacts from tourist activities in Kalabahi amountedto IDR 201,600,019 per year, as well as the continued economic impact of marine tourism activities in Kalabahi amounted to IDR 20,250,000 per year. The Keynesian Income Multiplier is 1.72, which means that if there is an increase in tourist spending by 1 IDR, it will have an impact on increasing labor income and business unit owners in tourist sites at about 1.72 IDR. This shows that marine tourism activities in Alor Regency have a positive and significant economic impact on the people of Alor Regency. In the future, it is necessary for Alor government and marine ecotourism entrepreneurs to create tour packages in Alor to increase the length of stay in Alor. Therefore, it will increase the economic impact of marinetourisme on the economy of the local community in Kalabahi, Alor.

scholarly journals Analysis of the monopolization level of raw material exports of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-333
Author(s):  
Petro O. Makarenko
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Iron Industry

The formation of a competitive national economy of Ukraine is hindered by a weak system of monopoly control. The activities of oligarchic clans stimulated political lobbying, illegal influence on the management of independent enterprises, their raider capture, which led to a slowdown in Ukraine’s technical progress, an increase in the hidden economy and a decrease in its efficiency. The current trend of increasing exports of raw materials and the monopolization of major export industries makes Ukraine’s economy even more dependent on the activities of several monopolists. The aim of this work was to analyze the level of monopolization of the main Ukrainian export categories – agricultural and iron industry production. Methods of this study were based on analysis of literature of the national authors, systematization and generalization of data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine and other open sources. The study found that the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy has a dual structure – corporate (agricultural holdings) and individual farms (family farms and households), which are characterized by different directions of development. The analysis of the regional presence of agricultural holdings showed that the largest landowners cultivate land plots in almost all regions of Ukraine. At present time in the agro-industrial sector of Ukraine corporate landowners control 18.4% of arable land, exist in the form of vertically integrated holdings specializing in the cultivation of export-oriented crops. The study found that specific location of minerals explains the geographical location of iron industry enterprises in Dnipro, Donetsk, Poltava and Zaporizhia regions. However, the geography of the place of registration of these holdings or their parent companies includes Cyprus, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The group of companies Metinvest occupies an informal monopoly position in the market of ore mining and steel production in Ukraine. Thus, the main items of Ukraine’s exports are under control or are significantly influenced by a small number of vertically integrated holdings, which may indicate a low level of competition. In these circumstances, one of the most important functions of the state in this area is to maintain a competitive environment and limit monopolies. At the same time, the lack of quality legislation does not allow the state to fully regulate and influence the real situation in the country.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Analysis of Potential Impact of Soil Erosion on Maize and Groundnuts Yield in Northern Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 486-493
Author(s):  
Wilson Agyei Agyare ◽  
Eliasu Salifu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
North East

Abstract Soil erosion is a threat to the viability of arable land, which has a relationship with crop productivity. This study was carried out in the Northern, North-East and Savannah Regions of Ghana, which have a high agricultural potential. The study examined erosion-yield relationship by comparing estimated erosion rates with maize and groundnut yields in a GIS environment. The study also projected soil erosion and determined its potential effect on the yield of maize and groundnuts. The soil erosion rates were found to be 4.2 t ha-1y-1, 5.1 t ha-1y-1 and 7.1 t ha-1y-1 for the Northern, North-East and Savannah Regions respectively. Projections for the next 10 years showed that, soil erosion will averagely increase by about 12 %, which could reduce the yield of maize and groundnut by 21 % and 16 % respectively by the year 2031, should the current trend continue. The study also found out that crop (maize and groundnut) yield per land area is relatively lower in areas severely affected by soil erosion. Farmers in the study area and areas of similar ecology must be encouraged to adopt Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) strategies to enhance and sustain productivity.

Detection of land subsidence phenomena in Kopais plain, Boeotia county, central Greece. Preliminary results

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elissavet Chatzicharalampous ◽  
Constantinos Loupasakis ◽  
Theodora Rondoyanni ◽  
Issaak Parcharidis
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
No Oxidation ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Steady Rate

<p>Deposition of organic soils takes place in fresh water and coastal swamps. Due to water presence no oxidation procedure takes place and therefore organic material decomposes slightly. Balance is maintained because accumulation rate is higher than decomposition-oxidation rate. However, drainage of these areas disturbs this balance and creates the appropriate aerobic conditions under which organic matter oxidizes, usually with slow and steady rate. Oxidation is “accompanied” by land subsidence, the rate of which depends on the type of organic matter, depth of the aquifer and temperature.</p><p>Kopais plain has general W-E direction, is located in Boeotia county about 100km NW of Athens. It extends in an area of about 250,000 acres and came from the drainage of the homonymous lake, which was extending at the Eastern part of the basin with length of 23km, width 13km and maximum depth 4m. The bottom of the lake consists of a solid layer of clay up to 4 meters thick, rich in organic matter from the decay of plant debris. The lake sides were swamps covered with reeds, shrubs and flowering plants.</p><p>Mycenaeans who lived in Orchomenos town were the first to successfully drain the lake in 16<sup>th</sup> century BC carrying out important and impressive works. After the decline of Mycenaeans the drainage works were abandoned, destroyed and gradually, in the 13<sup>th</sup> BC century, the area flooded again and the lake was re-formed.</p><p>New drainage works were carried out in period 1882-1886 by "French Kopaida Company". On 1886 discharge of the lake took place and Kopais was drained again.</p><p>However, the organic matter located at the bottom of the lake (peat), immediately after drying, self-ignited. The fire spread throughout the whole area of drained Kopais and burned all the peat located close to the surface, resulting to the subsidence of the ground surface by 4m. Consequently, drainage works appeared to be suspended above the ground and unable to drain the water. In 1887 Kopais became a lake again.</p><p>In 1895 the English company "Lake Copais Co. Ltd” undertook the continuation of the draining project which was completed in 1931, with the drainage of 241,000 acres of arable land.</p><p>In the recent years due to climate change and occurrence of heavy rainfall, the plain floods and parts of it are temporarily turned back into a lake.</p><p>After drainage of the lake, the plain has been cultivated intensively. Also, stockraising activity and industry were further developed. Economic development brought the expansion of existing settlements and the creation of new ones mainly in the western area of the dried lake.</p><p>The current research presents the results of an ongoing  investigation revealing extencive deformations  causing damages to buildings and infrastructure at the town of Aliartos and at the villages of Alalkmones, Agios Athanasios, Mavrogia, Agios Dimitrios, Karya and Agios Spyridonas. It is considered that these damages are resulted by land subsidence, mainly induced by the oxidation of the remaining organic material but also amplified by water pumping for watering, industrial and livestocking purposes or even more from the natural compaction of the upper strata.</p>

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